Giovanni Battista Viotti |

Giovanni Battista Viotti

Yana da wuya a yanzu har ma a yi tunanin abin da sanannen Viotti ya ji daɗi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Cikakken zamani a cikin ci gaban fasahar violin na duniya yana da alaƙa da sunansa; ya kasance wani nau'i ne na ma'auni wanda ake aunawa da tantance masu wasan violin, tsararrun masu yin wasan kwaikwayo suna koyo daga ayyukansa, wasan kwaikwayo nasa sun zama abin koyi ga mawaƙa. Ko da Beethoven, lokacin ƙirƙirar Concerto na Violin, Viotti's Twentieth Concerto ya jagoranta.

Wani ɗan Italiyanci ta ɗan ƙasa, Viotti ya zama shugaban makarantar violin na gargajiya na Faransa, yana tasiri ga haɓaka fasahar cello na Faransa. Har zuwa babban matsayi, Jean-Louis Duport Jr. (1749-1819) ya fito ne daga Viotti, yana canja yawancin ka'idodin sanannen violin zuwa cello. Rode, Baio, Kreutzer, dalibai da masu sha'awar Viotti, sun sadaukar da waɗannan layukan masu sha'awa a gare shi a Makarantar su: a hannun manyan mashahuran malamai sun sami wani hali daban, wanda suke so su ba shi. Sauƙaƙan da launin rawaya a ƙarƙashin yatsan Corelli; jituwa, m, cike da alheri a ƙarƙashin baka na Tartini; mai dadi da tsabta a Gavignier's; girma da girma a Punyani; cike da wuta, cike da ƙarfin hali, mai tausayi, mai girma a hannun Viotti, ya kai ga cikakke don bayyana sha'awar da makamashi da kuma wannan darajar da ke tabbatar da wurin da yake zaune kuma ya bayyana ikon da yake da shi a kan rai.

An haifi Viotti a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1753 a garin Fontanetto, kusa da Crescentino, gundumar Piedmontese, a cikin dangin maƙerin da ya san yadda ake yin ƙaho. Dan ya sami darasin waka na farko daga mahaifinsa. Ƙwararriyar kiɗan yaron ya bayyana da wuri, yana da shekaru 8. Mahaifinsa ya saya masa violin a wurin baje kolin, kuma matashin Viotti ya fara koyo daga gare ta, da gaske ya koyar da kansa. Wasu fa'idodin sun samu daga karatunsa tare da ɗan wasan lute Giovannini, wanda ya zauna a ƙauyen su na shekara guda. Viotti yana ɗan shekara 11 a lokacin. An san Giovannini a matsayin mawaƙi mai kyau, amma ɗan gajeren lokacin ganawarsu ya nuna cewa ba zai iya ba Viotti ba musamman.

A 1766 Viotti ya tafi Turin. Wasu mawaƙin sarewa Pavia sun gabatar da shi ga Bishop na Strombia, kuma wannan taron ya kasance mai kyau ga matashin mawaki. Da yake sha'awar basirar violin, bishop ya yanke shawarar taimaka masa kuma ya ba da shawarar Marquis de Voghera, wanda ke neman "abokin koyarwa" ga ɗansa mai shekaru 18, Prince della Cisterna. A lokacin, ya zama al'ada a cikin gidajen sarakuna su kai wani matashi mai hazaka zuwa gidansu don ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban 'ya'yansu. Viotti ya zauna a gidan yarima kuma an tura shi karatu tare da sanannen Punyani. Daga baya, Prince della Cisterna ya yi alfahari cewa horon da Viotti ya yi tare da Pugnani ya kashe shi fiye da 20000 francs: "Amma ban yi nadama da wannan kuɗin ba. Kasancewar irin wannan mai zane ba za a iya biyan kuɗi da yawa ba.

Pugnani da matuƙar “goge” wasan Viotti, yana mai da shi cikakken jagora. Da alama yana matukar son dalibinsa mai hazaka, domin da zarar ya shirya sosai, sai ya tafi da shi yawon shakatawa zuwa biranen Turai. Wannan ya faru a cikin 1780. Kafin tafiya, tun 1775, Viotti ya yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa na ɗakin ɗakin kotu na Turin.

