Farinelli |

Farinelli

Fitaccen mawakin kida, kuma mai yiwuwa mawaƙin da ya fi shahara a kowane lokaci, shine Farinelli.

"Duniya," in ji Sir John Hawkins, "ba ta taba ganin mawaƙa biyu kamar Senesino da Farinelli a kan dandalin lokaci guda ba; na farko ya kasance jarumi mai gaskiya kuma mai ban mamaki, kuma, bisa ga ƙwararrun alkalai, ƙwanƙarar muryarsa ta fi ta Farinelli, amma cancantar na biyu ya kasance wanda ba za a iya musantawa ba don haka 'yan kaɗan ba za su kira shi babban mawaki a duniya ba.

Mawaki Rolli, a hanya, babban mai sha'awar Senesino, ya rubuta: "Kwararrun Farinelli ba ta bar ni in daina yarda cewa ya buge ni ba. Har ma na ga kamar har zuwa yanzu na ji kadan daga cikin muryar mutum, amma yanzu na ji gaba dayanta. Ƙari ga haka, yana da halin abokantaka da kwanciyar hankali, kuma na ji daɗin magana da shi sosai.

Amma ra'ayin SM Grishchenko: "Daya daga cikin ƙwararrun mashawartan bel canto, Farinelli yana da ƙarfin sauti mai ban mamaki da kewayon (octaves 3), murya mai sassauƙa, mai motsi mai laushi mai laushi, katako mai haske da numfashi kusan marar iyaka. Ayyukansa sun shahara saboda fasaha na virtuoso, bayyanannen ƙamus, tsaftataccen kida, fara'a na fasaha mai ban mamaki, yana mamakin shigarsa ta hankali da bayyananniyar bayyanawa. Ya ƙware sosai da fasahar haɓakar coloratura.

Farinelli ƙwararren ƙwararren ɗan wasa ne na waƙoƙi da jarumtaka a cikin jerin opera na Italiya (a farkon aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo ya rera sassan mata, daga baya sassan maza): Nino, Poro, Achilles, Sifare, Eukerio (Semiramide, Poro, Iphigenia in Aulis", "Mithridates", "Onorio" Porpora), Oreste ("Astianact" Vinci), Araspe ("Abandoned Dido" Albinoni), Hernando ("Mai Aminci Luchinda" Porta), Nycomed ("Nycomede"Torri), Rinaldo (" An yi watsi da Armida"Pollaroli), Epitide ("Meropa" jefa), Arbache, Siroy ("Artaxerxes", "Syroy" Hasse), Farnaspe ("Adrian a Siriya" Giacomelli), Farnaspe ("Adrian a Siriya" Veracini).

Farinelli (ainihin suna Carlo Broschi) an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 1705 a Andria, Apulia. Sabanin mafi yawan matasan mawakan da ke da katabus saboda talaucin iyalansu, wadanda suke ganin hakan a matsayin hanyar samun kudin shiga, Carlo Broschi ya fito ne daga dangi mai daraja. Mahaifinsa, Salvatore Broschi, ya kasance a wani lokaci gwamnan biranen Maratea da Cisternino, kuma daga bisani ya kasance mai kula da bandeji na Andria.

Wani mawaƙi mai kyau da kansa, ya koya wa 'ya'yansa maza biyu fasaha. Babban, Ricardo, daga baya ya zama marubucin wasan kwaikwayo goma sha huɗu. Karamin, Carlo, da farko ya nuna iyawa na rera waƙa. Yaron yana da shekaru bakwai, an jefar da yaron don kiyaye tsabtar muryarsa. Sunan mai suna Farinelli ya fito ne daga sunayen ’yan’uwan Farin, waɗanda suka ba wa mawaƙa rai a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa. Carlo ya fara karatu tare da mahaifinsa, sa'an nan a Neapolitan Conservatory "Sant'Onofrio" tare da Nicola Porpora, mashahuran malamin kiɗa da waƙa a wancan lokacin, wanda ya horar da mawaƙa kamar Caffarelli, Porporino da Montagnatza.

