Antonio Vivaldi |

Antonio Vivaldi

Daya daga cikin manyan wakilai na zamanin Baroque, A. Vivaldi ya shiga tarihin al'adun kiɗa a matsayin mahaliccin nau'in kide-kide na kayan aiki, wanda ya kafa shirin kiɗa na orchestral. Yarancin Vivaldi yana da alaƙa da Venice, inda mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan wasan violin a cikin Cathedral na St. Mark. Iyalin suna da 'ya'ya 6, wanda Antonio shine babba. Kusan babu cikakkun bayanai game da shekarun ƙuruciyar marubucin. An dai san cewa ya yi karatun wasan violin da garaya.

A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 1693, Vivaldi ya zama dan majalisa, kuma a ranar 23 ga Maris, 1703, an nada shi firist. A lokaci guda kuma, saurayin ya ci gaba da zama a gida (watakila saboda rashin lafiya mai tsanani), wanda ya ba shi damar kada ya bar darussan kiɗa. Don launin gashin kansa, ana yi wa Vivaldi laƙabi da "jan zuhudu." Ana tsammanin cewa a cikin waɗannan shekarun bai kasance mai himma ba game da ayyukansa na limami. Yawancin maɓuɓɓuka sun sake ba da labarin (watakila ba a dogara ba, amma bayyanawa) game da yadda wata rana a lokacin hidimar, "janye mai gashin gashi" ya gaggauta barin bagaden don rubuta jigon fugue, wanda ba zato ba tsammani ya faru da shi. A kowane hali, dangantakar Vivaldi da da'irori na malamai sun ci gaba da yin zafi, kuma ba da daɗewa ba, yana ambaton rashin lafiyarsa, a bainar jama'a ya ƙi yin bikin taro.

A cikin Satumba 1703, Vivaldi ya fara aiki a matsayin malami (maestro di violino) a cikin gidan marayu na Venetian "Pio Ospedale delia Pieta". Ayyukansa sun haɗa da koyan wasan violin da viola d'amore, da kuma kula da adana kayan kida da siyan sabbin violin. "Ayyukan" a "Pieta" (da gaske ana iya kiran su kide kide) sun kasance a tsakiyar hankalin jama'ar Venetian masu haske. Domin dalilai na tattalin arziki, a 1709 Vivaldi aka kori, amma a 1711-16. sake dawo da shi a cikin wannan matsayi, kuma daga Mayu 1716 ya riga ya zama babban malamin kide-kide na Pieta Orchestra.

Ko kafin sabon nadin, Vivaldi ya kafa kansa ba kawai a matsayin malami ba, har ma a matsayin mawaki (yafi mawallafin kiɗa mai tsarki). Daidai da aikinsa a Pieta, Vivaldi yana neman zarafi don buga littattafansa na zamani. 12 trio sonatas op. An buga 1 a cikin 1706; a cikin 1711 mafi shaharar tarin kide-kide na violin "Harmonic Inspiration" op. 3; a 1714 - wani tarin da ake kira "Extravagance" op. 4. Ba da daɗewa ba, wasan violin na Vivaldi ya zama sananne a Yammacin Turai musamman a Jamus. Babban sha'awa a gare su I. Quantz, I. Mattheson, Babban JS Bach ya nuna "don jin daɗi da koyarwa" da kansa ya shirya 9 violin concertos ta Vivaldi don clavier da gabobin. A cikin shekarun nan, Vivaldi ya rubuta operas na farko Otto (1713), Orlando (1714), Nero (1715). A cikin 1718-20. yana zaune a Mantua, inda ya fi rubuta wasan operas na lokacin karnival, da kuma kayan kida na kotun Mantua ducal.

A shekara ta 1725, ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun opuses na mawaƙa ya fito daga bugawa, yana ɗauke da taken "Kwarewar Harmony da Ƙirƙirar" (op. 8). Kamar waɗanda suka gabata, tarin an yi shi ne da wasan kwaikwayo na violin (akwai 12 daga cikinsu a nan). Wasan kide-kide guda 4 na farko na wannan opus suna da sunan mawakin, bi da bi, "Spring", "Summer", "Autumn" da "Winter". A cikin aikin yi na zamani, ana haɗa su sau da yawa a cikin zagayowar "Seasons" (babu wani batu a cikin asali). A bayyane yake, Vivaldi bai gamsu da kuɗin da aka samu daga buga wasannin kade-kade nasa ba, kuma a shekara ta 1733 ya gaya wa wani ɗan ƙasar Ingila matafiyi E. Holdsworth game da aniyarsa ta yin watsi da ƙarin wallafe-wallafe, tun da yake, ba kamar littattafan da aka buga ba, kwafin da aka rubuta da hannu sun fi tsada. A zahiri, tun daga wannan lokacin, babu sabon asali na asali na Vivaldi da ya bayyana.

