RIMSKY - KORSAKOV: MUSIC NA ABUBUWA GUDA UKU - TEKU, SARAKI DA LABARI.

     Saurari kiɗan Rimsky-Korsakov. Ba za ku lura da yadda za a yi jigilar ku ba  cikin duniyar LABARI, sihiri, fantasy. “Daren Kafin Kirsimeti”, “The Golden Cockerel”, “The Snow Maiden”… Waɗannan da sauran ayyuka da yawa na “Babban Labari a Kiɗa” Rimsky-Korsakov sun cika da mafarkin yaro na rayuwar tatsuniya, na alheri. da adalci. Jarumai na almara, almara, da tatsuniyoyi sun fito daga masarautar kiɗa zuwa duniyar mafarkinku. Tare da kowace sabuwar ƙira, iyakokin tatsuniyar tatsuniya tana faɗaɗa daɗaɗawa. Kuma, yanzu, ba ku cikin ɗakin kiɗan. Ganuwar ta narkar da ku  -  dan takara a yakin da  matsafi Kuma yadda yaƙin tatsuniya tare da mugunta zai ƙare ya dogara ne akan ƙarfin ku kawai!

     Nasara Mai Kyau. Mawallafin ya yi mafarki game da wannan. Ya so kowane mutum a Duniya, dukan 'yan Adam, su juya su zama tsarkakakku, madaidaicin halitta na Babban COSMOS. Rimsky-Korsakov yi imani da cewa idan mutum ya koyi "duba  ga taurari,” duniyar mutane za ta zama mafi kyau, mafi kamala, da kirki. Ya yi mafarkin cewa ba dade ko ba dade Haɗin Mutum da Cosmos mara iyaka zai zo, kamar yadda sautin jituwa na "kanamin" bayanin kula a cikin babban wasan kwaikwayo ya haifar da kyawawan kiɗa. Mawaƙin ya yi mafarki cewa ba za a sami bayanan karya ko miyagu a duniya ba. 

        Wani abu yana sauti a cikin kiɗa na babban mawaƙa - waɗannan su ne waƙoƙin OCEAN, rhythms na masarautar karkashin ruwa. Duniyar sihiri ta Poseidon za ta sha'awar ku har abada. Amma ba wakokin ƴan tatsuniyar Sirens ba ne za su burge kunnuwan ku. Za a shagaltar da ku da kyawawan kiɗan tsantsa na sararin teku wanda Rimsky-Korsakov ya ɗaukaka a cikin wasan operas "Sadko", "Tale of Tsar Saltan", da ɗakin "Scheherazade".

     A ina ne jigon Tatsuniyoyi ya fito a cikin ayyukan Rimsky-Korsakov, me ya sa ya sha'awar ra'ayoyin Space da Sea? Ta yaya ya faru cewa waɗannan abubuwan sun kasance ƙaddara don zama taurarin jagororin aikinsa? Ta wace hanya ya zo wurin Musansa? Mu nemi amsoshin wadannan tambayoyi tun yana kuruciya da samartaka.

     Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky - Korsakov aka haife kan Maris 6, 1844. a wani karamin gari na Tikhvinsk, Novgorod lardin. A cikin dangin Nikolai (sunan iyalinsa Niki) sun kasance da yawa  fitattun jami’an yaki na ruwa, da kuma manyan jami’an gwamnati.

     Kakan Nicholas, Warrior Yakovlevich Rimsky - Korsakov (1702-1757), ya sadaukar da kansa ga aikin soja na ruwa. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar Maritime Academy, ya kiyaye iyakokin ruwa na Rasha a cikin Baltic  a cikin ruwan St. Petersburg. Ya zama mataimakin Admiral kuma ya jagoranci kungiyar Kronstadt.

      kakan  Niki, Pyotr Voinovich, ya zaɓi hanyar rayuwa daban-daban. Ya yi wa kasa hidima a fagen farar hula: shi ne shugaban masu fada a ji. Amma wannan ba shine dalilin da ya sa ya zama almara a cikin iyali ba. Ya zama sananne saboda mummunan halinsa: ya sace ƙaunataccensa ba tare da samun izini daga iyayenta ba don aure.

       Suna cewa Nikolai, babban mawaki na gaba, an ba shi suna don girmama kawunsa, Nikolai Petrovich Rimsky - Korsakov (1793-1848).  Ya kai matsayin mataimakin admiral. Ya yi tafiye-tafiye na jarumtaka da dama a cikin teku, ciki har da shiga dawafi na duniya. A lokacin yakin 1812 ya yi yaƙi a ƙasar Faransa kusa da Smolensk, da kuma a filin Borodino da kuma kusa da Tarutin. An sami lambobin yabo na soja da yawa. A cikin 1842 don hidima ga ƙasar uba an nada shi darekta na Peter the Great Naval Corps (cibiyar sojan ruwa).

