Karl Orff |

Karl Orff

Ayyukan Orff, wanda ya gano sababbin duniyoyi a cikin al'adun da suka gabata, ana iya kwatanta shi da aikin mawallafin mawaƙa wanda ya ceci dabi'un al'ada daga mantawa, rashin fahimta, rashin fahimta, tada su daga barci mai ban tsoro. O. Leontiev

Against backdrop na music rayuwa na XX karni. fasaha na K. Orff yana da ban mamaki a cikin asali. Kowane sabon tsarin mawaƙin ya zama batun muhawara da tattaunawa. Masu sukar, a matsayin mai mulkin, sun zarge shi da karya karya tare da al'adar kiɗa na Jamus wanda ya fito daga R. Wagner zuwa makarantar A. Schoenberg. Koyaya, yarda da gaskiya da duniya baki ɗaya na kiɗan Orff ya zama mafi kyawun hujja a cikin tattaunawa tsakanin mawaƙi da masu suka. Littattafai game da mawaƙa suna da rowa tare da bayanan tarihin rayuwa. Orff da kansa ya yi imanin cewa yanayi da cikakkun bayanai na rayuwarsa ba zai iya zama da amfani ga masu bincike ba, kuma halayen ɗan adam na marubucin kiɗa bai taimaka wajen fahimtar ayyukansa ba.

An haifi Orff a cikin dangin jami'in Bavaria, wanda kiɗan ya kasance tare da rayuwa a gida. Wani ɗan ƙasar Munich, Orff ya yi karatu a can a Academy of Musical Art. Shekaru da yawa bayan haka an sadaukar da su don gudanar da ayyuka - na farko a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kammerspiele a Munich, sannan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mannheim da Darmstadt. A wannan lokacin, ayyukan farko na mawaƙa sun bayyana, amma an riga an cika su da ruhun gwaji na ƙirƙira, da sha'awar hada nau'o'in fasaha daban-daban a karkashin jagorancin kiɗa. Orff baya samun rubutun hannunsa nan da nan. Kamar yawancin matasa mawaƙa, ya shiga cikin shekaru na bincike da abubuwan sha'awa: sa'an nan alamar wallafe-wallafen gaye, ayyukan C. Monteverdi, G. Schutz, JS Bach, duniyar ban mamaki na kiɗa na lute na karni na XNUMX.

Mawaƙin yana nuna sha'awar da ba za ta ƙarewa ba game da a zahiri duk abubuwan da suka shafi rayuwar fasaha ta zamani. Bukatunsa sun hada da gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da wuraren wasan ballet, rayuwar kade-kade daban-daban, tsohuwar tarihin Bavaria da kayan kida na mutanen Asiya da Afirka.

Farkon matakin cantata Carmina Burana (1937), wanda daga baya ya zama kashi na farko na Triumphs triptych, ya kawo nasarar Orff na gaske da kuma saninsa. Wannan abun da aka tsara na mawaƙa, mawaƙa, raye-raye da makaɗa ya dogara ne akan ayoyin waƙar daga tarin waƙoƙin Jamusanci na yau da kullun na karni na 1942. Farawa da wannan cantata, Orff ya ci gaba da haɓaka sabon nau'in aikin wasan kida na roba, yana haɗa abubuwa na oratorio, opera da ballet, wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo da sirrin na zamanin da, wasan kwaikwayo na bukin titi da wasan ban dariya na Italiyanci. Wannan shi ne yadda aka warware sassan da ke gaba na triptych "Catulli Carmine" (1950) da "Triumph of Aphrodite" (51-XNUMX).

