Alessandro Scarlatti |

Alessandro Scarlatti

Mutumin da suke rage al'adun fasaha a halin yanzu… duk kiɗan Neapolitan na ƙarni na XNUMX shine Alessandro Scarlatti. R. Rollan

Mawaƙin Italiyanci A. Scarlatti ya shiga tarihin al'adun kiɗa na Turai a matsayin shugaban kuma wanda ya kafa sanannen sananne a ƙarshen XNUMXth - farkon ƙarni na XNUMX. Makarantar opera ta Neapolitan.

Tarihin mawakin har yanzu yana cike da farar fata. Wannan shi ne gaskiya musamman game da kuruciyarsa da farkon kuruciyarsa. Na dogon lokaci an yi imani cewa an haifi Scarlatti a Trapani, amma sai aka tabbatar da cewa shi dan asalin Palermo ne. Ba a san ainihin inda kuma da wanda mawakin nan gaba yayi karatu ba. Duk da haka, da aka ba cewa tun 1672 ya zauna a Roma, masu bincike sun dage musamman wajen ambaton sunan G. Carissimi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin malamansa. Nasarar farko mai mahimmanci na mawallafin yana da alaƙa da Roma. Anan, a cikin 1679, an fara wasan opera na farko "Zunubi mara laifi", kuma a nan, shekara guda bayan wannan samarwa, Scarlatti ya zama mawaƙin kotu na Sarauniyar Sweden Christina, wacce ta rayu a waɗannan shekarun a babban birnin Paparoma. A Roma, mawaki ya shiga cikin abin da ake kira "Arcadian Academy" - al'ummar mawaƙa da mawaƙa, an ƙirƙira a matsayin cibiyar kariyar waƙoƙin Italiyanci da balaga daga al'adun gargajiya da fasaha na karni na 1683. A makarantar, Scarlatti da ɗansa Domenico sun sadu da A. Corelli, B. Marcello, matashi GF Handel kuma wani lokaci suna gasa da su. Daga 1684 Scarlatti ya zauna a Naples. A can ya fara aiki a matsayin bandmaster na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na San Bartolomeo, kuma daga 1702 zuwa 1702. - Royal Kapellmeister. A lokaci guda ya rubuta waƙa ga Roma. A cikin 08-1717 kuma a cikin 21-XNUMX. mawakin ya rayu ko dai a Roma ko kuma a Florence, inda ake gudanar da wasan operas dinsa. Ya yi shekarunsa na ƙarshe a Naples, yana koyarwa a ɗaya daga cikin wuraren ajiyar birni. Daga cikin dalibansa, shahararrun su ne D. Scarlatti, A. Hasse, F. Durante.

A yau, ayyukan kirkire-kirkire na Scarlatti da alama yana da ban mamaki. Ya hada operas kusan 125, sama da 600 cantatas, akalla 200 talakawa, da yawa oratorios, motets, madrigals, orchestral da sauran ayyukan; ya kasance mai haɗa littafin jagora don koyan kunna bass na dijital. Duk da haka, babban abin yabo na Scarlatti ya ta'allaka ne a cikin gaskiyar cewa ya halicci nau'in opera-seria a cikin aikinsa, wanda daga baya ya zama ma'auni na mawaƙa. Creativity Scarlatti yana da tushe mai zurfi. Ya dogara da al'adun opera na Venetian, Roman da kuma makarantun kiɗa na Florentine, yana taƙaita manyan abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin fasahar wasan kwaikwayo ta Italiya a farkon karni na XNUMX-XNUMXth. Ayyukan operatic na Scarlatti an bambanta su ta hanyar dabarar wasan kwaikwayo, bincike a fagen kade-kade, da dandano na musamman don ƙarfin zuciya. Duk da haka, watakila babban amfani da maki shi ne arias, cikakken ko dai tare da daraja cantilena ko tare da nuna tausayi virtuosity. A cikin su ne babban ma'anar ikon wasan kwaikwayo na operas ya mayar da hankali, hankulan motsin zuciyarmu suna cikin yanayi na yau da kullum: baƙin ciki - a cikin lamento aria, son idyll - a cikin pastoral ko Sicilian, jaruntaka - a cikin bravura, nau'in - a cikin haske. Aria na waƙa da halayen rawa.

Scarlatti ya zaɓi batutuwa iri-iri don wasan operas nasa: tatsuniyoyi, almara na tarihi, ban dariya-kowace rana. Duk da haka, makircin ba shi da mahimmanci mai mahimmanci, domin mawallafin ya gane shi a matsayin tushen bayyana ta hanyar kiɗa gefen motsin wasan kwaikwayo, nau'i mai yawa na jin dadi da kwarewa na ɗan adam. Na biyu na mawaƙin su ne halayen haruffa, daidaitattun su, gaskiya ko rashin gaskiyar abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin opera. Saboda haka, Scarlatti kuma ya rubuta irin wadannan operas kamar "Cyrus", "The Great Tamerlane", da kuma irin su "Daphne da Galatea", "Ƙaunar rashin fahimta, ko Rosaura", "Daga mugunta - mai kyau", da dai sauransu.

Yawancin kiɗan operatic na Scarlatti yana da ƙima mai ɗorewa. Duk da haka, ma'aunin gwanintar mawakin bai kai matsayin shahararsa a Italiya ba. “… Rayuwarsa,” in ji R. Rolland, “ta kasance da wahala fiye da yadda ake tsammani… Dole ne ya rubuta don samun gurasarsa, a zamanin da ɗanɗanon jama’a ke ƙara zama marar daɗi kuma lokacin da wasu, suka fi ƙwazo. ko mawaƙan da ba su da hankali sun fi iya cimma ƙaunarta… Ya mallaki kwanciyar hankali da tsayayyen hankali, wanda kusan ba a san shi ba tsakanin Italiyawa na zamaninsa. Ƙwaƙwalwar kiɗa ta kasance kimiyya ce a gare shi, "ƙarfin ilimin lissafi", kamar yadda ya rubuta wa Ferdinand de Medici… Ɗaliban Scarlatti na gaske a Jamus. Ya yi tasiri mai wucewa amma mai ƙarfi akan matashin Handel; musamman, ya rinjayi Hasse ... Idan muka tuna da ɗaukakar Hasse, idan muka tuna cewa ya yi mulki a Vienna, an hade da JS - Juan "".

I. Vetlitsyna