Dmitry Stepanovich Bortnyansky (Dmitry Bortnyansky) |

Dmitry Bortnyansky

… Kun rubuta waƙoƙin yabo na ban mamaki kuma, kuna tunanin duniyar ni'ima, Ya rubuto mana ta cikin sauti… Agafangel. A cikin memory na Bortnyansky

D. Bortnyansky - daya daga cikin mafi talented wakilan Rasha m al'adu na pre-Glinka zamanin, wanda ya lashe gaskiya soyayya na 'yan'uwansa biyu a matsayin mawaki, wanda ayyukansu, musamman choral su ji dadin na kwarai shahararsa, kuma a matsayin fice. , Mutum mai hazaka da yawa tare da fara'a na ɗan adam. Wani mawaƙin zamani wanda ba a bayyana sunansa ba ya kira mawallafin "Orpheus na Neva River". Halin halittarsa ​​yana da yawa kuma ya bambanta. Yana da game da lakabi 200 - operas 6, fiye da ayyukan mawaƙa 100, ɗakuna da yawa da kayan kida, soyayya. An bambanta kiɗan Bortnyansky ta hanyar ɗanɗano na fasaha mara kyau, kamewa, ɗaukaka, tsabtar gargajiya, da ƙwararrun ƙwarewa waɗanda suka haɓaka ta hanyar nazarin kiɗan Turai na zamani. Mawallafin kiɗa na Rasha A. Serov ya rubuta cewa Bortnyansky "ya yi karatu a kan nau'ikan Mozart iri ɗaya, kuma ya yi koyi da Mozart da kansa." Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, m harshen Bortnyansky ne na kasa, a fili yana da wani song-romance tushen, intonations na Ukrainian birane melos. Kuma wannan ba abin mamaki bane. Bayan duk, Bortnyansky ne Ukrainian ta asali.

Matasa na Bortnyansky sun zo daidai da lokacin da babban tashin hankali na jama'a a cikin shekarun 60-70s. Karni na XNUMX ya farkar da dakarun kirkire-kirkire na kasa. A wannan lokacin ne wata ƙwararriyar makarantar mawaƙa ta fara ɗaukar hoto a Rasha.

Dangane da kwarewarsa na musamman na kiɗa, an aika Bortnyansky yana ɗan shekara shida zuwa Makarantar Singing, kuma bayan shekaru 2 an aika shi zuwa St. Petersburg zuwa Kotun Waƙar Waƙa. Sa'a tun yana yaro ya fi son kyakkyawan yaro mai hankali. Ya zama fi so daga cikin Empress, tare da sauran mawaƙa halarci nisha kide-kide, kotu wasanni, coci ayyuka, karatu kasashen waje harsuna, aiki. Daraktan ƙungiyar mawaƙa M. Poltoratsky ya yi karatu tare da shi, kuma mawaƙin Italiyanci B. Galuppi - abun da ke ciki. A kan shawararsa, a 1768 Bortnyansky aka aika zuwa Italiya, inda ya zauna har shekaru 10. A nan ya yi nazarin kiɗan A. Scarlatti, GF Handel, N. Iommelli, ayyukan masu yawan phonists na makarantar Venetian, kuma ya yi nasara na farko a matsayin mawaki. A Italiya, an halicci "Jamus Mass", wanda ke da ban sha'awa a cikin cewa Bortnyansky ya gabatar da tsohuwar waƙoƙin Orthodox a cikin wasu waƙoƙi, yana haɓaka su a cikin hanyar Turai; da kuma 3 opera seria: Creon (1776), Alcides, Quintus Fabius (duka - 1778).

A 1779 Bortnyansky ya koma St. Petersburg. Abubuwan da ya tsara, waɗanda aka gabatar wa Catherine II, sun kasance nasara mai ban sha'awa, ko da yake a gaskiya ya kamata a lura cewa an bambanta empress ta hanyar rashin kida mai ban sha'awa kuma an yaba shi kawai akan sa. Duk da haka, Bortnyansky ya sami tagomashi, ya sami lada da matsayi na bandmaster na Kotun Singing Chapel a 1783, a kan tashi na J. Paisiello daga Rasha, ya kuma zama bandmaster na "karamin kotu" a Pavlovsk karkashin magaji Pavel da nasa. mata.