Salon cantata mataki ya zama mataki a kan hanyar mawaki don ƙirƙirar operas Luna (dangane da tatsuniyoyi na Brothers Grimm, 1937-38) da kuma Good Girl (1941-42, wani satire a kan mulkin kama-karya na "Rick ta uku). ”), masu sabbin abubuwa a tsarin wasan kwaikwayo da yaren kida. . A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Orff, kamar yawancin masu fasaha na Jamus, ya janye daga shiga cikin zamantakewa da al'adu na kasar. Wasan opera Bernauerin (1943-45) ya zama irin martani ga mugayen abubuwan da suka faru na yakin. Kololuwar aikin kida da ban mamaki na mawaƙin sun haɗa da: “Antigone” (1947-49), “Oedipus Rex” (1957-59), “Prometheus” (1963-65), waɗanda suka kafa wani nau'i na tsohuwar trilogy, da “The Sirrin Ƙarshen Zamani" (1972). Ƙarshe na Orff shine "Wasanni" ga mai karatu, ƙungiyar mawaƙa da kaɗa akan ayoyin B. Brecht (1975).

Duniyar siffa ta musamman ta kiɗan Orff, roƙon sa ga tsoho, makircin tatsuniyoyi, tsattsauran ra'ayi - duk wannan ba wai kawai bayyanar fasahar fasaha da kyawawan halaye na lokacin ba ne. Yunkurin “koma ga kakanni” yana shaida, da farko, ga mawaƙin na matuƙar son ɗan adam. Orff ya ɗauki burinsa a matsayin ƙirƙirar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na duniya wanda kowa zai iya fahimta a duk ƙasashe. "Saboda haka," mawaƙin ya jaddada, "kuma na zaɓi jigogi na har abada, waɗanda za a iya fahimta a duk sassan duniya… Ina so in shiga zurfi, in sake gano waɗannan madawwamin gaskiyar fasaha da aka manta."

Mawaƙin mawaƙa da abubuwan da suka tsara na mawaƙa sun samo asali ne a cikin haɗin kai "Theatre Orff" - mafi girman al'amari na asali a cikin al'adun kiɗa na ƙarni na XNUMX. E. Doflein ya rubuta: “Wannan jimillar wasan kwaikwayo ce. - "Yana bayyana ta wata hanya ta musamman da haɗin kai na tarihin wasan kwaikwayo na Turai - daga Helenawa, daga Terence, daga wasan kwaikwayo na baroque har zuwa wasan opera na zamani." Orff ya kusanci mafita na kowane aiki a cikin cikakkiyar hanya ta asali, ba tare da kunyata kansa ba tare da ko dai nau'ikan al'adun gargajiya ko salo. 'Yancin kirkire-kirkire mai ban mamaki na Orff da farko shine saboda girman gwanintarsa ​​da mafi girman matakin fasaha. A cikin kidan abubuwan da ya yi, mawakin yana samun cikakkiyar ma'ana, da alama ta hanya mafi sauki. Kuma kawai binciken kusa da makinsa yana nuna yadda sabon abu, mai rikitarwa, mai ladabi kuma a lokaci guda cikakke fasahar wannan sauƙi.

Orff ya ba da gudummawa mai kima ga fannin ilimin kiɗan yara. Tuni a cikin ƙuruciyarsa, lokacin da ya kafa makarantar gymnastics, kiɗa da rawa a Munich, Orff ya damu da ra'ayin samar da tsarin ilmantarwa. Hanyarta ta ƙirƙira ta dogara ne akan haɓakawa, yin kiɗan kyauta ga yara, haɗe da abubuwa na filastik, wasan kwaikwayo, da wasan kwaikwayo. "Duk wanda yaron ya zama a nan gaba," in ji Orff, "aikin malamai shi ne su ilimantar da shi kan kere-kere, tunanin kirkire-kirkire… Zurfafa sha'awa da ikon ƙirƙirar zai shafi kowane fanni na ayyukan yaron nan gaba." Orff ne ya kirkiro shi a cikin 1962, Cibiyar Ilimin Kiɗa a Salzburg ta zama babbar cibiyar horar da masu koyar da kiɗan don makarantun gaba da sakandare da sakandare.

Nasarorin da Orff ya samu a fagen fasahar kiɗan sun sami karɓuwa a duk duniya. An zabe shi memba na Bavarian Academy of Arts (1950), Academy of Santa Cecilia a Rome (1957) da sauran kungiyoyi masu iko a duniya. A cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa (1975-81), mawaki ya shagaltu da shirya bugu takwas na kayan da ke cikin nasa tarihin.

I. Vetlitsyna