Marigayi 20s - 30s. sau da yawa ake magana a kai a matsayin "shekarun tafiya" (wanda aka fi so zuwa Vienna da Prague). A watan Agusta 1735, Vivaldi ya koma matsayin bandmaster na Pieta Orchestra, amma kwamitin mulki ba ya son na karkashinsa sha'awar tafiya, kuma a 1738 da mawaki aka kori. A lokaci guda, Vivaldi ya ci gaba da aiki tuƙuru a cikin nau'in wasan opera (ɗaya daga cikin mawallafinsa shine sanannen C. Goldoni), yayin da ya fi son shiga cikin samarwa da kansa. Duk da haka, wasan opera na Vivaldi bai samu nasara musamman ba, musamman ma bayan da aka hana mawakin damar zama daraktan opera dinsa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ferrara saboda haramcin da Cardinal ya yi na shiga cikin birni (an zargi mawakin da yin soyayya da shi. Anna Giraud, tsohon ɗalibinsa, da ƙin "janye mai gashi" don bikin taro). Sakamakon haka, farkon wasan opera a Ferrara ya gaza.

A cikin 1740, jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa, Vivaldi ya tafi tafiya ta ƙarshe zuwa Vienna. Ba a san dalilan tafiyarsa kwatsam ba. Ya mutu a gidan gwauruwa na wani sirdi na Viennese mai suna Waller kuma an binne shi cikin bara. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwarsa, an manta da sunan fitaccen malamin. Kusan shekaru 200 bayan haka, a cikin 20s. Karni na 300 masanin kida na Italiya A. Gentili ya gano tarin na musamman na rubuce-rubucen mawaƙa (concertos 19, 1947 operas, ruhi da na duniya). Daga wannan lokacin yana fara farfadowa na gaske na tsohon ɗaukakar Vivaldi. A cikin 700, gidan wallafe-wallafen Ricordi ya fara buga cikakken ayyukan mawaƙa, kuma kwanan nan kamfanin Philips ya fara aiwatar da wani tsari mai girma daidai - littafin "duk" Vivaldi akan rikodin. A cikin ƙasarmu, Vivaldi yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma mafi ƙaunataccen mawaƙa. Abubuwan al'adun gargajiya na Vivaldi suna da kyau. Dangane da kasidar tsarin jigo-tsari na Peter Ryom (nadi na duniya - RV), ya ƙunshi lakabi sama da 500. Babban wuri a cikin aikin Vivaldi ya shagaltar da wani kide kide na kayan aiki (jimlar kusan 230 adana). Kayan da mawaƙin ya fi so shine violin (kimanin kide kide 60). Bugu da kari, ya rubuta concertos na biyu, uku da hudu violins tare da makada da basso ci gaba, concertos for viola d'amour, cello, mandolin, longitudinal da transverse sarewa, oboe, bassoon. Fiye da kade-kade 40 na kade-kade da basso suna ci gaba, ana san sonatas don kayan kida daban-daban. Daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo sama da XNUMX (marubuci na Vivaldi dangane da wanda aka kafa da tabbas), adadin rabin su kawai sun tsira. Ƙananan shahararrun (amma ba abin ban sha'awa ba) sune yawancin waƙoƙin muryarsa - cantatas, oratorios, ayyuka akan matani na ruhaniya (Zabura, litanies, "Gloria", da dai sauransu).

Yawancin kayan aikin kayan aikin Vivaldi suna da fassarar shirye-shirye. Wasu daga cikinsu suna komawa ga mai yin wasan farko (Carbonelli Concerto, RV 366), wasu kuma zuwa bikin lokacin da aka fara yin wannan ko wannan abun da ke ciki (A ranar idin St. Lorenzo, RV 286). Yawan juzu'i na nuni ga wasu sabbin daki-daki na fasahar yin (a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da ake kira "L'ottavina", RV 763, dole ne a buga duk violin na solo a cikin octave na sama). Mafi yawan kanun labarai da ke nuna halin da ake ciki sune "Huta", "Damuwa", "Tsohuwa" ko "Harmonic Inspiration", "Zither" (biyu na ƙarshe shine sunayen tarin kide-kide na violin). A lokaci guda, ko da a cikin waɗancan ayyukan waɗanda sunayensu suna kama da nuna lokutan hoto na waje ( "Storm a Teku", "Goldfinch", "Hunting", da dai sauransu), babban abu ga mawaki shine koyaushe watsa labarai na gabaɗaya. yanayi. An samar da maki na Hudu Seasons tare da cikakken shirin. Tuni a lokacin rayuwarsa, Vivaldi ya zama sananne a matsayin fitaccen mawaƙin ƙungiyar mawaƙa, wanda ya ƙirƙiri tasirin launuka masu yawa, ya yi abubuwa da yawa don haɓaka fasahar wasan violin.

S. Lebedev

Ayyukan ban mamaki na A. Vivaldi suna da girma, suna a duk duniya. Shahararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun zamani suna sadaukar da maraice ga aikinsa (Rukunin Mawaƙa na Moscow da R. Barshai, Roman Virtuosos, da sauransu) ke gudanarwa kuma, wataƙila, bayan Bach da Handel, Vivaldi shine mafi mashahuri a cikin mawaƙa na zamanin Baroque na kiɗa. Yau da alama an sami rayuwa ta biyu.

Ya ji daɗin shahara sosai a lokacin rayuwarsa, shine mahaliccin kade-kade na kayan kida na solo. Ci gaban wannan nau'in a duk ƙasashe a duk lokacin preclassical yana da alaƙa da aikin Vivaldi. Vivaldi's concertos sun kasance abin koyi ga Bach, Locatelli, Tartini, Leclerc, Benda da sauransu. Bach ya shirya kide-kide na violin guda 6 na Vivaldi don clavier, ya yi kide-kide na gabobin cikin 2 kuma ya sake yin daya don claviers 4.

"A lokacin da Bach ke Weimar, dukan duniya mawaƙa sun yaba da asali na kide-kide na karshen (watau Vivaldi. - LR). Bach ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na Vivaldi don kada ya sa su isa ga jama'a, kuma kada suyi koyi da su, amma kawai saboda ya ba shi jin dadi. Babu shakka, ya amfana daga Vivaldi. Ya koya daga gare shi tsabta da daidaituwar gini. cikakkiyar dabarar violin dangane da melodiousness. ”…

Koyaya, kasancewa sananne sosai a farkon rabin farkon karni na XNUMX, Vivaldi ya kusan manta da shi daga baya. Pencherl ya rubuta: "Yayin da bayan mutuwar Corelli, ƙwaƙwalwarsa ta ƙara ƙarfafawa da kuma ƙawatata tsawon shekaru, Vivaldi, wanda kusan bai shahara a rayuwarsa ba, a zahiri ya ɓace bayan ƴan shekaru biyar a zahiri da kuma ruhaniya. . Abubuwan da ya halitta sun bar shirye-shiryen, har ma da siffofin bayyanarsa an goge su daga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Game da wurin da ranar mutuwarsa, an yi zato ne kawai. Na dogon lokaci, ƙamus suna maimaita ƙaramin bayanai game da shi, cike da wuraren gama gari kuma suna cike da kurakurai..».

Har zuwa kwanan nan, Vivaldi yana sha'awar masana tarihi kawai. A cikin makarantun kiɗa, a farkon matakan ilimi, an yi nazarin 1-2 na kide-kide nasa. A tsakiyar karni na XNUMX, hankali ga aikinsa ya karu da sauri, kuma sha'awar gaskiyar tarihin rayuwarsa ya karu. Amma duk da haka mun san kadan game da shi.

Tunanin game da gadonsa, wanda yawancinsu ya kasance a cikin duhu, gaba ɗaya kuskure ne. Sai kawai a cikin 1927-1930, mawaƙin Turin kuma mai bincike Alberto Gentili ya sami nasarar gano kusan 300 (!) Vivaldi autographs, waɗanda mallakar dangin Durazzo ne kuma an adana su a cikin gidan Genoese. Daga cikin waɗannan rubuce-rubucen akwai operas 19, oratorio da kundin coci da yawa da ayyukan kayan aiki na Vivaldi. An kafa wannan tarin ta Prince Giacomo Durazzo, mai ba da taimako, tun 1764, wakilin Austrian a Venice, inda, ban da ayyukan siyasa, ya shiga cikin tattara samfurori na fasaha.

Bisa ga wasiyyar Vivaldi, ba a buga su ba, amma Gentili ya tabbatar da canja wurin su zuwa ɗakin karatu na ƙasa kuma ta haka ne ya bayyana su ga jama'a. Masanin kimiyya dan kasar Austriya Walter Kollender ya fara nazarin su, yana mai cewa Vivaldi ya cika shekaru da dama gabanin bunkasar wakokin Turai wajen amfani da kuzari da kuma hanyoyin fasaha kawai na wasan violin.

Bisa ga sabon bayanai, an san cewa Vivaldi ya rubuta 39 operas, 23 cantatas, 23 symphonies, da yawa coci abun da ke ciki, 43 arias, 73 sonatas (trio da solo), 40 concerti grossi; 447 solo concertos na daban-daban kida: 221 don violin, 20 don cello, 6 don violin, 16 don sarewa, 11 don oboe, 38 don bassoon, concertos don mandolin, ƙaho, ƙaho da gauraye k'irk'ira: katako da violin, don 2 -x violin da lutes, sarewa 2, oboe, ƙaho na Ingilishi, ƙaho 2, violin, violas 2, quartet na baka, cembalos 2, da sauransu.

Ba a san ainihin ranar haihuwar Vivaldi ba. Pencherle yana ba da kusan kwanan wata - kadan kafin 1678. Mahaifinsa Giovanni Battista Vivaldi dan wasan violin ne a cikin ducal chapel na St. Mark a Venice, kuma mai yin aji na farko. Bisa ga dukkan alamu, dan ya sami ilimin violin daga mahaifinsa, yayin da ya yi karatu tare da Giovanni Legrenzi, wanda ya jagoranci makarantar Venetian violin a rabi na biyu na karni na XNUMX, ya kasance fitaccen mawaki, musamman a fagen kiɗan kade-kade. A fili daga gare shi Vivaldi ya gaji sha'awar gwaji tare da kayan aikin kayan aiki.

Lokacin da yake matashi, Vivaldi ya shiga ɗakin sujada guda inda mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin jagora, kuma daga baya ya maye gurbinsa a wannan matsayi.

Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba aikin kiɗa na ƙwararru ya ƙara haɓaka ta ruhaniya - Vivaldi ya zama firist. Wannan ya faru ne a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 1693. Har zuwa 1696, yana cikin ƙarami na ruhaniya, kuma ya sami cikakken haƙƙin firist a ranar 23 ga Maris, 1703. "Red-masu pop" - derisively da ake kira Vivaldi a Venice, kuma wannan laƙabin ya kasance tare da shi a ko'ina. rayuwarsa.

Bayan samun firist, Vivaldi bai daina karatun kiɗa ba. Gabaɗaya, ya tsunduma cikin hidimar coci na ɗan gajeren lokaci - shekara ɗaya kawai, bayan haka an hana shi yin hidima ga talakawa. Masana tarihin rayuwa sun ba da bayani mai ban dariya game da wannan gaskiyar: “Da zarar Vivaldi yana hidimar Mass, kuma ba zato ba tsammani jigon fugue ya zo a zuciyarsa; Ya bar bagaden, ya tafi wurin tsattsarkan don ya rubuta wannan batu, sa'an nan ya koma kan bagaden. An yi ta yin Allah wadai, amma Inquisition, ta ɗauke shi a matsayin mawaƙi, wato kamar mahaukaci, kawai ya iyakance kansa ga hana shi ci gaba da hidimar taro.

Vivaldi ya musanta irin waɗannan shari'o'in kuma ya bayyana haramcin hidimar coci ta hanyar yanayinsa mai zafi. A shekara ta 1737, lokacin da zai isa Ferrara don yin wasan kwaikwayo na ɗaya daga cikin operas ɗinsa, Paparoma Ruffo ya hana shi shiga cikin birnin, ya gabatar da wasu dalilai, da cewa bai yi hidima ba. Sai Vivaldi ya aika da wasiƙa (Nuwamba Nuwamba). 16, 1737) ga majiɓincinsa, Marquis Guido Bentivoglio: “Shekaru 25 yanzu ban yi hidimar Mass ba kuma ba zan taɓa yin hidima a nan gaba ba, amma ba ta haramci ba, kamar yadda za a iya ba da rahoto ga alherinka, amma saboda nawa. shawarar da kaina, ta haifar da rashin lafiya da ke danne ni tun ranar da aka haife ni. Sa'ad da aka naɗa ni firist, sai na yi Sallah shekara ɗaya ko kaɗan, sai na daina yinsa, na tilasta wa in bar bagaden sau uku, ban gama ba saboda rashin lafiya. A sakamakon haka, kusan ko da yaushe ina zaune a gida kuma ina tafiya ne kawai a cikin karusa ko gondola, saboda ba zan iya tafiya saboda ciwon kirji, ko ma maƙarar ƙirji. Babu wani mai martaba da ya kirani a gidansa, balle yarimanmu, tunda kowa ya san ciwona. Bayan cin abinci, yawanci zan iya yin yawo, amma ba da ƙafa ba. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa ba na aika Mass”. Wasiƙar tana da ban sha'awa domin ta ƙunshi wasu bayanan yau da kullun na rayuwar Vivaldi, wanda a fili ya ci gaba ta hanyar rufaffiyar a cikin iyakokin gidansa.

An tilasta masa barin aikinsa na coci, a cikin Satumba 1703 Vivaldi ya shiga ɗaya daga cikin ɗakunan ajiyar Venetian, wanda ake kira Seminary Musical of the Hospice House of Piety, don matsayin "violin maestro", tare da abun ciki na ducats 60 a shekara. A wancan zamanin, ana kiran gidajen marayu (asibitoci) a coci-coci. A Venice akwai hudu ga 'yan mata, a Naples hudu ga maza.

Shahararren matafiyi na Faransa de Brosse ya bar bayanin mai zuwa na wuraren ajiyar Venetian: “Kidan asibitoci yana da kyau a nan. Su hudu ne, kuma an cika su da shege, da marayu ko wadanda ba su iya renon iyayensu. Ana rainon su ne da kudin jihar kuma ana koyar da su musamman waka. Suna raira waƙa kamar mala'iku, suna buga violin, sarewa, gabobin jiki, oboe, cello, bassoon, a cikin kalma, babu wani babban kayan aiki da zai sa su tsoro. 'Yan mata 40 ne ke halartar kowace shagali. Na rantse maka, babu abin da ya fi kyau ka ga wata budurwa mai kyau da kyakkyawa, sanye da fararen kaya, da fulawar rumman a kunnuwanta, tana dukan lokaci cikin alheri da daidaito.

Ya yi rubuce-rubuce da ƙwazo game da kiɗan masu ra'ayin mazan jiya (musamman a ƙarƙashin Mendicanti - cocin mendicant) J.-J. Rousseau: “A ranakun Lahadi a cikin majami’u na kowane ɗayan waɗannan Scuoles guda huɗu, a lokacin Vespers, tare da cikakken ƙungiyar mawaƙa da ƙungiyar mawaƙa, motets waɗanda manyan mawaƙa na Italiya suka tsara, a ƙarƙashin ja-gorancinsu, ’yan mata ne kaɗai ke yin su, waɗanda manyansu. bai kai shekara ashirin ba. Suna tsaye a bayan sanduna. Ni ko Carrio ban taɓa rasa waɗannan Vespers a Mendicanti ba. Amma waɗannan la'anannun sanduna sun sa ni yanke ƙauna, waɗanda ke ba da sauti kawai kuma suna ɓoye fuskokin mala'iku masu kyau waɗanda suka cancanci waɗannan sauti. Na yi magana a kai. Da zarar na faɗa wa Mista de Blond irin wannan abu.

De Blon, wanda ke cikin hukumar kula da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, ya gabatar da Rousseau ga mawakan. "Zo, Sophia," ta yi muni. "Zo Kattina," ta murgude cikin ido daya. "Zo, Bettina," fuskarta ta lalace saboda ƙanƙara. Duk da haka, "mummuna ba ya ware fara'a, kuma sun mallake ta," in ji Rousseau.

Shigar da Conservatory of Piety, Vivaldi ya sami damar yin aiki tare da cikakken ƙungiyar makaɗa (tare da tagulla da gabobin jiki) wanda ke samuwa a can, wanda aka dauke shi mafi kyau a Venice.

Game da Venice, rayuwar kiɗanta da wasan kwaikwayo da wuraren ajiyarta za a iya yanke hukunci ta waɗannan layukan zukata na Romain Rolland: “A lokacin Venice ita ce babban birnin kiɗan Italiya. A can, yayin bikin carnival, kowane maraice ana yin wasan kwaikwayo a gidajen wasan opera guda bakwai. Kowace yamma makarantar koyon kiɗa takan hadu, wato ana taron kiɗa, wani lokaci ana yin irin waɗannan tarurrukan biyu ko uku da yamma. Ana gudanar da bukukuwan kade-kade a cikin majami'u a kowace rana, inda ake gudanar da bukukuwan kide-kide na sa'o'i da dama tare da halartar kungiyoyin kade-kade da dama, da gabobin da dama da kuma mawakan mawaka da dama. A ranakun Asabar da Lahadi, ana ba da shahararrun vespers a asibitoci, waɗancan wuraren ajiyar mata, inda ake koyar da marayu, ’yan mata masu tasowa, ko kuma kawai ’yan mata masu kyawawan murya; sun ba da kide-kide na kade-kade da na murya, wanda duk Venice ya yi hauka.

A ƙarshen shekarar farko ta hidimar Vivaldi ya sami lakabin "maestro na mawaƙa", ba a san ƙarin haɓakarsa ba, tabbas ne kawai ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin violin da rera waƙa, kuma, a lokaci guda. a matsayin shugabar makada da mawaki.

A cikin 1713 ya sami izini kuma, bisa ga yawan masu tarihin tarihin, ya tafi Darmstadt, inda ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru uku a ɗakin sujada na Duke na Darmstadt. Duk da haka, Pencherl ya ce Vivaldi bai je Jamus ba, amma ya yi aiki a Mantua, a ɗakin sujada na Duke, kuma ba a shekara ta 1713 ba, amma daga 1720 zuwa 1723. Pencherl ya tabbatar da hakan ta wajen yin nuni ga wasiƙar da Vivaldi ya rubuta: “A Mantua Na kasance cikin hidima ga Yariman Darmstadt mai tsoron Allah na tsawon shekaru uku, "kuma ya ƙayyade lokacin da zai zauna a can ta hanyar cewa lakabin maestro na ɗakin ɗakin Duke ya bayyana a kan shafukan lakabi na ayyukan buga Vivaldi kawai bayan 1720 na shekara.

Daga 1713 zuwa 1718, Vivaldi ya zauna a Venice kusan ci gaba. A wannan lokacin, kusan kowace shekara ana yin wasan operas ɗinsa, tare da na farko a cikin 1713.

A shekara ta 1717, shaharar Vivaldi ya girma sosai. Shahararren dan wasan violin na Jamus Johann Georg Pisendel ya zo karatu tare da shi. Gabaɗaya, Vivaldi ya koyar da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙungiyar mawaƙa na Conservatory, kuma ba kawai mawaƙa ba, har ma da mawaƙa.

Ya isa a ce shi malamin manyan mawakan opera ne kamar Anna Giraud da Faustina Bodoni. "Ya shirya wani mawaki mai suna Faustina, wanda ya tilasta wa yin koyi da muryarta duk abin da za a iya yi a lokacinsa akan violin, sarewa, oboe."

Vivaldi ya zama abokantaka sosai tare da Pisendel. Pencherl ta buga labari mai zuwa na I. Giller. Wata rana Pisendel yana tafiya tare da St. Stamp da "Jan Kai". Nan da nan ya katse zancen sannan ya yi shiru ya ba da umarnin komawa gida nan take. Da zarar a gida, ya bayyana dalilin dawowar sa kwatsam: na dogon lokaci, tarurruka huɗu sun biyo baya kuma suna kallon matashin Pisendel. Vivaldi ya tambayi ko ɗalibin nasa ya faɗi wasu kalamai masu banƙyama a ko'ina, kuma ya buƙaci kada ya bar gidan a ko'ina har sai ya gano lamarin da kansa. Vivaldi ya ga mai binciken kuma ya sami labarin cewa an yi kuskuren Pisendel da wani mutum mai tuhuma wanda yake kama da shi.

Daga 1718 zuwa 1722 Vivaldi ba a jera shi a cikin takardun Conservatory of Piety, wanda ya tabbatar da yiwuwar tashi zuwa Mantua. A lokaci guda kuma, yakan fito lokaci-lokaci a garinsa, inda aka ci gaba da gudanar da wasannin opera. Ya koma Conservatory a 1723, amma riga a matsayin sanannen mawaki. A karkashin sabbin sharuddan, ya zama dole ya rubuta kide-kide 2 a wata, tare da ladan sequin a kowane concerto, da kuma gudanar da gwaje-gwaje 3-4 a gare su. A cikin cika waɗannan ayyuka, Vivaldi ya haɗa su da tafiya mai nisa da nisa. "Shekaru 14," in ji Vivaldi a shekara ta 1737, "Na yi tafiya tare da Anna Giraud zuwa birane da yawa a Turai. Na yi wasanni uku na bukukuwan murna a Roma saboda wasan opera. An gayyace ni zuwa Vienna." A Roma, shi ne mafi mashahuri mawaki, da operatic style kowa ya kwaikwayi. A Venice a cikin 1726 ya yi aiki a matsayin jagoran ƙungiyar makaɗa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na St. Angelo, a fili a cikin 1728, ya tafi Vienna. Sannan shekaru uku suka biyo baya, babu wani bayani. Bugu da ƙari, wasu gabatarwar game da shirye-shiryen wasan operas nasa a Venice, Florence, Verona, Ancona sun ba da haske a kan yanayin rayuwarsa. A layi daya, daga 1735 zuwa 1740, ya ci gaba da hidima a Conservatory of Piety.

Ba a san ainihin ranar mutuwar Vivaldi ba. Yawancin tushe sun nuna 1743.

Hotuna biyar na babban mawaki sun tsira. Na farko kuma mafi abin dogara, a fili, na P. Ghezzi ne kuma yana nufin 1723. "Jan-masu gashi" ana nuna kirji a cikin bayanin martaba. Gaban ya dan yi kasa-kasa, doguwar sumar ta nad'e, an nuna gemu, kyan gani mai cike da so da sha'awa.

Vivaldi ya yi rashin lafiya sosai. A cikin wata wasika zuwa ga Marquis Guido Bentivoglio (Nuwamba 16, 1737), ya rubuta cewa an tilasta masa yin tafiye-tafiye tare da mutane 4-5 - kuma duk saboda yanayin zafi. Duk da haka, rashin lafiya bai hana shi yin aiki sosai ba. Yana kan tafiye-tafiye marasa iyaka, yana jagorantar shirye-shiryen opera, yana tattauna rawar da mawaƙa, kokawa da sha'awarsu, gudanar da wasiku mai yawa, gudanar da ƙungiyar makaɗa da sarrafa rubuta ayyuka masu ban mamaki. Yana da amfani sosai kuma ya san yadda zai tsara al'amuransa. De Brosse ya ce da ban mamaki: "Vivaldi ya zama ɗaya daga cikin abokaina na kud da kud don ya sayar mini da kide-kidensa mai tsada." Yana kowtow a gaban maɗaukakin duniyar nan, cikin hankali yana zaɓen majiɓinta, masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini, ko da yake ba ya nufin ya hana kansa jin daɗin abin duniya. Da yake kasancewa limamin Katolika, kuma, bisa ga dokokin wannan addini, an hana shi damar yin aure, shekaru da yawa yana soyayya da almajirinsa, mawakiya Anna Giraud. kusancinsu ya haifar da babbar matsala ga Vivaldi. Don haka, wakilin Paparoma a Ferrara a shekara ta 1737 ya ƙi Vivaldi shiga cikin birnin, ba wai kawai don an hana shi halartar hidimar coci ba, amma saboda wannan kusancin abin zargi. Shahararren marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Italiya Carlo Goldoni ya rubuta cewa Giraud ya kasance mai banƙyama, amma mai ban sha'awa - tana da bakin ciki, idanu masu kyau da gashi, baki mai ban sha'awa, yana da murya mai rauni da basirar mataki.

Ana samun mafi kyawun bayanin halayen Vivaldi a cikin Memoirs na Goldoni.

Wata rana, an nemi Goldoni ya yi wasu canje-canje ga rubutun libretto na opera Griselda tare da kiɗa na Vivaldi, wanda ake shiryawa a Venice. Don wannan dalili, ya tafi gidan Vivaldi. Mawaƙin ya karɓe shi ɗauke da littafin addu’a a hannunsa, a daki cike da rubutu. Ya yi matukar mamakin cewa maimakon tsohon mai fafutukar karantawa Lalli, ya kamata Goldoni ya yi sauye-sauye.

“- Na sani sarai yallabai, cewa kana da hazakar waka; Na ga Belisarius ku, wanda na fi so sosai, amma wannan ya bambanta: za ku iya ƙirƙirar wani bala'i, waƙar almara, idan kuna so, kuma har yanzu ba ku jimre wa quatrain don saita kiɗa ba. Ka ba ni jin daɗin sanin wasan kwaikwayon ku. “Don Allah, don Allah, da jin daɗi. A ina na sanya Griselda? Tana nan. Deus, in adjutorium meum intende, Domine, Domine, Domine. (Allah ka sauko gareni! Ya Ubangiji, Ubangiji, Ubangiji). Tana nan a hannu. Domine adjuvandum (Ubangiji, taimako). Ah, ga shi, duba, yallabai, wannan yanayin tsakanin Gualtiere da Griselda, yanayi ne mai ban sha'awa, mai ban sha'awa. Marubucin ya ƙare shi da aria mai tausayi, amma signorina Giraud ba ya son waƙoƙi maras kyau, tana son wani abu mai ma'ana, mai ban sha'awa, aria wanda ke nuna sha'awar ta hanyoyi daban-daban, alal misali, kalmomin da suka katse ta hanyar numfashi, tare da aiki, motsi. Ban sani ba ko kun fahimce ni? "Eh, yallabai, na riga na gane, ban da haka, na riga na sami darajar jin Signorina Giraud, kuma na san cewa muryarta ba ta da ƙarfi. "Yaya yallabai kake zagin almajirina?" Komai yana samuwa gareta, tana rera komai. “Eh, yallabai, kana da gaskiya; bani littafin in hau aiki. “A’a, yallabai, ba zan iya ba, ina bukatarta, ina cikin damuwa matuka. "To, idan yallabai, kana da shakku sosai, to ka ba ni minti daya, nan da nan zan gamsar da kai." – Nan da nan? “Eh, yallabai, nan take. Abban, yana dariya, ya ba ni wasa, takarda da tawada, ya sake ɗaukar littafin addu'a, yana tafiya, yana karanta zabura da waƙoƙinsa. Na karanta wurin da aka sani da ni, na tuna da burin mawaƙin, kuma a cikin ƙasa da kwata na sa'a na zana aria na 8 a takarda, an raba kashi biyu. Ina kiran mutum na ruhaniya kuma in nuna aikin. Vivaldi yana karantawa, goshinsa ya yi santsi, ya sake karantawa, ya furta farin ciki, ya jefa taƙaitaccen bayaninsa a ƙasa ya kira Signorina Giraud. Ta bayyana; to, ya ce, ga wani mutum da ba kasafai yake ba, ga wani mawaƙi mai kyau: karanta wannan aria; mai alamar ya yi ba tare da ya tashi daga inda yake ba a cikin kwata; sai ya juyo gareni: ah, yallabai, uzuri. "Kuma ya rungume ni, yana rantsuwa cewa daga yanzu ni kadai ne mawaƙinsa."

Pencherl ya ƙare aikin da aka keɓe ga Vivaldi tare da waɗannan kalmomi: "Wannan shine yadda aka kwatanta Vivaldi a gare mu lokacin da muka haɗu da duk bayanan mutum game da shi: an halicce shi daga bambance-bambance, rauni, rashin lafiya, amma duk da haka yana raye kamar gunpowder, shirye don jin haushi nan da nan ya nutsu, ya tashi daga aikin banza na duniya zuwa ga camfi, mai taurin kai kuma a lokaci guda yakan zauna a lokacin da ya dace, mai sufi, amma a shirye yake ya gangara duniya idan ya zo ga maslahohinsa, ko kadan ba wawa ba ne wajen tsara al’amuransa.

Kuma yadda duk ya dace da kiɗan sa! A ciki, maɗaukakiyar pathos na salon Ikilisiya an haɗa su tare da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙazanta na rayuwa, babban yana hade da rayuwar yau da kullum, m tare da kankare. A cikin wasannin kide-kide nasa, fugues masu zafi, makoki na makoki da, tare da su, waƙoƙin talakawa, waƙoƙin da ke fitowa daga zuciya, da sautin rawa mai daɗi. Ya rubuta ayyukan shirye-shirye - sanannen zagayowar "Lokaci" kuma yana ba da kowane wasan kide-kide tare da bucolic stanzas ga abbot:

Spring ya zo, da gaske sanar. raye-rayenta na murna, da waƙar a cikin duwatsu. Kuma rafi yana gunaguni gareta affably. Iskar Zephyr tana kula da yanayin duka.

Amma ba zato ba tsammani sai ya yi duhu, walƙiya ta haskaka, Bazara ce mai ban tsoro - tsawa ta ratsa cikin duwatsu, nan da nan ya yi shiru; Da waƙar lark, Watsewa cikin shuɗi, suna ruga cikin kwaruruka.

Inda kafet ɗin furannin kwarin ya lulluɓe, Inda bishiya da ganye ke rawar jiki cikin iska, Kare a ƙafafunsa, makiyayi yana mafarki.

Kuma Pan ya sake sauraren sarewar sihirin Ga sautin ta, ƴaƴan ƴaƴan mata suna sake rawa, Maraba da Boka-spring.

A lokacin rani, Vivaldi yana yin hankaka cuckoo, kunkuru kurciya coo, chirp na gwal; a cikin "Autumn" an fara wasan kwaikwayo tare da waƙar mutanen ƙauyen da suka dawo daga filayen. Har ila yau, ya ƙirƙira hotuna na yanayi a cikin wasu shirye-shiryen kide-kide, kamar "Storm a Teku", "Dare", "Pastoral". Har ila yau, yana da kide-kide da ke nuna yanayin tunani: "Tsohuwa", "Huta", "Damuwa". Wakokinsa guda biyu kan taken "Dare" ana iya la'akari da su a matsayin dare na farko a cikin kiɗan duniya.

Rubuce-rubucensa suna mamaki da wadatar tunani. Tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa a hannunsa, Vivaldi yana yin gwaji akai-akai. Kayan kidan solo a cikin abubuwan da ya tsara ko dai sun kasance masu tsananin ascetic ko kuma maras kyau. Motoci a wasu kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide,da farin ciki a wasu. Tasiri masu launi, wasan katako, kamar a tsakiyar ɓangaren Concerto na violin guda uku tare da sautin pizzicato mai ban sha'awa, kusan suna "sha'awa".

Vivaldi ya ƙirƙira da sauri mai ban mamaki: "A shirye yake ya yi caca cewa zai iya shirya kide kide da dukkan sassansa da sauri fiye da yadda marubuci zai iya sake rubutawa," in ji de Brosse. Watakila a nan ne ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙima da sabo na kiɗan Vivaldi ya fito, wanda ya faranta wa masu sauraro rai fiye da ƙarni biyu.

L. Rabin, 1967