Darasi na 1

Don fahimtar tushen ka'idar kiɗa da ƙwarewar ilimin kiɗa, muna buƙatar fahimtar menene sauti. A gaskiya, sauti shine tushen kiɗa, idan ba tare da shi ba zai yiwu ba.

Bugu da ƙari, kuna buƙatar samun ra'ayi game da tsarin bayanin kula-octave. Wannan duk yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da kaddarorin sauti.

Kamar yadda kuke gani, a darasin farko muna da shiri mai yawa da ke jiran mu, kuma muna da tabbacin za ku iya jurewa! Don haka mu fara.

Jiki Properties na sauti

Da farko, bari mu yi nazarin kaddarorin sauti daga mahangar ilimin kimiyyar lissafi:

sauti – Wannan lamari ne na zahiri, wanda shine girgizar igiyar ruwa ta inji wanda ke yaduwa a cikin wani matsakaici, galibi a cikin iska.

Sauti yana da kaddarorin jiki: sauti, ƙarfi (ƙarfi), bakan sauti (timbre).

Asalin kaddarorin jiki na sauti:

Kalmar "overtone" ta fito ne daga kalmomin Ingilishi guda biyu: over - "a sama", sautin - "sautin". Daga kari nasu, ana samun kalmar overtone ko “overtone”. Jin ɗan adam yana da ikon fahimtar sautuna tare da mitar 16-20 hertz (Hz) da ƙarar 000-10 dB.

Don samun sauƙin kewayawa, bari mu ce 10 dB tsatsa ce, kuma 130 dB shine sautin tashin jirgin sama, idan kun ji yana kusa. 120-130 dB shine matakin matakin zafi, lokacin da ya riga ya zama rashin jin dadi ga kunnen mutum don jin sauti.

Dangane da tsayi, ana ɗaukar kewayon daga 30 Hz zuwa kusan 4000 Hz yana da daɗi. Za mu koma kan wannan batu idan muka yi magana game da tsarin kiɗa da ma'auni. Yanzu yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa sauti da ƙarar sautin abubuwa ne daban-daban. A halin yanzu, bari muyi magana game da kaddarorin sautin kiɗa.

Abubuwan Sautin Kiɗa

Yaya sautin kiɗa ya bambanta da kowane? Wannan sauti ne mai kama da maimaituwa iri ɗaya (watau lokaci-lokaci). Sauti tare da wanda ba na lokaci-lokaci ba, watau rashin daidaituwa da maimaita jijjiga, ba sa cikin kiɗan. Waɗannan su ne hayaniya, busawa, ihu, tsatsa, ruri, kururuwa da sauran sautuka masu yawa.

A wasu kalmomin, sautin kiɗa yana da duk kaddarorin iri ɗaya kamar kowane, watau yana da sauti, ƙara, timbre, amma kawai takamaiman haɗin waɗannan kaddarorin yana ba mu damar rarraba sautin azaman kiɗan kiɗa. Menene kuma, baya ga lokaci-lokaci, batutuwan sautin kiɗa?

Da fari dai, ba duk abin da ake ji ba ana ɗaukarsa na kiɗa ne, wanda zamu tattauna dalla-dalla daga baya. Abu na biyu, don sautin kiɗa, tsawon sa yana da mahimmanci. Wannan ko wancan lokacin sauti a wani tsayin tsayi yana ba ku damar jaddada kiɗan ko, akasin haka, barin sautin santsi. Wani ɗan gajeren sauti a ƙarshen yana ba ka damar sanya ma'ana mai ma'ana a cikin wani yanki na kiɗa, kuma mai tsayi - don barin jin dadi a cikin masu sauraro.

A haƙiƙa tsawon lokacin sautin ya dogara da tsawon lokacin motsin igiyar ruwa. Yayin da girgizar igiyar ruwa ke tafiya, ana jin ƙarar sautin. Don fahimtar dangantakar da ke tsakanin tsawon lokacin sautin kiɗa da sauran halayensa, yana da kyau a zauna a kan irin wannan yanayin a matsayin tushen sautin kiɗa.

