Kwaikwayi |

daga lat. kwaikwayo - kwaikwayo

Madaidaicin maimaitawa ko kuskure a cikin murya ɗaya na waƙar nan da nan kafin wannan ya yi sauti cikin wata murya. Muryar da ta fara bayyana waƙar ana kiranta da farko, ko proposta (Italian proposta – jimla), maimaita ta – kwaikwayo, ko risposta (Italiyanci risposta – amsa, ƙin yarda).

Idan, bayan shigar da risposta, motsi mai ban sha'awa ya ci gaba da ci gaba a cikin proposta, yana samar da ƙima ga risposta - abin da ake kira. adawa, sannan polyphonic ya taso. zane. Idan proposta ya yi shiru a lokacin da risposta ya shiga ko ya zama mai ban sha'awa wanda ba a haɓaka ba, to masana'anta sun juya zuwa homophonic. Ƙwaƙwalwar da aka bayyana a cikin proposta za a iya yin koyi da shi a cikin sautuna da yawa (I, II, III, da dai sauransu a cikin risposts):

WA Mozart. "Lafiya Canon".

Ana kuma amfani da sau biyu da sau uku I., wato kwaikwayo na lokaci guda. sanarwa (maimaituwa) na abubuwa biyu ko uku:

DD Shostakovich. 24 preludes da fugues don piano, op. 87, No 4 (fugue).

Idan risposta ya kwaikwayi kawai sashe na proposta, inda gabatarwar ta kasance monophonic, to ana kiran I. mai sauƙi. Idan risposta yana yin koyi da duk sassan proposta (ko aƙalla 4), to ana kiran I. canonical (canon, duba misali na farko akan shafi na 505). Risposta na iya shiga a kowane matakin sauti-ɗari. Sabili da haka, I. bambanta ba kawai a lokacin shigarwa na muryar kwaikwayo (risposts) - bayan daya, biyu, uku matakan, da dai sauransu ko ta hanyar sassa na ma'auni bayan farkon proposta, amma kuma a cikin shugabanci da tazara ( a hade, a sama ko kasa na biyu, na uku, hudu, da sauransu). Tuni tun karni na 15. fifikon I. a cikin kwata-biyar, watau, dangantaka mai rinjaye, wanda daga baya ya zama rinjaye, musamman a cikin fugue, ana iya gani.

Tare da ƙaddamar da tsarin tsarin ladotonal a cikin I. na dangantaka mai mahimmanci na tonic, abin da ake kira. dabarar amsa sautin da ke inganta daidaitawa mai santsi. Ana ci gaba da amfani da wannan fasaha a cikin samfuran haɗin gwiwa.

Tare da amsawar tonal, abin da ake kira. free I., wanda a cikinsa mai kwaikwayon muryar ke riƙe da ƙayyadaddun abubuwan karin waƙa. zane ko siffar yanayin jigon (rhythm. I.).

DS Bortnyansky. Waƙoƙin ruhi na 32.

I. yana da mahimmanci a matsayin hanyar ci gaba, ci gaba da jigo. abu. Jagoranci zuwa girma na nau'i, I. a lokaci guda yana ba da tabbacin jigo. (na alama) haɗin kai na gaba ɗaya. Tuni a cikin karni na 13. I. ya zama daya daga cikin na kowa a cikin prof. kiɗa na dabarun gabatarwa. In Nar. polyphony I., a fili, ya tashi da wuri, kamar yadda wasu bayanan da suka tsira suka tabbatar. A cikin nau'o'in kiɗa na karni na 13, wata hanya ko wata hanyar da aka haɗa da cantus firmus (rondo, company, sa'an nan kuma motet da taro), ana amfani da contrapuntal akai-akai. kuma, musamman, kwaikwayo. dabara. A Netherlands masters na 15th-16th ƙarni. (J. Okegem, J. Obrecht, Josquin Despres, da dai sauransu) kwaikwayo. fasaha, musamman canonical, ta kai babban ci gaba. Tuni a wancan lokacin, tare da I. a cikin motsi kai tsaye, I. an yi amfani da su sosai a wurare dabam dabam:

S. Sheidt. Bambance-bambance a kan chorale "Vater unser im Himmelreich".

Har ila yau, sun hadu a cikin motsi na dawowa (hauka), cikin raha. karuwa (misali, tare da ninka tsawon lokacin duk sautunan) da raguwa.

Daga karni na 16 rinjaye matsayi ya kasance mai sauƙi I. Ta kuma yi nasara a cikin kwaikwayo. siffofin karni na 17 da 18. (canzones, motets, ricercars, talakawa, fugues, fantasies). Zaɓen mai sauƙi I. ya kasance, zuwa wani ɗan lokaci, amsawa ga yawan sha'awar canonical. dabara. Yana da mahimmanci cewa I. a cikin komawa (haɗuwa) motsi, da dai sauransu ba a gane su ta hanyar kunne ba ko kuma an gane su da wahala kawai.

Isa a zamanin mulkin JS Bach. matsayi, siffofi na kwaikwayo (musamman fugue) a cikin lokuta masu zuwa kamar yadda siffofin ke zaman kansu. samfur. ana amfani da shi ƙasa akai-akai, amma suna shiga cikin manyan nau'ikan homophonic, ana gyaggyarawa dangane da yanayin jigon, fasalin sa, da takamaiman manufar aikin.

V. Ya. Shebalin. Zauren Quartet No 4, na ƙarshe.

References: Sokolov HA, Kwaikwayo akan cantus firmus, L., 1928; Skrebkov S., Littafin rubutu na polyphony, M.-L., 1951, M., 1965; Grigoriev S. da Mueller T., Littafin rubutu na polyphony, M., 1961, 1969; Protopopov V., Tarihin polyphony a cikin mafi mahimmancin abubuwan mamaki. (Fitowa ta 2), litattafan Yammacin Turai na ƙarni na XVIII-XIX, M., 1965; Mazel L., A kan hanyoyin haɓaka harshen kiɗa na zamani, "SM", 1965, Nos. 6,7,8.

TF Müller