Viotti ya ba da kide-kide a Geneva, Bern, Dresden, Berlin har ma ya zo St. Petersburg, inda, duk da haka, ba shi da wasan kwaikwayo na jama'a; ya buga kawai a gidan sarauta, wanda Potemkin ya gabatar ga Catherine II. An gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo na matasa violinist tare da ci gaba da ci gaba da samun nasara, kuma lokacin da Viotti ya isa Paris a kusa da 1781, an riga an san sunansa.

Paris ta sadu da Viotti tare da tashin hankali na sojojin zamantakewa. Absolutism ya rayu a cikin shekarunsa na ƙarshe, an yi jawabai masu zafi a ko'ina, ra'ayoyin dimokuradiyya sun faranta ran mutane. Kuma Viotti ba ta ci gaba da ko in kula da abin da ke faruwa ba. Tunanin masana ilmin kimiya na tarihi ya burge shi, musamman Rousseau, wanda ya rusuna a gabansa har tsawon rayuwarsa.

Duk da haka, ra'ayin duniya na dan wasan violin bai tsaya ba; Wannan ya tabbata ne ta haqiqanin tarihin rayuwarsa. Kafin juyin juya halin, ya yi aikin mawaƙin kotu, da farko tare da Yarima Gamenet, sannan tare da Yariman Soubise, kuma a ƙarshe tare da Marie Antoinette. Heron Allen ya faɗi maganganun aminci na Viotti daga tarihin rayuwarsa. Bayan wasan kwaikwayo na farko a gaban Marie Antoinette a shekara ta 1784, “Na yanke shawara,” in ji Viotti, “in daina yin magana da jama’a kuma in ba da kaina ga hidimar wannan sarkin. A matsayin lada, ta sayo ni, a lokacin Minista Colonna, fansho na fam 150.

Tarihin rayuwar Viotti sau da yawa yana ɗauke da labarun da ke ba da shaida ga girman kansa na fasaha, wanda ba ya ba shi damar durƙusa a gaban masu iko. Alal misali, Fayol ya karanta: “Sarauniyar Faransa Marie Antoinette ta so Viotti ya zo Versailles. Ranar shagalin ta iso. Duk Fadawa ne suka zo aka fara shagali. Sandunan farko na solo sun tayar da hankali sosai, kwatsam sai aka ji kuka a cikin daki na gaba: "Wurin Monsignor Comte d'Artois!". Cikin rudanin da ya biyo baya, Viotti ya dauki violin a hannunsa ya fita, ya bar farfajiyar gaba daya, abin ya baiwa wadanda suke wurin kunya. Ga kuma wata shari’ar da Fayol ma ya fada. Yana da sha'awar ta hanyar bayyanar girman kai na nau'in nau'i daban-daban - mutum na "ƙaddara ta uku". A cikin 1790, memba na Majalisar Dokoki, abokin Viotti, ya zauna a ɗaya daga cikin gidajen Parisi a bene na biyar. Shahararren dan wasan violin ya yarda ya ba da kida a gidansa. Lura cewa aristocrats sun rayu ne kawai a cikin ƙananan benayen gine-gine. Sa’ad da Viotti ya ji cewa an gayyace ’yan kasuwa da ’yan mata da yawa zuwa wurin wasan kwaikwayo nasa, ya ce: “Mun isa gare su, yanzu bari su zo wurinmu.”

Ranar 15 ga Maris, 1782, Viotti ya fara bayyana a gaban jama'ar Paris a wani budaddiyar kide-kide a Ruhaniya na Concert. Tsohuwar ƙungiyar kide kide da wake-wake ce da ke da alaƙa da manyan da'irar aristocratic da babban bourgeoisie. A lokacin wasan kwaikwayon na Viotti, Concert spirituel (Ruhaniya Concert) ya gasa tare da "Concerts of Amateurs" (Concerts des Amateurs), wanda Gossec ya kafa a 1770 kuma an sake masa suna a 1780 zuwa "Concerts of the Olympic Lodge" ("Concerts de) la Loge Olimpique"). Galibin masu sauraren bourgeois sun taru a nan. Amma duk da haka, har sai da aka rufe a 1796, "Concert spiruel" ya kasance mafi girma kuma sanannen zauren kide-kide a duniya. Saboda haka, aikin Viotti a ciki ya jawo hankalinsa nan da nan. Darakta na Concert spirituel Legros (1739-1793), a cikin shigarwa mai kwanan wata 24 ga Maris, 1782, ya ce "tare da wasan kwaikwayo da aka gudanar a ranar Lahadi, Viotti ya ƙarfafa babban shaharar da ya riga ya samu a Faransa."

A lokacin da ya shahara sosai, Viotti ya daina yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jama'a. Eimar, marubucin Viotti's Anecdotes, ya bayyana wannan gaskiyar ta gaskiyar cewa violin ya yi wa jama'a raini, waɗanda ba su da fahimtar kiɗa. Duk da haka, kamar yadda muka sani daga tarihin tarihin mawaƙa, Viotti ya bayyana rashin amincewarsa daga kide-kide na jama'a ta hanyar ayyukan mawaƙin kotu Marie Antoinette, wanda ya yanke shawarar hidimarsa a wancan lokacin don sadaukar da kansa.

Duk da haka, daya ba ya saba wa ɗayan. Viotti ya ɓata da gaske saboda ƙarancin abubuwan dandano na jama'a. A shekara ta 1785 ya kasance abokai na kud da kud da Cherubini. Sun zauna tare a rue Michodière, a'a. 8; Mawaka da mawakan kade-kade ne suka mamaye masaukinsu. A gaban irin wannan masu sauraro, Viotti ya yi wasa da son rai.

A daidai jajibirin juyin juya halin, a cikin 1789, Count of Provence, ɗan'uwan sarki, tare da Leonard Otier, mai kula da gashi na Marie Antoinette, sun shirya gidan wasan kwaikwayo na King Brother, suna gayyatar Martini da Viotti a matsayin darektoci. Viotti ko da yaushe yana jin daɗin duk wani nau'in ayyukan ƙungiya kuma, a matsayin mai mulkin, wannan ya ƙare a gazawarsa. A cikin Tuileries Hall, an fara ba da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Italiyanci da Faransanci, wasan kwaikwayo a cikin litattafai, waƙoƙi da vaudeville. Cibiyar sabon gidan wasan kwaikwayo ita ce ƙungiyar opera ta Italiya, wanda Viotti ya reno, wanda ya shirya yin aiki tare da sha'awar. Sai dai juyin juya halin ya haifar da rugujewar gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Martini "a lokacin mafi tsananin tashin hankali na juyin juya halin an tilasta ma ya boye domin a manta da alakarsa da kotu." Abubuwa ba su da kyau tare da Viotti: "Bayan sanya kusan duk abin da nake da shi a cikin kasuwancin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Italiya, na fuskanci mummunar tsoro a gabatowar wannan mummunan rafi. Nawa wahalar da nake da ita da kuma wace yarjejeniya zan yi don fita daga cikin wani hali! Viotti ya tuna a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa da E. Heron-Allen ya nakalto.

Har zuwa wani lokaci a cikin ci gaban abubuwan da suka faru, Viotti a fili ya yi ƙoƙari ya riƙe. Ya ki yin hijira, sanye da rigar rundunar tsaron kasa, ya ci gaba da zama a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. An rufe gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1791, sannan Viotti ya yanke shawarar barin Faransa. A jajibirin kama gidan sarautar, ya gudu daga Paris zuwa Landan, inda ya isa ranar 21 ko 22 ga Yuli, 1792. A nan aka tarbe shi da kyau. Bayan shekara guda, a cikin Yuli 1793, an tilasta masa ya tafi Italiya dangane da mutuwar mahaifiyarsa kuma ya kula da ’yan’uwansa, waɗanda har yanzu yara ne. Duk da haka, Riemann ya yi iƙirarin cewa tafiya Viotti zuwa ƙasarsa yana da alaƙa da sha'awar ganin mahaifinsa, wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya mutu. Wata hanya ko wata, amma a waje da Ingila, Viotti ya kasance har zuwa 1794, ya ziyarci wannan lokacin ba kawai a Italiya ba, har ma a Switzerland, Jamus, Flanders.

Komawa London, tsawon shekaru biyu (1794-1795) ya jagoranci wani gagarumin kide kide, yin a kusan dukkan kide-kide shirya da sanannen Jamus violinist Johann Peter Salomon (1745-1815), wanda ya zauna a babban birnin Ingila daga 1781. Salomon ta kide kide da wake-wake. sun shahara sosai.

Daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Viotti, wasan kwaikwayo nasa a cikin Disamba 1794 tare da shahararren dan wasan bass biyu Dragonetti yana da sha'awar. Sun yi Duet ɗin Viotti, tare da Dragonetti suna wasa ɓangaren violin na biyu akan bass biyu.

Da yake zaune a London, Viotti ya sake shiga cikin ayyukan kungiya. Ya shiga cikin kula da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, inda ya jagoranci harkokin Opera na Italiya, kuma bayan tafiyar Wilhelm Kramer daga mukamin darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Theatre, ya gaje shi a wannan mukamin.

A cikin 1798, zaman lafiyarsa ya karye ba zato ba tsammani. An tuhume shi da tuhumar 'yan sanda na ƙiyayya da ƙiyayya ga kundin adireshi, wanda ya maye gurbin Yarjejeniyar juyin juya hali, da kuma cewa yana hulɗa da wasu jagororin juyin juya halin Faransa. An bukaci ya bar Ingila cikin sa'o'i 24.

Viotti ya zauna a garin Schoenfeldts kusa da Hamburg, inda ya zauna kusan shekaru uku. A can ya yi waƙa sosai, ya yi magana da ɗaya daga cikin abokansa na Ingilishi, Chinnery, kuma ya yi karatu tare da Friedrich Wilhelm Piksis (1786-1842), daga baya wani mashahurin ɗan wasan violin na Czech kuma malami, wanda ya kafa makarantar violin a Prague.

A 1801 Viotti ya sami izinin komawa London. Amma ba zai iya shiga cikin rayuwar kiɗa na babban birnin ba kuma, bisa shawarar Chinery, ya ɗauki cinikin giya. Wani mummunan yunkuri ne. Viotti ya tabbatar da cewa ƴar kasuwa ce da ba ta iya aiki kuma ta yi fatara. Daga wasiyyar Viotti, mai kwanan wata 13 ga Maris, 1822, mun koyi cewa bai biya basussukan da ya ciro ba dangane da sana’ar da ba ta dace ba. Ya rubuta cewa ransa ya rabu da sanin cewa yana mutuwa ba tare da ya biya bashin Chinery na 24000 francs ba, wanda ta bashi don cinikin giya. "Idan na mutu ba tare da biyan wannan bashin ba, ina rokon ku da ku sayar da duk abin da kawai zan iya samu, ku gane shi kuma ku aika zuwa Chinery da magadanta."

A cikin 1802, Viotti ya koma ayyukan kiɗa kuma, yana zama na dindindin a London, wani lokaci yana tafiya zuwa Paris, inda har yanzu ana sha'awar wasansa.

An san kadan game da rayuwar Viotti a London daga 1803 zuwa 1813. A 1813 ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar London Philharmonic Society, yana raba wannan girmamawa tare da Clementi. An buɗe ƙungiyar a ranar 8 ga Maris, 1813, Salomon ya gudanar, yayin da Viotti ke wasa a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa.

Ba zai iya jimre wa matsalolin kuɗi na girma ba, a cikin 1819 ya koma Paris, inda, tare da taimakon tsohon majiɓincinsa, Count of Provence, wanda ya zama Sarkin Faransa a ƙarƙashin sunan Louis XVIII, an nada shi darektan Italiyanci. Opera House. Ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 1820, an kashe Duke na Berry a gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma an rufe kofofin wannan cibiyar ga jama'a. Wasan opera na Italiya ya motsa sau da yawa daga ɗaki ɗaya zuwa wancan kuma ya haifar da rayuwa mai wahala. Sakamakon haka, maimakon ƙarfafa matsayinsa na kuɗi, Viotti ya rikice gaba ɗaya. A cikin bazara na 1822, gaji da kasawa, ya koma London. Lafiyarsa na kara tabarbarewa cikin sauri. Ranar 3 ga Maris, 1824, da ƙarfe 7 na safe, ya mutu a gidan Caroline Chinnery.

Kadan kadarorin ya rage daga gare shi: rubuce-rubucen wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu, violin biyu - Klotz da Stradivarius mai ban mamaki (ya nemi ya sayar da na karshen don biyan basussuka), akwatunan snuff na zinare biyu da agogon zinariya - wannan ke nan.

Viotti ya kasance babban dan wasan violin. Ayyukansa shine mafi girman magana na salon kade-kade na kiɗa: wasan ya bambanta ta hanyar ƙwarewa na musamman, girman kai, ƙarfin ƙarfi, wuta, kuma a lokaci guda m sauƙi; ta kasance tana da haziƙanci, ɗabi'ar namiji na musamman da jin daɗin magana. Viotti yana da sauti mai ƙarfi. An jaddada ƙarfin aikin namiji ta hanyar matsakaita, ƙayyadaddun rawar jiki. "Akwai wani abu mai ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa game da wasan kwaikwayonsa wanda har ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙungiyar ta ce: "Akwai wani abu mai ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa game da wasan kwaikwayon nasa kuma ya zama kamar matsakaici," Heron-Allen ya rubuta, yana ambaton Miel.

Ayyukan Viotti ya dace da aikinsa. Ya rubuta kade-kaden wake-wake na violin 29 da kide-kide na piano 10; 12 sonatas na violin da piano, da yawa violin duets, 30 trios don biyu violin da biyu bass, 7 tarin na kirtani quartets da 6 quartets don jama'a karin waƙa; yawan ayyukan cello, nau'ikan murya da yawa - jimlar kusan 200 ƙididdiga.

Concertos na Violin sune mafi shahara a cikin gadonsa. A cikin ayyukan wannan nau'in, Viotti ya haifar da misalai na classicism na jaruntaka. Mummunan kiɗan su yana tunawa da zane-zane na Dauda kuma ya haɗu da Viotti tare da mawaƙa kamar Gossec, Cherubini, Lesueur. Manufofin jama'a a cikin ƙungiyoyin farko, abubuwan ban sha'awa da kuma mafarki a cikin adagio, dimokuradiyya mai zafi na rondos na ƙarshe, cike da waƙoƙin waƙoƙin ƙauyuka na Parisian, suna bambanta wasan kwaikwayo na sa daga fasahar violin na zamaninsa. Viotti yana da ƙwararriyar ƙwararriyar tsarawa gabaɗaya, amma ya sami damar yin la'akari da yanayin lokacin, wanda ya ba ƙagaggun nasa mahimmancin kiɗa da tarihi.

Kamar Lully da Cherubini, Viotti za a iya la'akari da ainihin wakilin fasaha na Faransanci na kasa. A cikin aikinsa, Viotti bai rasa wani fasalin salo na ƙasa ɗaya ba, wanda aka kula da shi tare da himma mai ban mamaki da mawaƙa na zamanin juyin juya hali.

Shekaru da yawa, Viotti ya kuma tsunduma cikin ilimin koyarwa, kodayake a gabaɗaya bai taɓa zama babban wuri a rayuwarsa ba. Daga cikin dalibansa akwai fitattun 'yan wasan violin kamar su Pierre Rode, F. Pixis, Alde, Vache, cartier, Labarre, Libon, Maury, Pioto, Roberecht. Pierre Baio da Rudolf Kreutzer sun dauki kansu a matsayin daliban Viotti, duk da cewa ba su dauki darasi daga gare shi ba.

Hotunan Viotti da yawa sun tsira. Fitaccen hotonsa da aka zana a cikin 1803 da ɗan wasan Faransa Elisabeth Lebrun (1755-1842). Heron-Allen ya bayyana kamanninsa kamar haka: “Dabi'a ta ba Viotti kyauta ta jiki da ta ruhaniya. Maɗaukaki, kai mai ƙarfin hali, fuska, ko da yake ba shi da cikakkiyar daidaiton fasali, ya kasance mai bayyanawa, mai daɗi, haske mai haskakawa. Siffarsa ta kasance daidai kuma tana da kyau, halayensa sun yi kyau, zancensa a raye da kuma tsafta; ya kasance ƙwararren mai ba da labari kuma a cikin watsawar lamarin ya zama kamar ya sake dawowa. Duk da yanayin lalata da Viotti ya zauna a kotun Faransa, bai taɓa rasa kyakkyawar alherinsa da rashin tsoro na gaskiya ba.

Viotti ya kammala ci gaba da fasahar violin na Haskakawa, yana haɗuwa a cikin aikinsa kuma yana aiki da manyan al'adun Italiya da Faransa. Ƙungiyoyin violin na gaba sun buɗe sabon shafi a cikin tarihin violin, wanda ke hade da sabon zamani - zamanin romanticism.

L. Rabin