Tushen sautin kiɗa

Idan kayan kida ne ke samar da sautin, ainihin halayensa na zahiri ba su dogara da tsawon lokacin sautin ba. Sautin da ake so zai tafi daidai idan dai kun riƙe maɓallin da ake so na synthesizer. Sautin a ƙarar da aka saita zai ci gaba har sai kun rage ko ƙara ƙarar akan na'ura mai haɗawa ko na'urar haɗa sautin guitar guitar.

Idan muna magana ne game da muryar waƙa, to, abubuwan da ke cikin sautin kiɗa suna hulɗa da rikitarwa. Yaushe ya fi sauƙi don kiyaye sauti a daidai tsayi ba tare da rasa ikonsa ba? Bayan haka, lokacin da kuka ja sautin na dogon lokaci ko lokacin da kuke buƙatar ba da shi a zahiri na daƙiƙa guda? Don zana sautin kiɗa na dogon lokaci ba tare da rasa ingancin sauti ba, tsayinsa da ƙarfinsa shine fasaha na musamman. Idan kuna son samun kyakkyawar murya kuma ku koyi yadda ake rera waƙa, muna ba da shawarar ku karanta kwas ɗin mu na kan layi “Haɓaka Murya da Magana”.

Tsarin kiɗa da sikelin

Don zurfin fahimtar kaddarorin sautin kiɗa, muna buƙatar ƙarin ra'ayoyi kaɗan. Musamman, kamar tsarin kiɗa da sikelin:

Tsarin kiɗa na zamani ya haɗa da sauti 88 na tsayi daban-daban. Ana iya aiwatar da su a cikin tsari mai hawa ko saukowa. Mafi bayyananniyar nunin alaƙar da ke tsakanin tsarin kiɗa da ma'auni shine maballin piano.

Maɓallan piano 88 (baƙar fata 36 da fari 52 - za mu bayyana dalilin da ya sa daga baya) rufe sauti daga 27,5 Hz zuwa 4186 Hz. Irin wannan ƙarfin sauti ya isa don yin duk wani waƙar da ke jin daɗin kunnen ɗan adam. Sautunan da ke wajen wannan kewayon kusan ba a amfani da su a cikin kiɗan zamani.

An gina ma'auni akan wasu na yau da kullun. Sautunan da mitar su ta bambanta da sau 2 (sau 2 mafi girma ko ƙasa) kunne yana ganin kama da haka. Don sauƙaƙe kewayawa, irin waɗannan ra'ayoyi kamar matakan ma'auni, octave, sautin da semitone ana shigar da su cikin ka'idar kiɗa.

Matakan sikelin, octave, sautin da semitone

Kowane sautin kida na ma'auni ana kiransa mataki. Nisa tsakanin sauti iri ɗaya (matakan sikelin) wanda ya bambanta da tsayi da sau 2 ana kiransa octave. Nisa tsakanin sautunan da ke kusa (matakai) shine semitone. Semitones a cikin octave daidai suke (tuna, wannan yana da mahimmanci). Semitones biyu suna yin sautin.

An sanya sunaye zuwa manyan matakan ma'auni. Waɗannan su ne "do", "re", "mi", "fa", "sol", "la", "si". Kamar yadda kuka fahimta, waɗannan bayanan 7 ne waɗanda muka sani tun suna yara. A madannin piano, ana iya samun su ta latsawa farin maɓalli:

Kar a duba lambobi da haruffan Latin tukuna. Dubi madannai da matakan ma'aunin da aka sa hannu, su ma bayanin kula ne. Kuna iya ganin cewa akwai maɓallan fararen 52, kuma sunaye 7 kawai na matakan. Wannan shi ne daidai saboda matakan da ke da sauti iri ɗaya saboda bambancin tsayi da daidai sau 2 ana sanya sunayen iri ɗaya.

