Tommaso Albinoni (Tomaso Albinoni) |
Thomas Albinoni
Gaskiya kaɗan ne kawai aka sani game da rayuwar T. Albinoni, ɗan wasan violin na Italiya kuma mawaƙa. An haife shi a Venice a cikin dangin burger masu arziki kuma, a fili, yana iya karatun kiɗa cikin nutsuwa, ba tare da damuwa musamman game da yanayin kuɗinsa ba. Daga 1711, ya daina sanya hannu kan abubuwan da ya rubuta "Venetian dilettante" (delettanta venete) kuma ya kira kansa musico de violino, don haka ya jaddada canjinsa zuwa matsayi na ƙwararru. A ina da kuma wanda Albinoni ya yi karatu ba a san shi ba. An yi imani da cewa J. Legrenzi. Bayan aurensa, mawaki ya koma Verona. A bayyane yake, na ɗan lokaci ya zauna a Florence - aƙalla a can, a cikin 1703, an yi ɗaya daga cikin operas ɗinsa (Griselda, a cikin libre. A. Zeno). Albinoni ya ziyarci Jamus kuma, a fili, ya nuna kansa a can a matsayin fitaccen jagora, tun da yake shi ne aka ba da girmamawa ga rubuce-rubuce da yin wasan kwaikwayo a Munich (1722) wasan opera don bikin auren Yarima Charles Albert.
Babu wani abu da aka sani game da Albinoni, sai dai ya mutu a Venice.
Ayyukan mawaƙin da suka zo mana kaɗan ne a adadi - galibin kide-kide na kayan aiki da sonatas. Duk da haka, kasancewarsa na zamani na A. Vivaldi, JS Bach da GF Handel, Albinoni bai ci gaba da kasancewa cikin sahun mawaƙa ba waɗanda masana tarihi na kiɗa kawai suka san sunayensu. A cikin kwanakin da aka yi na fasahar kayan aikin Italiyanci na Baroque, a kan bango na aikin fitattun mashawartan kide-kide na XNUMXth - farkon rabin karni na XNUMX. - T. Martini, F. Veracini, G. Tartini, A. Corelli, G. Torelli, A. Vivaldi da sauransu - Albinoni ya faɗi mahimmin kalmarsa ta fasaha, wadda a kan lokaci aka lura kuma an yaba da zuriya.
An gudanar da kide-kiden na Albinoni kuma ana yin rikodin su a rubuce. Amma akwai shaidar amincewa da aikinsa a lokacin rayuwarsa. A cikin 1718, an buga wani tarin a Amsterdam, wanda ya haɗa da kide-kide 12 na shahararrun mawaƙan Italiyanci na wancan lokacin. Daga cikinsu akwai wasan kwaikwayo na Albinoni a cikin G major, mafi kyawun wannan tarin. Babban Bach, wanda ya yi nazari a hankali a kan kiɗan mutanen zamaninsa, ya zayyana sonatas na Albinoni, kyan filastik na waƙoƙin su, kuma ya rubuta fugues dinsa a kan biyu daga cikinsu. Hujjojin da hannun Bach ya yi da kuma sonata 6 na Albinoni (op. 6) suma an adana su. Saboda haka, Bach ya koya daga abubuwan da Albinoni ya yi.
Mun san 9 opuses na Albinoni - daga cikinsu akwai cycles na trio sonatas (op. 1, 3, 4, 6, 8) da hawan keke na "symphonies" da concertos (op. 2, 5, 7, 9). Haɓaka nau'in wasan kide kide da wake-wake wanda ya haɓaka tare da Corelli da Torelli, Albinoni ya sami cikakkiyar cikakkiyar fasaha a cikin sa - a cikin filastik na canzawa daga tutti zuwa solo (wanda yawanci yana da 3), a cikin mafi kyawun lyricism, tsarkakakkiyar salo. Wasannin kide-kide op. 7 da op. 9, wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da oboe (op. 7 nos. 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 11), an bambanta su da kyawun waƙa na musamman na ɓangaren solo. Sau da yawa ana kiran su da oboe concertos.
Idan aka kwatanta da wasan kwaikwayo na Vivaldi, girman su, ƙwararrun ɓangarorin solo na virtuosic, bambance-bambance, kuzari da sha'awar, Concertos na Albinoni sun fito ne don ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan masana'antar orchestral, melodism, ƙwararrun dabarun hanawa (saboda haka hankalin Bach a gare su) da kuma , mafi mahimmanci, cewa kusan bayyane concreteness na zane-zanen hotuna, a baya wanda mutum zai iya hasashen tasirin opera.
Albinoni ya rubuta operas kusan 50 (fiye da mawaƙin opera Handel), waɗanda ya yi aiki da su tsawon rayuwarsa. Yin hukunci da lakabi ("Cenobia" - 1694, "Tigran" - 1697, "Radamisto" - 1698, "Rodrigo" - 1702, "Griselda" - 1703, "Bandoned Dido" - 1725, da dai sauransu), da kuma ta hanyar sunayen masu librettists (F. Silvani, N. Minato, A. Aureli, A. Zeno, P. Metastasio) ci gaban opera a cikin aikin Albinoni ya tafi a cikin shugabanci daga baroque opera zuwa classic opera seria da, saboda haka, ga waccan ƙwararrun haruffan opera, suna tasiri, crystallinity mai ban mamaki, tsabta, waɗanda sune ainihin manufar opera seria.
A cikin kidan wasan kide-kide na kayan aiki na Albinoni, ana jin kasancewar hotunan opera a fili. An taso a cikin sautin rhythmic ɗin su na roba, manyan allegri na ƙungiyoyin farko sun dace da jaruman da ke buɗe aikin. Abin sha'awa shine, taken ƙungiyar makaɗa na buɗe tutti, halayen Albinoni, daga baya mawaƙan Italiyanci da yawa sun fara maimaita su. Manyan wasan ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayo, dangane da yanayi da nau'in kayan, suna nuna jin daɗin wasan opera (op. 7 E 3). Ƙananan sassa na wasan raye-rayen, masu ban sha'awa a cikin ƙawancinsu, sun yi daidai da wasan opera na lamento kuma sun tsaya daidai da fitattun waƙoƙin lamentose na operas na A. Scarlatti da Handel. Kamar yadda aka sani, haɗin kai tsakanin wasan kwaikwayo na kayan aiki da opera a cikin tarihin kiɗa a cikin rabi na biyu na XNUMXth - farkon ƙarni na XNUMX ya kasance mai mahimmanci da ma'ana. Babban ka'idar wasan kwaikwayo - canjin tutti da solo - ya samo asali ne ta hanyar gina opera aria (bangaren murya shine ritornello na kayan aiki). Kuma a nan gaba, wadatar da juna na opera da kide-kide na kayan aiki sun yi tasiri mai ban sha'awa ga ci gaban nau'o'in nau'o'in biyu, wanda ya karu yayin da aka kafa zagaye na sonata-symphony.
Wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Albinoni cikakke ne da kyau: sassa 3 (Allegro – Andante – Allegro) tare da kololuwar waka a tsakiya. A cikin ƙungiyoyi huɗu na sonatas (Kabari - Allegro - Andante - Allegro), sashi na 3 yana aiki azaman cibiyar waƙar. Sirara, filastik, daɗaɗɗen kaɗe-kaɗe na wasan kide-kide na kayan aikin Albinoni a cikin kowane muryoyinsa yana da jan hankali ga masu sauraron zamani don wannan cikakke, tsantsa, ba tare da wani wuce gona da iri ba, wanda koyaushe alama ce ta babban fasaha.
Y. Evdokimov