Yana da shekaru goma sha biyar, Farinelli ya fara fitowa fili a Naples a cikin opera na Porpora Angelica da Medora. Matashin mawakin ya zama sananne sosai saboda wasan kwaikwayonsa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Aliberti da ke Rome a cikin lokacin 1721/22 a cikin operas Eumene da Flavio Anichio Olibrio na Porpora.

Anan ya rera babban bangaren mata a opera Sofonisba na Predieri. Kowace maraice, Farinelli yana gasa tare da mai busa ƙaho a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa, yana tare da shi yana waƙa a cikin mafi kyawun murya. C. Berni ya ba da labarin yadda matashin Farinelli ya yi amfani da shi: “Sa’ad da yake ɗan shekara goma sha bakwai, ya ƙaura daga Naples zuwa Roma, inda a lokacin wasan opera ɗaya, yakan yi gasa kowace maraice tare da mashahurin mai busa ƙaho a cikin aria, wanda yake tare da shi. akan wannan kayan aiki; da farko ya zama kamar gasa mai sauki da sada zumunci, har sai da ’yan kallo suka yi sha’awar takaddamar suka kasu kashi biyu; bayan wasan kwaikwayon da aka yi ta maimaitawa, lokacin da dukansu suka gina sauti iri ɗaya da dukan ƙarfinsu, suna nuna ƙarfin huhu da kuma ƙoƙari su wuce juna da haske da ƙarfi, sun taɓa niƙa sautin da trill zuwa kashi uku na tsawon lokaci mai tsawo wanda. masu sauraro sun fara sa ran fita, kuma duka biyun sun gaji; kuma lallai mai busa kaho, gaba daya a gajiye ya tsaya, yana zaton abokin hamayyarsa ya gaji, kuma wasan ya tashi da ci; sai Farinelli, murmushi yake a matsayin alamar cewa har ya zuwa yanzu wasa da shi kawai yake yi, ya fara, a cikin wannan numfashin, da sabon kuzari, ba wai kawai narkar da sauti ba, har ma da yin kayan ado mafi wahala da sauri har sai da ya yi. daga karshe ya tilastawa dakatar da tafi da masu sauraro. Wannan rana na iya kwanan wata farkon fifikonsa da ba ya canzawa a kan dukkan mutanen zamaninsa.

A shekara ta 1722, Farinelli ya yi wasa a karon farko a cikin opera na Metastasio Angelica, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin akwai abokantakarsa mai kyau tare da matashin mawaki, wanda ya kira shi ba kome ba sai "caro gemello" ("dan'uwa mai ƙauna"). Irin wannan dangantaka tsakanin mawãƙi da "kiɗa" sune halayen wannan lokaci a cikin ci gaban wasan kwaikwayo na Italiyanci.

A cikin 1724, Farinelli ya yi nasa na farko na namiji, kuma ya sake yin nasara a Italiya, wanda a lokacin ya san shi a karkashin sunan Il Ragazzo (Boy). A Bologna, ya yi waka tare da shahararren mawaki Bernacchi, wanda ya girme shi shekaru ashirin. A 1727, Carlo ya tambayi Bernacchi ya ba shi darussan waƙa.

A shekara ta 1729, sun rera waƙa tare a Venice tare da castrato Cheresti a cikin wasan opera na L. Vinci. A shekara mai zuwa, mawaƙin ya yi nasara a Venice a cikin opera Idaspe ɗan'uwansa Ricardo. Bayan wasan kwaikwayon na virtuoso aria guda biyu, masu sauraro sun shiga cikin damuwa! Tare da wannan haske, ya sake maimaita nasararsa a Vienna, a cikin fadar Sarkin sarakuna Charles VI, yana ƙara "ƙarfafa sautin murya" don ba da mamaki ga Mai Martaba.

Sarkin ya yi abokantaka sosai ya shawarci mawaƙin da kada ya tafi da wayo na ƙwazo: “Wadannan manyan tsalle-tsalle, waɗannan bayanan da ba su ƙarewa, ces notes qui ne finissent jamais, suna da ban mamaki kawai, amma lokaci ya yi da za ku burge; kun yi almubazzaranci a cikin kyaututtukan da yanayi ya ba ku; idan kana son kai ga zuciya, dole ne ka dauki hanya mafi sauki da sauki.” Waɗannan ƴan kalmomi sun kusan canja yadda ya rera waƙa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ya haɗa mai tausayi da mai rai, mai sauƙi tare da maɗaukaki, don haka masu sauraro masu jin daɗi da ban mamaki daidai da ma'auni.