Idan muka danna maɓallan piano guda 7 a jere, maɓallin na 8 za a sanya masa suna daidai da wanda muka fara latsawa. Kuma, don haka, don samar da irin wannan sauti, amma a sau biyu tsawo ko ƙasa da tsayi, dangane da wace hanya muke motsawa. Ana iya samun ainihin mitocin kunna piano a cikin tebur na musamman.

Ana buƙatar ƙarin bayani ɗaya na sharuɗɗan anan. Octave yana nufin ba kawai tazarar da ke tsakanin sauti iri ɗaya ba (matakan sikelin), wanda ya bambanta da tsayi ta sau 2, amma har ma da sautin 12 daga bayanin kula "zuwa".

Kuna iya samun wasu ma'anar kalmar "octave" da aka yi amfani da ita a ka'idar kiɗa. Amma, saboda manufar kwas ɗinmu ita ce ba da tushen ilimin kiɗan kiɗa, ba za mu zurfafa cikin ka'idar ba, amma za mu iyakance kanmu ga ilimin da ya dace da kuke buƙatar koyon kiɗa da murya.

Don bayyanawa da bayanin ma'anoni da aka yi amfani da su na kalmar, za mu sake amfani da madannai na piano mu ga cewa octave shine maɓallai farare 7 da maɓallan baƙi 5.

Me yasa kuke buƙatar maɓallan baƙi akan piano

Anan mu, kamar yadda aka yi alkawari a baya, za mu bayyana dalilin da yasa piano yana da maɓallan farare 52 da baƙi 36 kawai. Wannan zai taimake ka ka fahimci matakan ma'auni da semitones. Gaskiyar ita ce, nisa a cikin semitones tsakanin manyan matakai na sikelin sun bambanta. Alal misali, tsakanin matakai (bayanin kula) "to" da "re", "re" da "mi" muna ganin sauti guda 2, watau baƙar fata tsakanin farar maɓalli biyu, kuma tsakanin "mi" da "fa" akwai 1 kawai. semitone, watau fararen maɓallan suna jere. Hakazalika, akwai kawai 1 semitone tsakanin matakan "si" da "yi".

Gabaɗaya, matakan 5 (bayanin kula) suna da nisa na 2 semitones, kuma matakai biyu (bayanin kula) suna da nisa na semitone 1. Sai dai itace lissafi mai zuwa:

Don haka mun sami 12 semitones a cikin octave. Maballin piano yana riƙe da cikakkun octaves 7 da ƙarin sautin sauti 4: 3 a hagu (inda mafi ƙarancin sautuna) da 1 a dama (sauti mai girma). Muna kirga komai semitones da makullinalhakinsu:

Don haka mun sami jimillar maɓallan piano. Mun kara fahimta. Mun riga mun koyi cewa akwai maɓallai farare guda 7 da baƙaƙen maɓallai guda 5 a kowace octave. Bayan cikakken octaves 7, muna da ƙarin farare 3 da maɓallan baƙi 1. Mun fara ƙidaya farin maɓalli:

Yanzu mun ƙidaya baƙar maɓalli:

Anan ga maɓallan baka 36 da farar maɓalli 52.

Da alama kun gano matakan ma'auni, octaves, sautunan da sautin sauti. Ka tuna da wannan bayanin, kamar yadda zai zo da amfani a darasi na gaba, lokacin da muka matsa zuwa cikakken bincike na zane-zane na kiɗa. Kuma za a buƙaci wannan bayanin a darasi na ƙarshe, lokacin da muka koyi wasan piano.

Bari mu kara fayyace batu guda. Hanyoyin gina ma'auni iri ɗaya ne ga duk sautin kiɗa, ko ana fitar da su ta amfani da piano, guitar ko muryar waƙa. Mun yi amfani da madannai na piano don bayyana kayan kawai saboda ƙarin haske.