       Mahaifin mawaki, Andrei Petrovich (1778-1862), ya kai matsayi mai girma a cikin sabis na sarauta. Ya zama mataimakin gwamnan lardin Volyn. Duk da haka, saboda wasu dalilai, watakila saboda gaskiyar cewa bai nuna nauyin da ake bukata ba ga masu tunani - masu adawa da tsarin mulki, an kori shi a cikin 1835. daga sabis tare da ƙananan fensho. Wannan ya faru shekaru tara kafin a haifi Nika. Uban ya tafi karya.

      Andrei Petrovich bai dauki wani muhimmin bangare a cikin kiwon dansa. Dangantakar mahaifinsa da Nikolai ta sami cikas saboda babban bambancin shekaru. Lokacin da aka haifi Niki, Andrei Petrovich ya riga ya wuce shekaru 60.

     Mahaifiyar mawakiyar nan gaba, Sofya Vasilievna, 'yar wani mai arziki ne Skaryatin.  da ma'aikaciyar kauya mace. Mama tana son ɗanta, amma kuma tana da babban bambanci tsakanin shekaru da Niki - kimanin shekaru 40. A wasu lokutan kuma an sami ‘yar takun-saka a alakar da ke tsakaninsu. Babban dalilin hakan shi ne, watakila, ba ma matsalolin da suka shafi shekaru ba.  Ta shiga damuwa  rashin kudi a cikin iyali. Ta yi fatan cewa danta, watakila ma ba tare da son ransa ba, zai zabi sana’ar da ake biyan ma’aikacin sojan ruwa idan ya girma. Kuma ta tura Nikolai zuwa ga wannan burin, tana tsoron kada ya kauce hanyar da aka yi niyya.

     Don haka, Nika ba ta da takwarori a cikin danginta. Ko da ɗan'uwansa ya girmi Nikolai shekaru 22. Kuma idan muka yi la'akari da cewa ɗan'uwansa ya bambanta da taurin zuciya (sun sanya masa suna Jarumi don girmama kakansa), a zahiri ba su da wani kusanci na ruhaniya na musamman. Nika, duk da haka, tana da hali mai ban sha'awa ga ɗan'uwanta.  Bayan haka, Jarumi ya zaɓi hadaddun sana'ar soyayya ta matukin jirgin ruwa!

      Rayuwa tsakanin manya, wadanda suka dade sun manta da sha'awar yara da tunaninsu, suna ba da gudummawa ga samuwar aiki da gaskiya a cikin yaro, sau da yawa a kan kashe mafarkin rana. Shin wannan bai bayyana sha'awar mawaƙin nan gaba na shirin tatsuniya a cikin waƙarsa ba? Shi  yayi ƙoƙari ya "rayu" a cikin balagagge waccan rayuwar tatsuniya mai ban sha'awa wacce ta kusan hana ta a lokacin ƙuruciya?

     Haɗin da ba kasafai ake amfani da shi ba da mafarki ga saurayi ana iya gani a cikin sanannen kalmar Rimsky-Korsakov, wanda aka ji a cikin wasiƙarsa zuwa ga mahaifiyarsa: "Ku dubi taurari, amma kada ku duba kuma kada ku faɗi." Maganar taurari. Nikolai da farko ya fara sha'awar karanta labarun taurari kuma ya zama mai sha'awar ilimin taurari.

     Teku, a cikin "gwagwarmayar" da taurari, "ba ya so" ya bar matsayinsa. Manya sun tada matashin Nikolai a matsayin kwamandan nan gaba, kyaftin na jirgin. An kashe lokaci mai yawa akan horo na jiki. Ya saba da gymnastics da tsauraran bin tsarin yau da kullun. Ya girma a matsayin ɗa mai ƙarfi, mai juriya. Dattawan sun so ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa da kuma aiki tuƙuru.  Mun yi ƙoƙari kada mu lalace. Sun koyar da ikon yin biyayya da kuma zama alhakin. Watakila shi ya sa ya zama kamar (musamman da shekaru) ya zama mai janyewa, ajiyewa, rashin sadarwa har ma da taurin kai.

        Godiya ga irin wannan tarbiya ta Spartan, Nikolai a hankali ya ci gaba da yin nufin baƙin ƙarfe, da kuma ɗabi'a mai tsauri da buƙata ga kansa.

      Me game da kiɗa? Shin har yanzu akwai wurinta a rayuwar Nika? Dole ne a yarda da cewa, tun da ya fara nazarin kiɗa, matasa Rimsky-Korsakov, a cikin mafarki, har yanzu ya tsaya a kan gadar kyaftin na jirgin ruwan yaki, kuma ya ba da umarni: "Ku daina layukan motsa jiki!", "Ku ɗauki raƙuman ruwa a kan babban ma'auni. jib and staysail!"

    Kuma ko da yake ya fara buga piano yana ɗan shekara shida, ƙaunarsa ga kiɗa ba ta taso nan da nan ba kuma nan da nan bai zama mai haɗawa da komai ba. Kyakkyawan kunnen Nika don kiɗa da kyakkyawan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, wanda ta gano tun da wuri, ya kunna kiɗan. Mahaifiyarsa tana son rera waƙa kuma tana da ji sosai, mahaifinsa kuma ya yi karatun vocals. Kawun Nikolai, Pavel Petrovich (1789-1832), wanda Niki ya sani daga labarun dangi, zai iya yin wasa daga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kowane guntu daga wani yanki na kiɗa na kowane rikitarwa. Bai san bayanin kula ba. Amma yana da kyakkyawan ji da ƙwaƙwalwar ban mamaki.

     Tun yana ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya Niki ya fara shirya ayyukansa na farko. Ko da yake zai ba wa kansa ilmi na musamman na ilimi a wannan fanni, sannan a wani bangare kawai, sai bayan kwata na karni.

     Lokacin da lokaci ya yi don ƙaddamar da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Nikolai, manya ko Nika mai shekaru goma sha biyu ba su da wata shakka game da inda za su je karatu. A cikin 1856 an sanya shi zuwa Rundunar Sojojin Naval Cadet (St. Petersburg). An fara makaranta. Da farko komai ya tafi daidai. Duk da haka, bayan shekaru biyu, sha'awarsa ga kiɗa ya ƙaru sosai a kan busassun fasahohin da suka shafi harkokin sojan ruwa da ake koyarwa a makarantar sojan ruwa. A cikin lokacinsa na kyauta daga karatu, Nikolai ya ƙara fara ziyartar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na St. Petersburg. Na saurare da sha'awar wasan operas na Rossini, Donizetti da Carl von Weber (wanda ya riga Wagner). Na yi farin ciki da ayyukan MI Glinka: "Ruslan da Lyudmila", "Life for the Tsar" ("Ivan Susanin"). Na kamu da son wasan opera “Robert the Devil” na Giacomo Meyerbeer. Sha'awar kiɗan Beethoven da Mozart ya girma.

    Babban rawa a cikin rabo na Rimsky-Korsakov aka buga da Rasha pianist da kuma malami Fyodor Andreevich Kanille. A cikin 1859-1862 Nikolai ya ɗauki darasi daga gare shi. Fyodor Andreevich ya yaba sosai da damar saurayin. Ya shawarce ni da in fara yin waka. Na gabatar da shi ga ƙwararren mawaki MA Balakirev da mawaƙa waɗanda ke cikin da'irar kiɗan "Mabuwayi Hannu" da ya shirya.

     A cikin 1861-1862, wato, a cikin shekaru biyu na ƙarshe na binciken a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa, Rimsky-Korsakov, bisa shawarar Balakirev, ya fara, duk da rashin isasshen ilimin kiɗa, don rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na farko. Shin wannan zai yiwu da gaske: ba tare da shirye-shiryen da ya dace ba kuma nan da nan ɗauki wasan kwaikwayo? Wannan shi ne salon aikin mahaliccin "Mighty Handful". Balakirev ya yi imanin cewa yin aiki a kan wani yanki, ko da yake yana da wuyar gaske ga ɗalibi, yana da amfani saboda kamar yadda aka rubuta kiɗa, tsarin ilmantarwa na fasaha yana faruwa. Saita ayyuka masu wahala marasa ma'ana…

     Matsayin kiɗa a cikin tunani da makomar Rimsky-Korsakov ya fara mamaye kowane abu. Nikolai ya yi abokai masu ra'ayi: Mussorgsky, Stasov, Cui.

     Wa'adin kammala karatunsa na Maritime ya gabato. Mahaifiyar Nikolai da ɗan'uwansa, waɗanda suka ɗauki kansu alhakin aikin Nikolai, sun ga karuwar sha'awar kiɗa na Nika a matsayin barazana ga aikin sojan ruwa na Nika. An fara adawa mai tsanani ga sha'awar fasaha.

