Leoš Janáček |

Leoš Janacek

L. Janacek ya mamaye tarihin kiɗan Czech na karni na XX. wuri guda na girmamawa kamar na karni na XNUMX. – ‘yan uwansa B. Smetana da A. Dvorak. Waɗannan manyan mawaƙa na ƙasa ne, waɗanda suka ƙirƙira na gargajiya na Czech, waɗanda suka kawo fasahar wannan mafi yawan mawaƙa zuwa matakin duniya. Masanin kiɗan Czech J. Sheda ya zana hoto mai zuwa na Janáček, yayin da ya ci gaba da tunawa da ’yan uwansa: “…Mai zafi, mai saurin fushi, mai ka’ida, kaifi, mai rashi, tare da sauye-sauyen yanayi. Karami ne a jiki, kwarjini ne, kai mai bayyanawa, gashi mai kauri ya kwanta a kansa cikin rudani, da lumshe idanuwa da kyalli. Babu ƙoƙari na ladabi, babu wani abu na waje. Ya cika da rayuwa da taurin kai. Irin wannan waƙarsa ce: cikakken jini, taƙaitacce, mai canzawa, kamar ita kanta rayuwa, lafiya, sha'awa, zafi, jan hankali.

Janáček na cikin tsararraki da ke zaune a cikin ƙasar da aka zalunta (wanda ya daɗe yana dogara ga daular Austriya) a zamanin martani, jim kaɗan bayan murkushe juyin juya halin 'yantar da ƙasa na 1848. Wannan zai iya zama dalilin jin tausayinsa na yau da kullun. da aka zalunta da wahala, ya m, irrepressible tawaye? An haifi mawaƙin ne a ƙasar dazuzzukan dazuzzukan da daɗaɗɗen katanga, a cikin ƙaramin ƙauyen dutsen Hukvaldy. Shi ne na tara a cikin yara 14 na malamin makarantar sakandare. Mahaifinsa, a cikin sauran darussa, ya koyar da kiɗa, ya kasance violinist, organist Church, shugaba kuma shugaba na ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Uwa kuma tana da fitattun iyawa da ilimi. Ta buga kaɗe-kaɗe, ta rera waƙa da kyau, kuma bayan mutuwar mijinta, ta yi aikin sashen Organ a cocin gida. Yarancin mai yin waƙar nan gaba ya kasance matalauta, amma lafiya da kyauta. Ya ci gaba da riƙe kusancinsa na ruhaniya har abada ga yanayi, girmamawa da ƙauna ga ƙauyen Moravia, waɗanda suka girma a cikinsa tun suna ƙanana.

Sai kawai har zuwa shekaru 11 Leosh ya rayu a ƙarƙashin rufin iyayensa. Ƙarfin kiɗansa da rawar murya mai ƙarfi sun yanke shawarar inda za a ayyana yaron. Mahaifinsa ya kai shi Brno zuwa Pavel Krzhizhkovek, wani mawaki na Moravia kuma mai tattara tarihin almara. An yarda da Leos a cikin mawakan coci na Starobrnensky Augustinian sufi. Yaran mawakan sun zauna a gidan sufi da kudin gwamnati, sun halarci makarantar sakandare kuma sun yi karatun kiɗan a ƙarƙashin jagorancin ƙwararrun malamai na sufaye. Krzhizhkovsky da kansa ya kula da abun da ke ciki tare da Leos. Tunawa da rayuwa a cikin gidan sufi na Starobrnensky suna nunawa a yawancin ayyukan Janáček (cantatas Amarus da Bishara ta Madawwami; Matasa na sextet; Zagayen Piano A cikin Duhu, Tare da Babban Tafarki, da sauransu). Yanayin al'adun Moravia masu girma da na daɗaɗɗen, waɗanda aka gane a waɗannan shekarun, sun kasance cikin ɗayan kololuwar aikin mawaƙi - Glagolitic Mass (1926). Bayan haka, Janacek ya kammala karatun Prague Organ School, ya inganta a Leipzig da Vienna Conservatories, amma tare da dukan zurfin ƙwararrun tushe, a cikin babban kasuwancin rayuwarsa da aikinsa, ba shi da babban jagora na gaske. Duk abin da ya samu bai ci nasara ba godiya ga makaranta da masu ba da shawara sosai, amma gaba daya da kansa, ta hanyar bincike mai wahala, wani lokaci ta hanyar gwaji da kuskure. Daga matakai na farko a fagen mai zaman kansa, Janáček ba mawaƙi ne kawai ba, amma kuma malami ne, masanin al'adu, jagora, mai sukar kiɗa, masanin kide-kide, mai shirya kide-kide na philharmonic da Makarantar Organ a Brno, jaridar kiɗa da da'irar binciken. na harshen Rashanci. Shekaru da yawa mawaƙin ya yi aiki kuma ya yi yaƙi a cikin duhun lardi. Yanayin sana'a na Prague bai gane shi ba na dogon lokaci, Dvorak kawai ya yaba kuma yana ƙaunar abokin aikinsa. A lokaci guda, zane-zane na Romantic, wanda ya samo asali a babban birnin kasar, ya kasance baƙo ga maigidan Moravian, wanda ya dogara da fasahar jama'a da kuma maganganun magana mai rairayi. Tun 1886, mawaki, tare da ethnographer F. Bartosz, ciyar kowane lokacin rani a kan almara balaguro. Ya buga rikodi da yawa na waƙoƙin gargajiya na Moravian, ya ƙirƙiri shirye-shiryen kide-kide, waƙoƙi da solo. Babban nasara a nan ita ce raye-rayen Lash na wasan kwaikwayo (1889). A lokaci guda tare da su, sanannen tarin waƙoƙin jama'a (a kan 2000) an buga shi tare da gabatarwa ta Janáček "A kan Musical Side na Moravian Folk Waƙoƙi", wanda yanzu ana ɗaukarsa wani aiki na yau da kullun a cikin al'adun gargajiya.

A fagen wasan opera, ci gaban Janáček ya fi tsayi da wahala. Bayan yunƙuri guda ɗaya na shirya wasan opera na soyayya da aka yi akan wani makirci daga wani almara na Czech (Sharka, 1887), ya yanke shawarar rubuta wasan ballet Rakos Rakoci (1890) da opera (Farkon Novel, 1891). wanda wakokin jama'a da raye-raye. Har ma an yi wasan ballet a Prague a lokacin nunin Ethnographic na 1895. Halin ƙabilanci na waɗannan ayyukan wani mataki ne na ɗan lokaci a cikin aikin Janáček. Mawaƙin ya bi hanyar ƙirƙirar fasaha mai girma na gaskiya. Sha'awar adawa da abstractions - kuzari, tsufa - a yau, almara na almara wuri - da kankare rayuwar jama'a, janar-jarumta-alamomi - talakawa mutane masu zafi jinin mutum. An cimma wannan ne kawai a cikin wasan opera na uku "Yar uwarta" ("Enufa" bisa ga wasan kwaikwayo na G. Preissova, 1894-1903). Babu wani zance kai tsaye a cikin wannan wasan opera, kodayake gaba xayanta gungun abubuwa ne masu salo da alamu, kade-kade da raye-raye na waƙoƙin Moravia, maganganun jama'a. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Prague ya ki amincewa da wasan opera, kuma an kwashe shekaru 13 ana gwagwarmaya don gagarumin aikin, wanda a yanzu ake takawa a gidajen sinima a duniya, kafin daga bisani ya shiga dandalin babban birnin kasar. A cikin 1916, wasan opera ya kasance babban nasara a Prague, kuma a cikin 1918 a Vienna, wanda ya buɗe hanyar zuwa shaharar duniya don masanin Moravian mai shekaru 64 da ba a sani ba. A lokacin da Diyarta ta cika, Janacek ta shiga lokacin cikakkiyar balaga. A farkon karni na XX. Janacek a fili yana nuna halaye masu mahimmanci na zamantakewa. Yana da karfi da tasiri na Rasha adabi - Gogol, Tolstoy, Ostrovsky. Ya rubuta sonata na piano "Daga Titin" kuma ya yi alama da kwanan watan Oktoba 1, 1905, lokacin da sojojin Austrian suka tarwatsa zanga-zangar matasa a Brno, sannan kuma mawaƙa masu ban tsoro a tashar. Mawaki mai aiki Pyotr Bezruch "Kantor Galfar", "Marichka Magdonova", "70000" (1906). Musamman ban mamaki shi ne ƙungiyar mawaƙa "Marichka Magdonova" game da yarinya mai lalacewa amma ba ta da hankali, wanda ko da yaushe ya haifar da mummunar amsa daga masu sauraro. Lokacin da mawaƙin, bayan ɗaya daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wannan aikin, aka gaya wa: "I, wannan shi ne ainihin taron 'yan gurguzu!" Ya amsa, "Haka nake so."

A lokaci guda, na farko da zayyana na symphonic rhapsody "Taras Bulba", gaba daya kammala da mawaki a tsawo na yakin duniya na farko, lokacin da gwamnatin Austria-Hungary korar Czech sojojin zuwa yaki da Rasha, na cikin lokaci guda. Yana da mahimmanci cewa a cikin wallafe-wallafensa na gida Janáček ya sami wani abu don sukar zamantakewa (daga mawaƙa a tashar P. Bezruch zuwa wasan kwaikwayo na satirical The Adventures of Pan Broucek bisa labarun S. Cech), da kuma marmarin jarumi. Hoton ya juya zuwa Gogol.

Shekaru goma na ƙarshe na rayuwa da aikin mawaƙin (1918-28) an iyakance su a fili ta hanyar ci gaban tarihi na 1918 (ƙarshen yaƙi, ƙarshen karkiya na Austrian na shekaru ɗari uku) kuma a lokaci guda ta hanyar bi da bi. a cikin makomar Janáček, farkon shahararsa a duniya. A wannan lokaci na aikinsa, wanda za a iya kira lyric-philosophical, mafi lyrical na operas, Katya Kabanova (bisa Ostrovsky Thunderstorm, 1919-21). hikayoyin falsafa na shayari ga manya - "The Adventures of the Cunning Fox" (dangane da ɗan gajeren labari na R. Tesnoglidek, 1921-23), da kuma wasan opera "Makropulos' Remedy" (dangane da wasan kwaikwayo na iri ɗaya). suna ta K. Capek, 1925) da "Daga Gidan Matattu" (dangane da " Bayanan kula daga Gidan Matattu" na F. Dostoevsky, 1927-28). A cikin shekaru goma masu ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa, mai ban sha'awa "Glagolic Mass", 2 asali na zagayowar murya ("Diary of a Disappeared" da "Jests"), mawaƙa mai ban mamaki "Mad Tramp" (na R. Tagore) da kuma shahararren Sinfonietta ga kowa da kowa. band tagulla ta bayyana. Bugu da kari, akwai da yawa na choral da ɗakin-kayan kayan aiki, ciki har da 2 quartets. Kamar yadda B. Asafiev ya taɓa faɗi game da waɗannan ayyukan, Janachek ya yi kama da ƙarami tare da kowannensu.

Mutuwa ta riski Janacek ba zato ba tsammani: a lokacin hutun bazara a Hukvaldy, ya kamu da mura kuma ya mutu sakamakon ciwon huhu. Suka binne shi a Brno. Cathedral na gidan sufi na Starobrnensky, inda ya yi karatu kuma ya rera waka a cikin mawaƙa tun yana yaro, ya cika da ɗimbin jama'a masu farin ciki. Ya zama kamar abin mamaki cewa wanda shekarunsa da ciwon tsofaffi kamar ba su da iko ya tafi.

Masu zamani ba su da cikakkiyar fahimtar cewa Janáček yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa tunanin kiɗa da ilimin kida na ƙarni na XNUMX. Jawabin nasa tare da lafazin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan harshe ya yi kama da ƙarfin zuciya ga aesthetes, abubuwan ƙirƙira na asali, ra'ayoyin falsafa da tunani na mai ƙididdigewa na gaskiya a matsayin abin sha'awa. A lokacin rayuwarsa, ya sami suna a matsayin mai ilimin rabin-ilimi, na farko, ɗan ƙanana na tatsuniyoyi. Sai kawai sabon kwarewar mutum na zamani a ƙarshen karni ya buɗe idanunmu ga halin wannan ƙwararren mai fasaha, kuma sabon fashewar sha'awar aikinsa ya fara. Yanzu madaidaiciyar ra'ayinsa game da duniya baya buƙatar tausasawa, kaifin sautin muryarsa baya buƙatar gogewa. Mutumin zamani yana gani a Janacek abokin aikinsa, mai shelar ka'idodin ci gaba na duniya, ɗan adam, mutunta dokokin yanayi a hankali.

L. Polyakova