Hakazalika, za mu yi amfani da piano don fahimtar tsarin bayanin kula-octave daki-daki. Ana bukatar a yi wannan a darasin na yau, domin. A gaba za mu ci gaba zuwa ga alamar kida da bayanin kula akan sandar.

Tsarin lura-octave

Gabaɗaya, kewayon sautin da za a iya ji a kunnen ɗan adam ya ƙunshi kusan octaves 11. Domin kwas ɗinmu ya keɓe kan ilimin kiɗan kiɗa, muna sha'awar sautin kiɗa kawai, watau kusan octaves 9. Don sauƙaƙa tunawa da octaves da madaidaitan jeri na sauti, muna ba da shawarar tafiya daga sama zuwa ƙasa, watau daga saman kewayon sauti zuwa ƙasa. Za a nuna filin a cikin hertz don kowane octave a cikin tsarin binary don sauƙin tunawa.

Octaves (suna) da jeri:

Ba shi da ma'ana don yin la'akari da wasu octaves a cikin mahallin sautin kiɗa. Don haka, mafi girman bayanin kula ga maza shine F mai kaifi na octave na 5 (5989 Hz), kuma Amirhossein Molai ne ya kafa wannan rikodin a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2019 a Tehran (Iran) [Guinness World Records, 2019]. Singer Dimash daga Kazakhstan ya kai bayanin "re" a cikin octave na 5 (4698 Hz). Kuma sautin da ke ƙasa da 16 Hz ba zai iya gane shi ta hanyar kunnen ɗan adam. Kuna iya nazarin cikakken tebur na wasiƙun rubutu zuwa mitoci da octaves a hoto mai zuwa:

Bayani na 1st na octave na farko an haskaka shi da shunayya, watau bayanin kula “yi”, da kore – lura “la” na octave na farko. Ya kasance a kanta, watau zuwa mitar 440 Hz, ta tsohuwa, an riga an shigar da duk masu gyara don auna filin.

Bayanan kula a cikin octave: zaɓuɓɓukan nadi

A yau, ana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don nuna mallakar bayanin kula (fiti) zuwa octaves daban-daban. Hanya mafi sauƙi ita ce rubuta sunayen bayanin kula kamar yadda suke: "yi", "re", "mi", "fa", "sol", "la", "si".

Zabi na biyu shine abin da ake kira "Helmholtz notation". Wannan hanya ta ƙunshi zayyana bayanin kula a cikin haruffan Latin, da kuma mallakar octave - a lambobi. Bari mu fara da bayanin kula.

Helmholtz takardar kiɗa:

Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa bayanin “si” wani lokaci ana iya wakilta ba ta harafin B ba, amma ta harafin H. Harafin H na gargajiya ne don kiɗan gargajiya, yayin da harafin B ana ɗauka a matsayin zaɓi na zamani. A cikin karatunmu, zaku sami bambance-bambancen duka biyu, don haka ku tuna cewa duka B da H suna nufin “si”.

Yanzu zuwa octaves. Bayanan kula a cikin octave na farko zuwa na biyar ana rubuta su cikin ƙananan haruffan Latin kuma ana nuna su ta lambobi daga 1 zuwa 5. Bayanan kula da ƙaramin octave suna cikin ƙananan haruffan Latin ba tare da lambobi ba. Tuna ƙungiyar: ƙananan octave - ƙananan haruffa. Ana rubuta bayanin kula na babban octave da manyan haruffan Latin. Ka tuna: babban octave - manyan haruffa. An rubuta bayanin kula na contra-octave da sub-contra-octave a cikin manyan haruffa da lambobi 1 da 2, bi da bi.

