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Arturo Toscanini

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Duk wani zamani a cikin fasahar gudanarwa yana da alaƙa da sunan wannan mawaki. Kusan shekaru saba'in ya tsaya a na'urar wasan bidiyo, yana nuna wa duniya misalan fassarar ayyukan kowane lokaci da mutane. Siffar Toscanini ya zama alamar sadaukarwa ga fasaha, ya kasance jarumin kiɗa na gaskiya, wanda bai san sulhu ba a cikin sha'awarsa don cimma manufa.

An rubuta shafuka da yawa game da Toscanini ta marubuta, mawaƙa, masu suka, da 'yan jarida. Kuma dukansu, suna bayyana ainihin sifa a cikin siffar halitta mai girma, suna magana game da ƙoƙarinsa marar iyaka don kamala. Bai taba gamsuwa da kansa ko da makada ba. Wajen kide-kide da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a zahiri sun girgiza tare da yabo mai ɗorewa, a cikin sake dubawa an ba shi kyauta mafi kyau, amma ga maestro, lamirinsa na kiɗa kawai, wanda bai san zaman lafiya ba, shine ainihin alkali.

Stefan Zweig ya rubuta cewa: “… A cikin mutumcinsa, ɗaya daga cikin mutane masu gaskiya a zamaninmu yana hidima ga gaskiyar ciki na aikin fasaha, yana hidima da irin wannan sadaukarwa mai tsaurin ra’ayi, tare da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi da tawali’u a lokaci guda. da wuya mu samu a yau a kowane fanni na kerawa. Ba tare da girman kai ba, ba tare da girman kai ba, ba tare da son rai ba, yana hidima mafi girman nufin ubangijin da yake ƙauna, yana hidima tare da duk hanyoyin hidimar duniya: ikon shiga tsakani na firist, taƙawa na mumini, tsananin wahalar malami. da ƙwazon ɗalibi na har abada… A cikin fasaha - irin wannan shine girman ɗabi'a, irin wannan shine aikinsa na ɗan adam Ya gane kawai cikakke kuma ba kome ba sai cikakke. Duk abin da sauran - quite m, kusan cikakke da kuma m - ba ya wanzu ga wannan m artist, kuma idan ya wanzu, to a matsayin wani abu warai maƙiya a gare shi.

Toscanini ya gano kiran nasa a matsayin madugu da wuri. An haife shi a Parma. Mahaifinsa ya halarci gwagwarmayar 'yantar da al'ummar Italiya a karkashin tutar Garibaldi. Ƙwararrun kiɗa na Arturo ya kai shi zuwa Parma Conservatory, inda ya karanta cello. Kuma shekara guda bayan kammala karatun digiri na farko, an fara halarta. Ranar 25 ga Yuni, 1886, ya gudanar da wasan opera Aida a Rio de Janeiro. Nasarar nasara ta jawo hankalin mawaƙa da mawaƙan kida ga sunan Toscanini. Komawa zuwa mahaifarsa, matasa madugu aiki na dan lokaci a Turin, da kuma a karshen karni ya jagoranci Milan wasan kwaikwayo La Scala. Ayyukan da Toscanini ya yi a wannan cibiyar opera a Turai sun ba shi shahara a duniya.

A cikin tarihin Opera na Metropolitan New York, lokacin daga 1908 zuwa 1915 ya kasance "zinariya". Sa'an nan Toscanini ya yi aiki a nan. Daga baya, madugu yayi magana musamman game da wannan gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Tare da faɗaɗawar da ya saba yi, ya gaya wa mai sukar kiɗan S. Khotsinov: “Wannan sito ce ta alade, ba wasan opera ba. Su kona shi. Ya kasance mummunan gidan wasan kwaikwayo ko da shekaru arba'in da suka wuce. An gayyace ni zuwa ga Met sau da yawa, amma koyaushe ina ce a'a. Caruso, Scotty ya zo Milan ya ce da ni: “A’a, maestro, Metropolitan ba gidan wasan kwaikwayo ba ne a gare ku. Yana da kyau don samun kuɗi, amma ba shi da gaske. Kuma ya ci gaba, yana amsa tambayar dalilin da yasa har yanzu ya yi a Metropolitan: "Ah! Na zo wannan gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne saboda wata rana an gaya mini cewa Gustav Mahler ya yarda ya zo wurin, kuma na yi tunani a kaina: idan irin wannan mawaƙi mai kyau kamar Mahler ya yarda ya je wurin, Met ba zai iya zama mummunan ba. Daya daga cikin mafi kyau ayyukan Toscanini a kan mataki na New York gidan wasan kwaikwayo shi ne samar da Boris Godunov da Mussorgsky.

