Claudio Monteverdi (Claudio Monteverdi) |

Claudio Monteverdi

Monteverdi Cantate Domino

Monteverdi yana kare haƙƙin ji da yanci a cikin kiɗa. Duk da korafe-korafen da masu kare dokokin ke yi, ya karya ginshikin da waka ta dabaibaye kanta, kuma yana son ta bi umarnin zuciya ne kawai daga yanzu. R. Rollan

Ayyukan mawallafin opera na Italiya C. Monteverdi yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan ban mamaki a cikin al'adun kiɗa na karni na XNUMX. A cikin sha'awar mutum, a cikin sha'awarsa da wahala, Monteverdi shine mai fasaha na Renaissance na gaske. Babu wani daga cikin mawaƙa na wancan lokacin da ya sami damar bayyana a cikin waƙa da bala'i, jin rayuwa ta irin wannan hanya, don kusantar fahimtar gaskiyarta, don bayyana yanayin farko na halayen ɗan adam ta irin wannan hanya.

An haifi Monteverdi a cikin dangin likita. M. Ingenieri, ƙwararren mawaƙi ne, mai kula da mawaƙa na Cathedral na Cremona, ya jagoranci karatunsa na kiɗa. Ya ɓullo da fasahar polyphonic na mawaƙin nan gaba, ya gabatar da shi ga mafi kyawun ayyukan waƙoƙin G. Palestrina da O. Lasso. Moiverdi ya fara tsarawa da wuri. Tuni a farkon shekarun 1580. An buga tarin farko na ayyukan sauti na vocal (madrigals, motets, cantatas), kuma a ƙarshen wannan shekaru goma ya zama sanannen mawaki a Italiya, memba na Academy of Site Cecilia a Rome. Daga 1590, Monteverdi ya yi aiki a ɗakin sujada na Duke na Mantua (da farko a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar makaɗa da mawaƙa, sannan a matsayin mai kula da bandeji). Lush, kotu mai arziki Vincenzo Gonzaga ya jawo hankalin mafi kyawun sojojin fasaha na lokacin. A cikin dukkan alamu, Monteverdi zai iya saduwa da babban mawaƙin Italiyanci T. Tasso, mai zane-zane na Flemish P. Rubens, mambobi na shahararren fim din Florentine, mawallafin operas na farko - J. Peri, O. Rinuccini. Tare da Duke akan tafiye-tafiye akai-akai da yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja, mawakin ya tafi Prague, Vienna, Innsbruck, da Antwerp. A cikin Fabrairun 1607, wasan opera na farko na Monteverdi, Orpheus (libretto ta A. Strigio), an shirya shi tare da babban nasara a Mantua. Monteverdi ya juya wasan limamin kiwo da aka yi niyya don bukukuwan fada zuwa wani wasan kwaikwayo na gaske game da wahala da mummunan makoma na Orpheus, game da kyawun fasaharsa marar mutuwa. (Monteverdi da Striggio sun ci gaba da kasancewa mai ban tausayi na rashin gaskiya - Orpheus, ya bar mulkin matattu, ya keta dokar, ya dubi Eurydice kuma ya rasa ta har abada.) "Orpheus" yana bambanta ta hanyar dukiya mai ban mamaki ga farkon farko. aiki. Sanarwa mai ma'ana da faffadan cantilena, mawaƙa da ƙungiyoyin rawa, ballet, ɓangaren ƙungiyar makaɗa da haɓaka suna ba da damar ɗaukar ra'ayi mai zurfi. Fage ɗaya ne kawai daga wasan opera na biyu na Monteverdi, Ariadne (1608), ya tsira har yau. Wannan shi ne sanannen "Makoki na Ariadne" ("Bari in mutu..."), wanda ya zama abin koyi ga yawancin lamento aria (arias na korafi) a cikin wasan opera na Italiya. (An san Makoki na Ariadne a cikin nau'i biyu - don muryar solo kuma a cikin nau'i na madrigal mai murya biyar.)

A cikin 1613, Monteverdi ya koma Venice kuma har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa ya kasance a hidimar Kapellmeister a cikin Cathedral na St. Mark. Rayuwar kiɗan kiɗa ta Venice ta buɗe sabon dama ga mawaki. Monteverdi ya rubuta operas, ballets, interludes, madrigals, kiɗa don coci da bukukuwan kotu. Daya daga cikin mafi asali ayyukan wadannan shekaru shi ne ban mamaki scene "The Duel of Tancred da Clorinda" bisa ga rubutu daga cikin waka "Urushalima Liberated" ta T. Tasso, hada karatu (bangaren Mai ba da labari), aiki (da sassan da ake karantawa na Tancred da Clorinda) da ƙungiyar makaɗa da ke nuna yanayin duel, yana nuna yanayin motsin rai na wurin. Dangane da "Duel" Monteverdi ya rubuta game da sabon salon concitato (mai farin ciki, tashin hankali), yana bambanta shi da salon "laushi, matsakaici" wanda ya rinjaye a wancan lokacin.

Yawancin madrigals na Monteverdi kuma ana bambanta su ta hanyar bayyananniyar halayensu, halayen ban mamaki (na ƙarshe, tarin madrigal na takwas, 1638, an ƙirƙira a Venice). A cikin wannan nau'i na kiɗan murya mai yawa, an ƙirƙiri salon mawaƙin, kuma zaɓin hanyoyin bayyanawa ya faru. Harshen jituwa na madrigals musamman na asali ne (kwatancen tonal mai ƙarfi, chromatic, ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙiyayya, da sauransu). A ƙarshen 1630s - farkon 40s. operatic aikin Monteverdi ya kai ga kololuwa ("Komawar Ulysses zuwa mahaifarsa" - 1640, "Adonis" - 1639, "Bikin aure na Aeneas da Lavinia" - 1641; karshe 2 operas ba a kiyaye).

A cikin 1642 Monteverdi's An shirya Coronation na Poppea a Venice (libretto ta F. Businello bisa Tacitus' Annals). Wasan opera na ƙarshe na mawaki mai shekaru 75 ya zama ainihin kololuwa, sakamakon hanyarsa ta kirkira. Ƙayyadaddun, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun tarihi na ainihi suna aiki a ciki - Sarkin Roma Nero, wanda aka sani da wayo da rashin tausayi, malaminsa - masanin falsafa Seneca. Da yawa a cikin The Coronation suna nuna kwatankwacinsu tare da bala'o'in fitaccen mawakin zamani, W. Shakespeare. Buɗewa da tsananin sha'awa, kaifi, da gaske "Shakespearean" bambance-bambancen al'amuran da suka fi dacewa da salo, wasan ban dariya. Don haka, bankwana na Seneca ga ɗalibai - mummunan ƙarshen oaera - an maye gurbinsu da fara'a na shafi da kuyanga, sa'an nan kuma an fara orgy na gaske - Nero da abokansa sun yi wa malamin ba'a, suna murna da mutuwarsa.

"Dokarsa kawai ita ce rayuwa kanta," R. Rolland ya rubuta game da Monteverdi. Tare da ƙarfin zuciya na binciken, aikin Monteverdi ya riga ya wuce lokacinsa. Mawaƙin ya hango makomar wasan kwaikwayo mai nisa: gaskiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta WA Mozart, G. Verdi, M. Mussorgsky. Wataƙila shi ya sa makomar ayyukansa ta kasance abin mamaki. Shekaru da yawa sun kasance a cikin mantuwa kuma sun sake dawowa rayuwa kawai a zamaninmu.

I. Okhalova

Dan Likita kuma babban 'yan'uwa biyar. Ya yi karatun kiɗa tare da MA Ingenieri. Yana da shekaru goma sha biyar ya buga Ruhaniya Melodies, a cikin 1587 - littafin farko na madrigals. A 1590, a kotu na Duke na Mantua Vincenzo Gonzaga ya zama wani violist da kuma singer, sa'an nan shugaban Chapel. Yana tare da Duke zuwa Hungary (a lokacin yakin Turkiyya) da Flanders. A 1595 ya auri mawaƙa Claudia Cattaneo, wanda zai ba shi 'ya'ya uku; za ta mutu a cikin 1607 jim kadan bayan nasarar Orpheus. Tun 1613 - wani rai matsayi na shugaban sujada a Jamhuriyar Venetian; da abun da ke ciki na alfarma music, na karshe littattafai na madrigals, ban mamaki ayyuka, mafi yawa rasa. Around 1632 ya dauki aikin firist.

Ayyukan opera na Monteverdi yana da tushe mai ƙarfi, kasancewar 'ya'yan itacen gogewar baya a cikin tsara madrigals da kiɗa na alfarma, nau'ikan da maigidan Cremonese ya sami sakamako mara misaltuwa. Babban matakan aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo - aƙalla, bisa ga abin da ya sauko mana - ya zama kamar lokuta biyu ne a fili: Mantua a farkon karni da Venetian, wanda ya fadi a tsakiyarsa.

Babu shakka, "Orpheus" ita ce magana mafi ban mamaki a Italiya game da salon murya da ban mamaki na farkon karni na sha bakwai. Mahimmancinsa yana ƙaddara ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo, babban jikewa na tasiri, gami da ƙungiyar makaɗa, roko masu mahimmanci da ƙima, wanda karatun waƙar Florentine (wanda ya wadatar da haɓakar motsin rai da ƙasa) yana da alama yana gwagwarmaya tare da abubuwan sakawa na madrigal da yawa, don waƙa. na Orpheus kusan misali ne na gasa.

A cikin operas na ƙarshe na lokacin Venetian, wanda aka rubuta fiye da shekaru talatin bayan haka, ana iya jin canje-canjen salo daban-daban waɗanda suka faru a cikin melodrama na Italiyanci (musamman bayan furen makarantar Roman) da kuma canje-canje masu dacewa a cikin ma'anar ma'anar, duk an gabatar da su. kuma haɗe tare da babban 'yanci a cikin wani faɗi mai fa'ida, har ma da zane mai ban mamaki. Ana cire sassan choral ko an rage su sosai, tashin hankali da karantawa ana haɗa su cikin sassauƙa da aiki dangane da buƙatun wasan kwaikwayo, yayin da wasu, ƙarin haɓakawa da sifofi masu ma'ana, tare da ƙarar motsin rhythmic, an gabatar da su a cikin fasahar gine-ginen wasan kwaikwayo, suna tsammanin fasaha ta gaba ta ikon sarrafa kanta. Harshen opera, gabatarwa, don magana, samfura da tsare-tsare na yau da kullun, masu zaman kansu daga buƙatun tattaunawa na waƙa.

Duk da haka, Monteverdi, ba shakka, bai yi kasadar motsawa daga rubutun waƙa ba, tun da yake ya kasance mai gaskiya ga ra'ayoyinsa game da yanayi da manufar kiɗa a matsayin ma'aikacin waƙa, yana taimaka wa na ƙarshe a cikin kyakkyawan ikon bayyanawa. ji na mutum.

Kada mu manta cewa a cikin Venice mawallafin ya sami yanayi mai kyau don libretto tare da makircin tarihi waɗanda suka ci gaba tare da hanyar neman "gaskiya", ko kuma, a kowane hali, tare da makircin da suka dace da bincike na tunani.

Abin tunawa shine ƙaramin wasan opera na Monteverdi "The Duel of Tancred and Clorinda" zuwa rubutun Torquato Tasso - a gaskiya madrigal a cikin salon hoto; An sanya shi a cikin gidan Count Girolamo Mocenigo a lokacin bikin 1624, ya faranta wa masu sauraro rai, “kusan ya zubar da hawayenta.” Wannan cakude ne na oratorio da ballet (abubuwan da aka nuna a cikin pantomime), wanda babban mawakin ya kafa dangantaka ta kud da kud, dagewa da daidaito tsakanin wakoki da kade-kade a cikin salon karatun karin dadi. Babban misali na waƙar da aka saita zuwa kiɗa, kusan kiɗan tattaunawa, "Duel" ya haɗa da maɗaukaki da ɗaukaka, lokuta masu ban mamaki da na sha'awa waɗanda sautin ya zama kusan alamar alama. A cikin ƙarshe, wani ɗan gajeren jerin waƙoƙin ya juya zuwa "manyan" mai haske, wanda ƙirar ta zo ƙarshen ba tare da sautin jagorancin da ya dace ba, yayin da muryar ta yi cadenza a kan bayanin da ba a haɗa shi a cikin kullun ba, tun a wannan lokacin. hoto na daban, sabuwar duniya ta buɗe. Pallor na Clorinda mai mutuwa yana nuna ni'ima.

G. Marchesi (E. Greceanii ya fassara)