Isaac Albaniz |

Isaac albeniz

Za a iya kwatanta ma'anar kida mai daraja da ban mamaki na Albeniz da ƙoƙon da aka cika da ruwan inabi mai tsafta, wanda rana ta Bahar Rum ta dumama. F. Pedro

Sunan I. Albeniz ba ya rabuwa da sabon jagorar kiɗan Mutanen Espanya Renacimiento, wanda ya taso a ƙarshen ƙarni na 10-6. Wanda ya zaburar da wannan yunkuri shi ne F. Pedrel, wanda ya ba da shawarar farfado da al'adun kasar Spain. Albéniz da E. Granados sun ƙirƙiri misalan farko na gargajiya na sabon kiɗan Mutanen Espanya, kuma aikin M. de Falla ya zama kololuwar wannan yanayin. Renacimiento ya rungumi duk rayuwar fasaha ta ƙasar. Marubuta, mawaka, masu fasaha: R. Valle-Inklan, X. Jimenez, A. Machado, R. Pidal, M. Unamuno ya halarta. An haifi Albéniz mai tazarar kilomita 1868 daga kan iyakar Faransa. Kyawawan iyawar kiɗan ya ba shi damar yin wasa tare da ƙanwarsa Clementine a wani taron jama'a a Barcelona yana ɗan shekara huɗu. Daga 'yar uwarsa ne yaron ya sami bayanin farko game da kiɗa. Lokacin da yake da shekaru XNUMX, Albeniz, tare da mahaifiyarsa, ya tafi Paris, inda ya ɗauki darussan piano daga Farfesa A. Marmontel. A cikin XNUMX, an buga wasan farko na matashin mawaki, "Martin Soja" don piano, a Madrid.

A shekara ta 1869, iyalin suka koma Madrid, kuma yaron ya shiga cikin ɗakin ajiya a cikin aji na M. Mendisabal. Albeniz yana dan shekara 10, ya gudu daga gida don neman kasala. A Cadiz, an kama shi kuma an aika shi zuwa ga iyayensa, amma Albeniz ya sami nasarar shiga jirgin ruwa zuwa Kudancin Amirka. A Buenos Aires, yana rayuwa mai cike da wahalhalu, har sai da wani dan kasarsa ya shirya masa kide-kide da dama a Argentina, Uruguay da Brazil.

Bayan tafiya zuwa Cuba da Amurka, inda Albeniz, domin kada ya mutu da yunwa, yana aiki a tashar jiragen ruwa, saurayin ya isa Leipzig, inda ya yi karatu a Conservatory a cikin aji na S. Jadasson (composition) da kuma a cikin aji na K. Reinecke (piano). A nan gaba, ya inganta a Brussels Conservatory - daya daga cikin mafi kyau a Turai, a piano tare da L. Brassin, kuma a cikin abun da ke ciki tare da F. Gevaart.

Babban tasiri akan Albeniz shine ganawarsa da F. Liszt a Budapest, inda mawaƙin Spain ya isa. Liszt ya amince ya jagoranci Albeniz, kuma wannan kadai ya kasance babban kima na basirarsa. A cikin 80s - farkon 90s. Albeniz yana jagorantar ayyukan kide kide da wake-wake da nasara, yawon shakatawa a kasashe da yawa na Turai (Jamus, Ingila, Faransa) da Amurka (Mexico, Cuba). Ƙwararren pianism ɗinsa yana jan hankalin mutanen zamani tare da haskakawa da girmansa. Jaridun Spain gabaɗaya sun kira shi "Rubinstein na Spain". Pedrel ya rubuta: "Yin yin abubuwan nasa, Albéniz ya tuna da Rubinstein."

Tun daga shekara ta 1894, mawakin ya zauna a birnin Paris, inda ya inganta tsarinsa tare da shahararrun mawakan Faransa kamar P. Dukas da V. d'Andy. Yana haɓaka abokan hulɗa tare da C. Debussy, wanda halayensa na kirkire-kirkire ya yi tasiri sosai ga Albeniz, kiɗan sa na 'yan shekarun nan. A cikin shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, Albéniz ya jagoranci ƙungiyar Renacimiento, yana fahimtar ƙa'idodin kyawawan dabi'un Pedrel a cikin aikinsa. Ayyukan mafi kyawun mawaƙa sune misalai na ainihin ƙasa kuma a lokaci guda salon asali. Albeniz ya juya zuwa shahararrun waƙa da nau'ikan raye-raye (malagena, sevillana), yana sake yin kida da halayen halayen yankuna daban-daban na Spain. Waƙarsa duk cike take da surutun jama'a da ƙarar magana.

Daga cikin manyan al'adun gargajiya na mawaƙa na Albeniz (wasan kwaikwayo na ban dariya da waƙa, zarzuela, ayyukan ƙungiyar makaɗa, muryoyi), kiɗan piano yana da mafi girman darajar. Roko zuwa ga tarihin kade-kade na Mutanen Espanya, waɗannan "ajiye na zinariya na fasahar jama'a", a cikin kalmomin mawaƙi, suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan haɓakar haɓakarsa. A cikin abubuwan da ya tsara na piano, Albéniz ya yi amfani da abubuwa da yawa na kiɗan jama'a, yana haɗa su da dabarun zamani na rubutun mawaƙa. A cikin nau'in piano, sau da yawa zaka iya jin sautin kayan aikin jama'a - tambourine, bagpipes, musamman guitars. Yin amfani da waƙoƙin waƙa da nau'ikan raye-raye na Castile, Aragon, Ƙasar Basque kuma musamman sau da yawa Andalusia, Albeniz ba kasafai ya keɓe kansa ba don faɗar jigogi na jama'a. Mafi kyawun abubuwan da ya rubuta: "Spanish Suite", suite "Spain" op. 165, sake zagayowar "Tsarin Mutanen Espanya" op. 232, sake zagayowar 12 guda "Iberia" (1905-07) - misalan ƙwararrun kiɗa na sabon shugabanci, inda tushen ƙasa ya haɗu tare da nasarorin fasahar kiɗan zamani.

V. Ilyev

Isaac Albeniz ya rayu cikin guguwa, rashin daidaito, tare da duk zazzafar sha'awar da ya sadaukar da kansa ga aikin da yake ƙauna. Yarintarsa ​​da kuruciyarsa kamar littafi ne mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa. Tun yana ɗan shekara huɗu, Albeniz ya fara koyon wasan piano. Sun yi ƙoƙarin sanya shi zuwa Paris, sannan zuwa Conservatory na Madrid. Amma yana da shekaru tara, yaron ya gudu daga gida, yana yin wasan kwaikwayo. An kai shi gida kuma ya sake gudu, a wannan karon zuwa Kudancin Amirka. Albéniz yana ɗan shekara goma sha biyu; ya cigaba da yi. Shekaru masu zuwa sun wuce ba daidai ba: tare da nau'ikan nasara daban-daban, Albeniz ya yi wasa a biranen Amurka, Ingila, Jamus, da Spain. A lokacin tafiye-tafiyensa, ya ɗauki darussa a cikin ka'idar abun ciki (daga Carl Reinecke, Solomon Jadasson a Leipzig, daga Francois Gevaart a Brussels).

Ganawar da Liszt a 1878 - Albeniz yana da shekaru goma sha takwas - ya yanke hukunci game da makomarsa ta gaba. Shekaru biyu yana tare da Liszt a ko'ina, ya zama dalibi na kusa.

Sadarwa tare da Liszt ya yi tasiri sosai a kan Albeniz, ba kawai a cikin kiɗa ba, amma mafi fa'ida - al'adu na gaba ɗaya, halin kirki. Ya karanta da yawa (marubuta da ya fi so su ne Turgenev da Zola), yana faɗaɗa hangen nesa na fasaha. Liszt, wanda don haka darajar bayyanar da ka'idar kasa a cikin kiɗa don haka ya ba da irin wannan goyon baya na ɗabi'a ga mawaƙa na Rasha (daga Glinka zuwa The Mighty Handful), da Smetana, da Grieg, yana tada yanayin kasa na basirar Albeniz. Daga yanzu, tare da pianistic, shi ma ya ba da kansa ga yin waƙa.

Bayan kammala kansa a karkashin Liszt, Albéniz ya zama dan wasan pian a babban sikeli. Ranar farin ciki na wasan kwaikwayo na kide-kide ya fadi a shekarun 1880-1893. A wannan lokacin, daga Barcelona, ​​inda ya rayu a da, Albeniz ya koma Faransa. A shekara ta 1893, Albeniz ya kamu da rashin lafiya mai tsanani, kuma daga baya rashin lafiyar ya kulle shi a kan gado. Ya rasu yana da shekaru arba'in da tara.

Ƙirƙirar al'adun gargajiyar Albéniz yana da girma - yana ƙunshe da abubuwa kusan ɗari biyar, waɗanda kusan ɗari uku na pianoforte ne; daga cikin sauran - operas, wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, romances, da dai sauransu. Dangane da darajar fasaha, gadonsa ba daidai ba ne. Wannan babban mai zane kai tsaye mai ratsa zuciya ba shi da ma'anar kamun kai. Ya rubuta cikin sauƙi da sauri, kamar mai haɓakawa, amma ba koyaushe yana iya haskaka mahimman abubuwan ba, ya watsar da abubuwan da suka wuce gona da iri, kuma ya kai ga tasiri iri-iri.

Don haka, a cikin ayyukansa na farko - ƙarƙashin rinjayar castisismo - akwai mai yawa na waje, salon. Wadannan sifofin an adana su a wasu lokuta a cikin rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata. Ga kuma wani misali: a cikin shekarun 90s, a lokacin da ya yi girma na kirkire-kirkire, yana fuskantar matsaloli na kudi mai tsanani, Albeniz ya amince ya rubuta wasu wasannin operas da wani attajirin Ingila ya ba da izini wanda ya hada musu libretto; A zahiri, waɗannan operas ɗin ba su yi nasara ba. A ƙarshe, a cikin shekaru goma sha biyar na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, wasu marubutan Faransanci sun rinjayi Albéniz (fiye da duka, abokinsa, Paul Duc).

Kuma duk da haka a cikin mafi kyawun ayyukan Albéniz - kuma akwai da yawa daga cikinsu! – Asalin mutumcinsa na asali yana da ƙarfi sosai. An gano shi sosai a farkon binciken farko na marubucin marubucin - a cikin shekarun 80s, wato, tun ma kafin buga littafin Pedrel.

Mafi kyawun ayyukan Albéniz su ne waɗanda ke nuna ɓangaren jama'a-ƙasa na waƙoƙi da raye-raye, launi da yanayin ƙasar Spain. Waɗannan su ne, ban da ƴan ƙungiyar makaɗa, guntun piano da aka tanadar da sunayen yankuna, larduna, birane da ƙauyuka na mahaifar mawakin. (Mafi kyawun zarzuela na Albéniz, Pepita Jiménez (1896), ya kamata kuma a ambata. Pedrel (Celestina, 1905), daga baya de Falla (A Brief Life, 1913) ya rubuta a cikin wannan jinsin a gabansa.). Irin wadannan su ne tarin "Spanish tunes", "Characteristic guda", "Spanish raye-raye" ko suites "Spain", "Iberia" (tsohon sunan Spain), "Catalonia". Daga cikin sunayen shahararrun wasannin kwaikwayo da muka hadu da su: "Cordoba", "Granada", "Seville", "Navarra", "Malaga", da dai sauransu Albeniz kuma ya ba da lakabin rawa na wasan kwaikwayo ("Seguidilla", "Malaguena", "Polo" da sauransu).

Mafi cikakke kuma mai dacewa a cikin aikin Albeniz ya haɓaka salon Andalusian na flamenco. Yankunan mawaƙin sun ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan waƙa, kari, da jituwa da aka kwatanta a sama. Mawakin waƙa mai karimci, ya ba da fasalin kiɗan sa na fara'a na sha'awa:

A cikin waƙoƙin waƙa, ana yawan amfani da juyi na gabas:

Yana ninka muryoyin a cikin tsari mai faɗi, Albeniz ya sake haifar da yanayin sautin kayan aikin iska:

Ya isar da ainihin asalin sautin guitar akan piano:

Idan kuma muka lura da ruhi na shayari na gabatarwa da salon ba da labari mai rai (wanda ke da alaƙa da Schumann da Grieg), ya zama bayyananne babban mahimmancin da ya kamata a sanya wa Albeniz a cikin tarihin kiɗan Mutanen Espanya.

M. Druskin

Gajeren jerin abubuwan da aka tsara:

Piano yana aiki Sautunan Mutanen Espanya ( guda 5) “Spain” (6 “Album Sheets”) Suite na Sipaniya ( guda 8) Yankuna masu halaye ( guda 12) raye-rayen Mutanen Espanya na farko da na biyu ( guda 6) “Iberia”, suite ( guda 10 cikin hudu littafin rubutu)

Orchestral aiki "Kataloniya", suite

Operas da zarzuelas "Magic Opal" (1893) "Saint Anthony" (1894) "Henry Clifford" (1895) "Pepita Jimenez" (1896) The King Arthur trilogy (Merlin, Lancelot, Ginevra, karshe ba a gama ba) (1897-1906)

Wakoki da Wakokin Hausa (kimanin 15)