… Italiya kuma. Kuma gidan wasan kwaikwayo "La Scala", wasan kwaikwayo a cikin kide-kide na kade-kade. Amma 'yan barandan Mussolini sun hau mulki. Jagoran ya fito fili ya nuna rashin son mulkin Fasisti. "Duce" ya kira alade da mai kisan kai. A daya daga cikin kide-kiden, ya ki yin wakar Nazi, kuma daga baya, don nuna adawa da wariyar launin fata, bai shiga cikin bukukuwan kida na Bayreuth da Salzburg ba. Kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Toscanini da ya gabata a Bayreuth da Salzburg sune kayan ado na waɗannan bukukuwa. Tsoron ra'ayin jama'a na duniya ne kawai ya hana mai mulkin Italiya yin amfani da zalunci a kan fitaccen mawaki.

Rayuwa a Italiyanci na Fascist ya zama wanda ba zai iya jurewa Toscanini ba. Shekaru da yawa yana barin ƙasarsa ta haihuwa. Bayan ya koma Amurka, jagoran Italiyanci a cikin 1937 ya zama shugaban sabuwar kade-kade na kade-kade na National Broadcasting Corporation - NBC. Yakan yi balaguro ne kawai zuwa Turai da Kudancin Amurka.

Ba shi yiwuwa a ce a cikin wane yanki na gudanar da basirar Toscanini ya bayyana a fili. Da gaske sihirin sihirinsa ya haifar da ƙwararrun ƙwararru duka a matakin wasan opera da kuma a matakin wasan kwaikwayo. Operas na Mozart, Rossini, Verdi, Wagner, Mussorgsky, R. Strauss, symphonies na Beethoven, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Mahler, oratorios na Bach, Handel, Mendelssohn, ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Debussy, Ravel, Duke - kowane sabon karatu shine ganowa. Tausayin Toscanini bai san iyaka ba. Wasan opera na Verdi sun kasance suna son shi musamman. A cikin shirye-shiryensa, tare da ayyukan gargajiya, yakan haɗa da kiɗa na zamani. Don haka, a 1942, ƙungiyar makaɗa da ya jagoranta ta zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na farko a Amurka na Symphony na bakwai na Shostakovich.

Ikon Toscanini na rungumar sabbin ayyuka ya kasance na musamman. Tunawa da shi ya ba mawaƙa da yawa mamaki. Busoni ya taɓa cewa: “… Toscanini yana da ƙwaƙwalwa mai ban mamaki, misalin wanda ke da wahalar samu a cikin tarihin kiɗan gabaɗaya… Ya taɓa karanta maci mafi wahala Duke – “Ariana and the Bluebeard” kuma washe gari ya nada farkon maimaitawa. da zuciya! .."

Toscanini yayi la'akari da babban aikinsa kuma kawai aikinsa don daidaitawa da zurfin abin da marubucin ya rubuta a cikin bayanin kula. Daya daga cikin mawakan solo na kungiyar kade-kade ta Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Kasa, S. Antek, ta tuna cewa: “Da zarar, a wani taron karawa juna sani, na tambayi Toscanini a lokacin hutu yadda ya “yi” aikinta. "Mai sauqi sosai," in ji maestro. - An yi shi kamar yadda aka rubuta. Tabbas ba shi da sauƙi, amma babu wata hanya. Bari jahilai su yi abin da suka ga dama, da tabbaci cewa sun fi Ubangiji Allah kansa. Dole ne ku kasance da ƙarfin hali don yin wasa kamar yadda aka rubuta.” Na tuna wani jawabin da Toscanini ya yi bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Shostakovich's Seventh ("Leningrad") Symphony… "An rubuta haka," in ji shi a gajiye, yana saukowa matakan mataki. “Yanzu bari wasu su fara ‘fassarorinsu’. Don yin ayyukan "kamar yadda aka rubuta", don yin "daidai" - wannan shine kidan nasa.

Kowane maimaitawa na Toscanini aiki ne na ascetic. Bai san tausayin kansa ko mawaƙa ba. Ya kasance haka koyaushe: a cikin samartaka, a lokacin girma, da tsufa. Toscanini ya fusata, ya yi kururuwa, yana bara, yaga rigarsa, ya karya sandarsa, ya sa mawakan su sake maimaita wannan magana. Babu rangwame - kiɗa yana da tsarki! Wannan motsi na ciki na mai gudanarwa ya watsa ta hanyoyi marasa ganuwa ga kowane mai yin wasan kwaikwayo - babban mai zane ya iya "daidaita" rayukan mawaƙa. Kuma a cikin wannan haɗin kai na mutanen da aka keɓe ga fasaha, an haifi cikakkiyar aikin, wanda Toscanini ya yi mafarkin dukan rayuwarsa.

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek