Giovanni Battista Pergolesi |

Giovanni Battista Pergolesi

Pergoles. "Maid-Maid". A Serpina penserete (M. Bonifaccio)

Mawaƙin opera na Italiya J. Pergolesi ya shiga tarihin kiɗa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kirkiri nau'in wasan opera na buffa. A cikin asalinsa, wanda ke da alaƙa da al'adun wasan kwaikwayo na jama'a na masks (dell'arte), opera buffa ya ba da gudummawa ga kafa ka'idodin addini, dimokiradiyya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa na karni na XNUMX; ta wadatar da arsenal na wasan kwaikwayo na opera tare da sabbin abubuwa, nau'i, fasahohin mataki. Hanyoyin sabon nau'in da suka haɓaka a cikin aikin Pergolesi sun nuna sassauci, ikon sabuntawa da kuma yin gyare-gyare daban-daban. Ci gaban tarihi na onepa-buffa yana kaiwa daga farkon misalan Pergolesi ("Bawan-Maigida") - zuwa WA Mozart ("Aure na Figaro") da G. Rossini ("Barber na Seville") da ƙari. a cikin karni na XNUMX ("Falstaff" na J. Verdi, "Mavra" na I. Stravinsky, mawallafin ya yi amfani da jigogi na Pergolesi a cikin ballet "Pulcinella", "The Love for Three Lemu" na S. Prokofiev).

Pergolesi gabaɗayan rayuwarsa ya ƙare a Naples, sanannen sanannen makarantar opera. A can ya sauke karatu daga Conservatory (a cikin malamansa akwai shahararrun mawakan opera - F. Durante, G. Greco, F. Feo). A cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Neapolitan na San Bartolomeo, wasan opera na farko na Pergolesi, Salustia (1731), an shirya shi, kuma bayan shekara guda, farkon tarihin wasan opera The Proud Prisoner ya faru a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo guda. Duk da haka, ba babban wasan kwaikwayon ya ja hankalin jama'a ba, amma abubuwan ban dariya guda biyu, wanda Pergolesi, bin al'adar da aka yi a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Italiyanci, ya sanya tsakanin ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na opera. Ba da da ewa, ƙarfafawa ta hanyar nasarar, mawaƙin da aka tattara daga waɗannan ya haɗa da wasan opera mai zaman kanta - "Bawa-Maigida". Duk abin ya kasance sabon a cikin wannan wasan kwaikwayon - makirci mai sauƙi na yau da kullun (bawan mai wayo da wayo Serpina ya auri ubangidanta Uberto kuma ya zama farka kanta), halayen kiɗan kide-kide na haruffa, raye-raye, ƙungiyoyi masu tasiri, waƙa da ɗakin raye-raye na intonations. Gudun saurin matakin matakin ya buƙaci ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƴan wasan kwaikwayo.

Ɗayan daga cikin wasan operas na farko na buffa, waɗanda suka sami shahara sosai a Italiya, Maid-Madame ta ba da gudummawa ga bunƙasa wasan opera mai ban dariya a wasu ƙasashe. Nasarar nasara ta kasance tare da ayyukanta a birnin Paris a lokacin rani na 1752. Yawon shakatawa na ƙungiyar Italiyanci "Buffons" ya zama lokaci don tattaunawa mafi ƙayyadaddun opera (abin da ake kira "War of the Buffons"), wanda mabiyansa suka kasance. Sabbin nau'ikan da suka yi karo da juna (a cikinsu akwai masu ilimin kimiya - Diderot, Rousseau, Grimm da sauransu) da kuma magoya bayan wasan opera na kotun Faransa (mummunan bala'i). Kodayake, bisa ga umarnin sarki, ba da daɗewa ba an fitar da "buffons" daga Paris, sha'awar ba ta daɗe ba na dogon lokaci. A cikin yanayi na jayayya game da hanyoyin sabunta wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, nau'in wasan opera na Faransanci ya tashi. Ɗaya daga cikin na farko - "Mai sihiri" na sanannen marubucin Faransanci kuma masanin falsafa Rousseau - ya yi gasa mai dacewa ga "Maid-Maid".

Pergolesi, wanda ya rayu kawai shekaru 26, ya bar mai arziki, mai ban mamaki a cikin darajar m al'adunmu. Shahararren marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na buffa (sai dai Bawan-Maigida - The Monk in Love, Flaminio, da dai sauransu), ya kuma samu nasarar yin aiki a wasu nau'o'in: ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, kiɗa na choral (masses, cantatas, oratorios) , kayan aiki. aiki (trio sonatas, overtures, concertos). Ba da daɗewa ba kafin mutuwarsa, an halicci cantata "Stabat Mater" - ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da suka fi dacewa da mawaƙa, wanda aka rubuta don ƙaramin ɗakin ɗakin (soprano, alto, string quartet da gabo), cike da maɗaukaki, gaskiya da shiga cikin lyrical. ji.

Ayyukan Pergolesi, wanda aka ƙirƙira kusan ƙarni 3 da suka gabata, suna ɗaukar wannan kyakkyawan jin daɗin matasa, buɗe baki, yanayi mai ban sha'awa, waɗanda ba za a iya raba su da ra'ayin halin ƙasa, ainihin ruhun fasahar Italiyanci. "A cikin waƙarsa," B. Asafiev ya rubuta game da Pergolesi, "tare da tausayin ƙauna mai ban sha'awa da kuma maye gurbi, akwai shafukan da ke cike da lafiya, ma'anar rayuwa da kuma ruwan 'ya'yan itace na duniya, kuma kusa da su akwai abubuwan da suka faru. wanda a cikinsa sha'awa, wayo, raha da gaiety mara gafala a cikinsa ke mulki cikin sauƙi da walwala, kamar a zamanin bukukuwan buki.

I. Okhalova

Abubuwan da aka tsara:

wasan kwaikwayo - fiye da 10 jerin opera, ciki har da The Proud Captive (Il prigionier superbo, tare da interludes The Maid-Mistress, La serva padrona, 1733, San Bartolomeo Theater, Naples), Olympiad (L'Olimpiade, 1735, "Theater Tordinona, Rome), wasan kwaikwayo na buffa, gami da The Monk in Love (Lo frate 'nnamorato, 1732, Fiorentini Theatre, Naples), Flaminio (Il Flaminio, 1735, ibid.); maganganun magana, cantatas, talakawa da sauran ayyuka masu tsarki, gami da Stabat Mater, concertos, trio sonatas, aria, duets.