     Mama, tana ƙoƙari ta “juya” ɗanta zuwa aikin sojan ruwa, ta rubuta wa ɗanta: “Kiɗa ita ce mallakar ’yan mata marasa aiki da kuma nishaɗi mai sauƙi ga mutum mai aiki.” Ta yi magana cikin sautin ƙaƙƙarfan murya: “Ba na son sha’awar kida ta yi wa hidimar ku illa.” Wannan matsayi na masoyi ya haifar da sanyaya dangantakar ɗan da mahaifiyarsa na tsawon lokaci.

     An dauki matakai masu tsauri akan Nika da babban yayansa ya yi. Jarumin ya daina biyan kuɗin darussan kiɗa daga FA Canille.  Don darajar Fyodor Andreevich, ya gayyaci Nikolai don yin karatu tare da shi kyauta.

       Inna da ɗan'uwana, waɗanda suka yi imani da niyya ce mai kyau suka yi musu jagora, sun cimma nasarar shigar Nikolai cikin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa Almaz, wanda ke shirin yin tafiya mai nisa a kan tekun Baltic, Tekun Atlantika da Bahar Rum. Saboda haka, a 1862, nan da nan bayan kammala karatu tare da girmamawa daga Naval Corps, Midshipman Rimsky-Korsakov, yana da shekaru goma sha takwas, tashi a kan tafiya na shekaru uku.

      Kusan kwana dubu ya tsinci kansa ya yanke shi daga muhallin kida da abokai. Ba da daɗewa ba ya fara jin nauyin wannan tafiya a cikin, kamar yadda ya ce, "sajan majors" (ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙanƙanta matsayi na jami'in, wanda ya zama daidai da rashin kunya, rashin tausayi, rashin ilimi da rashin al'ada). Ya yi la'akari da wannan lokacin ya ɓace don kerawa da ilimin kiɗa. Kuma, lalle ne, haƙĩƙa, a lokacin "teku" lokaci na rayuwarsa, Nikolai iya shirya kadan kadan: kawai motsi na biyu (Andante) na farko Symphony. Hakika, yin iyo a wata ma'ana yana da mummunan tasiri a kan ilimin kiɗa na Rimsky-Korsakov. Ya kasa samun cikakken ilimin gargajiya a fagen waka. Ya damu da wannan. Kuma kawai lokacin da a cikin 1871, ya riga ya girma, an gayyace shi don koyar da abubuwan da suka dace (ba ka'ida ba) abun da ke ciki, kayan aiki da kade-kade a ɗakin karatu, a ƙarshe ya ɗauki aikin farko.  karatu. Ya roki malaman mazan jiya da su taimaka masa wajen samun ilimin da ya dace.

      Tafiyar kwana dubu, duk da wahalhalu da wahalhalu, warewar waqoqin da suka zama nasa na asali, har yanzu bai ɓata lokaci ba. Rimsky-Korsakov ya iya samun (watakila ba tare da sanin shi ba a lokacin) kwarewa mai mahimmanci, wanda ba tare da wanda aikinsa ba zai zama mai haske ba.

     Dare dubu sun shafe a ƙarƙashin taurari, tunani akan sararin samaniya, babban kaddara  Matsayin mutum a wannan duniyar, fahimtar falsafa, ra'ayoyin babban ma'auni sun soki zuciyar mawaƙin kamar faɗuwar meteorites.

     Taken ɓangaren teku tare da kyawunsa mara iyaka, hadari da guguwa sun ƙara launi zuwa palette mai ban sha'awa na kiɗan Rimsky-Korsakov.  Bayan ya ziyarci duniyar Sararin Samaniya, Fantasy da Teku, mawaƙin, kamar wanda ya faɗo cikin kasko masu ban sha'awa guda uku, an canza shi, an sake sabunta shi, kuma ya yi fure don ƙirƙira.

    A 1865 Nikolai har abada, irrevocably saukowa daga jirgin zuwa kasa. Ya koma duniyar kiɗa ba a matsayin mutum mai ɓarna ba, duk duniya ba ta yi masa laifi ba, amma a matsayin mawaki mai cike da ƙarfi da tsare-tsare.

      Kuma ku, matasa, ya kamata ku tuna cewa "baƙar fata", rashin jin daɗi a cikin rayuwar mutum, idan kun bi da shi ba tare da ɓacin rai ba, yana iya ƙunsar hatsi na wani abu mai kyau wanda zai iya amfani da ku a nan gaba. Hakuri abokina. Natsuwa da natsuwa.

     A cikin shekarar da ya dawo daga balaguron teku, Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov ya kammala rubuta Symphony na farko. An fara yin shi ne a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1865. Nikolai Andreevich yayi la'akari da wannan kwanan wata farkon aikin rubutunsa. A lokacin yana da shekara ashirin da daya. Wani zai iya cewa ko babban aikin farko ya bayyana a makare? Rimsky-Korsakov yi imani da cewa za ka iya koyan music a kowane zamani: shida, goma, ashirin da shekaru, har ma da girma mutum. Wataƙila za ku yi mamakin sanin cewa mai hankali, mai bincike yana nazarin rayuwarsa har ya tsufa sosai.

   Ka yi tunanin cewa wani malami mai matsakaicin shekaru yana so ya san ɗaya daga cikin manyan asirin kwakwalwar ɗan adam: yadda ake adana ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikinta.  Yadda za a rubuta zuwa faifai, kuma, idan ya cancanta, "karanta" duk bayanan da aka adana a cikin kwakwalwa, motsin rai, ikon yin magana har ma da ƙirƙira? Ka yi tunanin cewa abokinka  shekara daya da ta wuce na tashi zuwa sararin samaniya zuwa tauraro biyu Alpha Centauri (daya daga cikin taurari mafi kusa da mu, wanda yake a nisan shekaru hudu na haske). A zahiri babu wata alaƙa da shi, amma kuna buƙatar sadarwa tare da shi, da gaggawar tuntuɓar wani muhimmin al'amari, wanda kawai aka sani. Kuna fitar da faifan da aka adana, haɗa zuwa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar abokin ku kuma a cikin daƙiƙa za ku sami amsa! Domin magance matsalar tantance bayanan da ke boye a kan mutum, dole ne mai ilimin kimiyya ya yi nazari kan sabbin abubuwan da suka faru a fannin kimiyya a fannin duban kwakwalwar kwakwalwa na musamman da ke da alhakin kiyayewa da adana abubuwan da ke fitowa daga waje. Don haka, muna bukatar mu sake yin nazari.

    Bukatar samun ƙarin sabon ilimi, ko da kuwa shekaru, Rimsky-Korsakov ya fahimta, kuma wasu manyan mutane sun fahimci shi. Shahararren mai fasaha na Spain Francisco Goya ya rubuta wani zane a kan wannan batu kuma ya kira shi "har yanzu ina koyo."

     Nikolai Andreevich ya ci gaba da al'adun gargajiya na shirye-shiryen Turai a cikin aikinsa. A cikin wannan ya sami tasiri sosai daga Franz Liszt da Hector Berlioz.  Kuma, ba shakka, MI ya bar tabo mai zurfi a kan ayyukansa. Glinka.

     Rimsky-Korsakov ya rubuta operas goma sha biyar. Bugu da ƙari, waɗanda aka ambata a cikin labarinmu, waɗannan su ne "Pskov Woman", "May Night", "Amaryar Tsar", "Kashchei marar mutuwa", "Tale of the Invisible City of Kitezh da Maiden Fevronia" da sauransu. . An kwatanta su da haske, zurfin abun ciki da halin ƙasa.

     Nikolai Andreevich ya ƙunshi ayyuka takwas na wasan kwaikwayo, ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo guda uku, "Overture on themes of Three Russian Songs", "Capriccio Spanish", "Bright Holiday". Waƙarsa tana ba da mamaki tare da waƙarsa, ilimin kimiyya, haƙiƙanin gaskiya da kuma ban mamaki da tsafi. Ya ƙirƙira ma'auni mai ma'ana, abin da ake kira "Rimsky-Korsakov Gamma," wanda ya yi amfani da shi don kwatanta duniyar fantasy.

      Yawancin soyayyarsa sun sami shahara sosai: "A kan tuddai na Jojiya", "Abin da ke cikin Sunan ku", "The Quiet Blue Sea", "Daren Kudu", "Ranana na suna Zane a hankali". Gabaɗaya, ya shirya fina-finai sama da sittin.

      Rimsky-Korsakov ya rubuta littattafai guda uku a kan tarihi da ka'idar kiɗa. Tun daga 1874 ya fara gudanar da aiki.

    Gaskiyar saninsa a matsayin mawaki bai zo masa nan da nan ba kuma ba kowa ba. Wasu, yayin da suke girmama waƙarsa ta musamman, sun yi iƙirarin cewa bai cika ƙwarewar wasan kwaikwayo ba.

     A ƙarshen 90s na karni na XNUMX, yanayin ya canza. Nikolai Andreevich ya sami amincewar duniya tare da aikinsa na titanic. Shi da kansa ya ce: “Kada ku kira ni mai girma. Kawai kira shi Rimsky-Korsakov.