Irin wannan sana'a dabam-dabam ce ta motsa kida a cikin nau'o'i da yawa. Bortnyansky ya ƙirƙira babban adadin kide-kide na wake-wake, ya rubuta kiɗan kide-kide - clavier sonatas, ayyukan ɗaki, ya tsara romances akan rubutun Faransanci, kuma tun daga tsakiyar 80s, lokacin da kotun Pavlovsk ta zama mai sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo, ya ƙirƙiri wasan kwaikwayo na ban dariya guda uku: "The operas Idin Seigneur" (1786), "Falcon" (1786), "Son Kishiya" (1787). "Kyawun waɗannan operas ta Bortnyansky, wanda aka rubuta a cikin rubutun Faransanci, yana cikin kyakkyawar haɗuwa da waƙoƙin Italiyanci masu daraja tare da languor na soyayyar Faransanci da kaifi mai kaifi na ma'aurata" (B. Asafiev).

Bortnyansky mai ilimi da son rai ya shiga cikin maraice na wallafe-wallafen da aka gudanar a Pavlovsk; daga baya, a cikin 1811-16. - halarci tarurruka na "Tattaunawa na masoya na kalmar Rasha", jagorancin G. Derzhavin da A. Shishkov, tare da P. Vyazemsky da V. Zhukovsky. A cikin ayoyi na karshen, ya rubuta sanannen waƙar waƙar "Mawaƙi a cikin sansanin Warriors na Rasha" (1812). Gaba ɗaya, Bortnyansky yana da ikon yin farin ciki don tsara haske, melodic, kiɗa mai sauƙi, ba tare da fadawa cikin banality ba.

A 1796, Bortnyansky aka nada manajan, sa'an nan kuma darektan Kotun Singing Chapel kuma ya kasance a cikin wannan matsayi har zuwa karshen kwanakinsa. A sabon matsayinsa, ya himmatu wajen aiwatar da nasa manufofin fasaha da ilimi. Ya inganta matsayin mawaka sosai, ya gabatar da kide-kiden wake-wake na ranar Asabar a cikin dakin ibada, da kuma shirya mawakan sujada don shiga cikin kide-kide. Ƙungiyar Philharmonic, ta fara wannan aiki tare da wasan kwaikwayon oratorio na J. Haydn "The Creation of the World" da kuma ƙare shi a cikin 1824 tare da farkon L. Beethoven's "Solemn Mass". Domin ayyukansa a 1815, Bortnyansky aka zaba memba na girmamawa na Philharmonic Society. Babban matsayinsa yana tabbatar da dokar da aka karɓa a cikin 1816, bisa ga ko dai ayyukan Bortnyansky da kansa, ko kiɗan da ya sami yardarsa, an ba su izinin yin aiki a cikin coci.

A cikin aikinsa, wanda ya fara daga 90s, Bortnyansky ya mayar da hankalinsa ga kiɗa mai tsarki, daga cikin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'in kide-kide na wake-wake na musamman. Suna zagaye-zagaye, galibi sassa huɗu ne. Wasu daga cikinsu suna da ban sha'awa, biki a cikin yanayi, amma mafi yawan halayen Bortnyansky sune concertos, wanda aka bambanta ta hanyar shiga cikin lyricism, tsarki na ruhaniya na musamman, da daukaka. A cewar Academician Asafiev, a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Bortnyansky "an sami amsa irin wannan tsari kamar yadda yake a cikin gine-ginen Rasha na lokacin: daga kayan ado na baroque zuwa mafi girman ƙarfi da kamewa - zuwa classicism."

A cikin kide-kide na wake-wake, Bortnyansky yakan wuce iyakokin da dokokin coci suka tsara. A cikin su, zaku iya jin tafiya, raye-rayen raye-raye, tasirin kiɗan opera, kuma a cikin sassan sassauƙa, wani lokacin akwai kamanni da nau'in lyrical "waƙar Rasha". Kiɗa mai tsarki na Bortnyansky ya sami farin jini sosai a lokacin rayuwarsa da kuma bayan mutuwarsa. An rubuta shi don piano, garaya, an fassara shi zuwa tsarin ƙirar kiɗan dijital don makafi, kuma a koyaushe ana buga shi. Duk da haka, a tsakanin masu sana'a masu kida na karni na XIX. babu hadin kai a cikin tantancewar. Akwai ra'ayi game da ciwon sukarinta, kuma an manta da kayan aikin Bortnyansky da kayan aikin opera gaba ɗaya. Sai kawai a zamaninmu, musamman a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, da music na wannan mawaki ya sake komawa ga mai sauraro, sauti a cikin opera gidajen, concert dakunan, bayyana mana gaskiya sikelin da iyawa na na ƙwarai Rasha mawaki, na gaskiya classic na Karni na XNUMX.

O. Averyanova