Bayanan kula a cikin octaves bisa ga Helmholtz:

Idan wani ya yi mamakin dalilin da ya sa ba a nuna bayanin farko na octave da harafin farko na haruffan Latin ba, za mu gaya muku cewa sau ɗaya a lokaci guda an fara kirgawa da bayanin “la”, wanda a bayansa aka kafa alamar A. Duk da haka, sai suka yanke shawarar fara ƙidayar octave daga bayanin kula "zuwa" , wanda aka riga aka ba da alamar C. Don kauce wa rikicewa a cikin kide-kide na kiɗa, mun yanke shawarar kiyaye haruffan haruffa na bayanin kula kamar yadda suke.

Kuna iya samun ƙarin cikakkun bayanai game da bayanin Helmholtz da sauran ra'ayoyin a cikin aikinsa, ana samun su a cikin harshen Rashanci ƙarƙashin taken "Koyarwar jin daɗin ji a matsayin tushen ilimin lissafi don ka'idar kiɗa" [G. Helmholtz, 2013].

Kuma a ƙarshe, bayanin kimiyya, wanda Cibiyar Acoustic Society ta Amurka ta haɓaka a cikin 1939 wanda kuma ya dace har yau. Bayanan kula ana nuna su ta babban haruffan Latin, kuma na cikin octave - ta lambobi daga 0 zuwa 8.

Bayanan kimiyya:

Lura cewa lambobin ba su dace da sunayen octave daga na farko zuwa na biyar ba. Wannan yanayin sau da yawa yana yaudarar hatta masu kera shirye-shirye na musamman don mawaƙa. Don haka, idan akwai shakka, koyaushe bincika sauti da sautin bayanin kula tare da mai gyara. Don yin wannan, zazzage aikace-aikacen wayar hannu na Pano Tuner kuma ba shi damar shiga makirufo.

Ya rage don ƙara cewa a karon farko an buga tsarin tsarin ilimin kimiyya a cikin fitowar Yuli na The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (Journal of the Acoustical Society of America) [The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1939] .

Yanzu bari mu taƙaita duk tsarin bayanin kula da aka karɓa na kowane octave. Don yin wannan, za mu sake kwafin hoton da kuka saba da ku tare da maballin piano da zane-zane na matakan sikelin (bayanin kula), amma tare da shawarar kula da su. nadi da haruffa:

Kuma, a ƙarshe, don cikakkiyar fahimtar ainihin bayanin ka'idar kiɗa, ya kamata mu fahimci nau'ikan sautunan da sautin sauti.

Iri-iri na sautuna da semitones

Bari mu ce nan da nan cewa daga mahangar da aka yi amfani da ita, wannan bayanin ba zai yi muku amfani ba musamman wajen kunna kayan kida ko koyar da murya. Koyaya, ana iya samun sharuɗɗan da ke nuna nau'ikan sautunan sautuna da ƙarami a cikin adabi na musamman. Don haka, kuna buƙatar samun ra'ayi game da su don kada ku zauna a kan lokutan da ba za ku iya fahimta ba yayin karatun wallafe-wallafe ko zurfin nazarin kayan kiɗa.

Sautin (iri):

Halftone (iri):

Kamar yadda kake gani, ana maimaita sunayen, don haka ba zai yi wuya a tuna ba. Don haka, bari mu gane shi!

Diatonic semitone (nau'i):

Wasu misalan za ku iya gani akan hoton:

chromatic semitone (nau'i):

Sautin diatonic (nau'i):

Sautin chromatic (iri):

Bari mu fayyace cewa an ɗauko misalan daga littafin koyarwa na Varfolomey Vakhromeev “Ka’idar Ƙarfafa Kiɗa” kuma an nuna su akan maballin piano don tsabta, saboda. za mu yi nazarin sandar ne kawai a darasi na gaba, kuma muna buƙatar ra'ayoyin sautin da semitone riga yanzu [V. Vakhromeev, 1961. Gabaɗaya, za mu yi magana akai-akai ga ayyukan wannan babban malamin Rasha kuma masanin kiɗa a duk tsawon karatunmu.

Af, a cikin 1984, 'yan watanni kafin mutuwarsa, Varfolomey Vakhromeev aka ba da Order of Holy Equal-to-Apostles Prince Vladimir na 2nd digiri na "Littafin Littafin Church Singing" ya tattara ga tauhidin makarantu. na Rasha Orthodox Church. Littafin ya ci gaba da buga littattafai da yawa bayan mutuwarsa [V. Vakhromeev, 2013.

Ana nuna haɓakar semitones 2 ta hanyar kaifi biyu ko kaifi biyu, ana nuna raguwar 2 semitones ta faffada biyu ko biyu. Don kaifi biyu akwai alamar ta musamman, mai kama da gicciye, amma, saboda yana da wahala a ɗauka akan madannai, za a iya amfani da alamar ♯♯ ko kawai alamun fam guda biyu kawai. Ya fi sauƙi tare da ɗakuna biyu, suna rubuta ko dai 2 ♭♭ alamomi ko haruffan Latin bb.

Kuma a ƙarshe, abu na ƙarshe da kuke buƙatar magana game da shi a cikin taken "Properties na sauti" shine anharmonicity na sautuna. Kun koya a baya cewa semitones a cikin octave daidai suke. Don haka, sautin da aka saukar da sautin kusa da babban mataki zai kasance daidai a cikin farar sauti zuwa sautin da aka ɗaga daga ƙaramin sautin kusa da matakin da ke ƙasan semitones biyu.

A sauƙaƙe, A-flat (A♭) da G-kaifi (G♯) na sautin octave iri ɗaya. Hakanan, a cikin octave, G-flat (G♭) da F-kaifi (F♯), E-flat (E♭) da D-sharp (D♯), D-flat (D♭) kuma har zuwa -sharp (С♯), da dai sauransu. Abun da ke faruwa idan sautunan tsayi iri ɗaya suna da sunaye daban-daban kuma ana nuna su da alamomi daban-daban ana kiran su anharmonicity na sautuna.

Don sauƙin fahimta, mun nuna wannan sabon abu akan misalin matakai (bayanin kula), wanda a tsakanin su akwai 2 semitones. A wasu lokuta, lokacin da kawai 1 semitone tsakanin manyan matakai, wannan ba a bayyane yake ba. Misali, F-flat (F♭) tsantsar E (E), kuma E-kaifi (E♯) tsantsar F (F). Duk da haka, a cikin wallafe-wallafe na musamman kan ka'idar kiɗa, ana iya samun irin su F-flat (F♭) da E-sharp (E♯). Yanzu kun san abin da suke nufi.

A yau kun yi nazarin ainihin kayan aikin sauti na zahiri da kuma abubuwan da ke cikin sautin kiɗan musamman. Kun yi ma'amala da tsarin kiɗa da ma'auni, matakan ma'auni, octaves, sautuna da ƙananan sauti. Hakanan kun fahimci tsarin rubutu-octave kuma yanzu kuna shirye don yin gwaji akan kayan darasin, wanda a ciki muka haɗa tambayoyi mafi mahimmanci daga mahimmin ra'ayi.

Gwajin fahimtar darasi

Idan kuna son gwada ilimin ku akan maudu'in wannan darasi, zaku iya ɗaukar ɗan gajeren gwaji wanda ya ƙunshi tambayoyi da yawa. Zaɓin 1 kawai zai iya zama daidai ga kowace tambaya. Bayan ka zaɓi ɗaya daga cikin zaɓuɓɓukan, tsarin zai ci gaba ta atomatik zuwa tambaya ta gaba. Makiyoyin da kuke karɓa suna shafar daidaitattun amsoshinku da lokacin da kuka kashe don wucewa. Lura cewa tambayoyin sun bambanta kowane lokaci, kuma zaɓuɓɓukan suna shuffled.

Kuma yanzu mun juya zuwa nazari na kida notation.