A 1734 mawaƙin ya zo Ingila. Nicola Porpora, a cikin gwagwarmayar sa da Handel, ya nemi Farinelli ya fara halarta a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a London. Carlo ya zaɓi wasan opera Artaxerxes na A. Hasse. Har ila yau ya haɗa da aria guda biyu na ɗan'uwansa waɗanda suka yi nasara.

"A cikin sanannen aria "Son qual nave," wanda ɗan'uwansa ya rubuta, ya fara bayanin farko da irin wannan taushi kuma a hankali ya ƙara sauti zuwa irin wannan iko mai ban mamaki, sannan ya raunana shi a cikin hanya guda zuwa karshen cewa sun yaba masa don haka. minti biyar cikakke,” in ji Ch. Bernie. – Bayan haka, ya nuna irin hazaka da saurin tafiya wanda da kyar ’yan wasan violin na wancan lokacin suka ci gaba da tafiya da shi. A takaice dai, ya fi sauran mawaƙa kamar yadda sanannen doki Childers ya fi sauran dawakan tsere, amma Farinelli ya bambanta ba kawai ta hanyar motsi ba, yanzu ya haɗu da fa'idodin duk manyan mawaƙa. Akwai iko, da zaƙi, da kewayo a cikin muryarsa, da taushin hali, alheri, da sauri cikin salonsa. Lallai ya kasance yana da wasu halaye da ba a san su ba a gabansa kuma ba a same shi a bayansa a cikin wani mahaluki ba; halayen da ba za a iya jurewa ba kuma sun mamaye kowane mai sauraro - masanin kimiyya da jahili, aboki da maƙiyi.

Bayan wasan kwaikwayon, masu sauraro sun yi ihu: "Farinelli Allah ne!" Maganar ta tashi a ko'ina cikin London. "A cikin birni," in ji D. Hawkins, "kalmomin da waɗanda ba su ji Farinelli suna rera ba kuma ba su ga wasan Foster ba ba su cancanci fitowa a cikin al'umma mai kyau ba sun zama karin magana a zahiri."

Daruruwan masoya ne suka taru a gidan wasan kwaikwayo, inda mawakin mai shekaru ashirin da biyar ke karbar albashi daidai da albashin da aka hada baki daya. Mawakin ya karbi Guinea dubu biyu a shekara. Bugu da kari, Farinelli ya samu makudan kudade a cikin fa'idodinsa na fa'ida. Alal misali, ya karɓi guineas ɗari biyu daga Yariman Wales, da kuma 100 Guineas daga jakadan Spain. A cikin duka, Italiyanci ya girma a cikin adadin fam dubu biyar a cikin shekara guda.

A watan Mayun 1737, Farinelli ya tafi Spain da niyyar komawa Ingila, inda ya kulla yarjejeniya da manyan mutane, wanda daga nan ne ya gudanar da wasan opera, don yin wasanni na kakar wasa ta gaba. A kan hanyar, ya yi wa Sarkin Faransa waka a birnin Paris, inda a cewar Riccoboni, ya fara sha'awar har ma da Faransawa, waɗanda a lokacin gabaɗaya suka ƙi kiɗan Italiyanci.

A ranar da ya zo, "music" ya yi a gaban Sarki da Sarauniya na Spain kuma ba su raira waƙa a bainar jama'a shekaru da yawa. An ba shi fansho na dindindin na kusan £ 3000 a shekara.

Gaskiyar ita ce, sarauniyar Spain ta gayyaci Farinelli zuwa Spain tare da bege na sirri don fitar da mijinta Philip V daga halin kunci da ke iyaka da hauka. Ya kasance yana kokawa game da mummunan ciwon kai, ya kulle kansa a daya daga cikin dakunan La Granja, bai wanke ba kuma bai canza lilin ba, yana la'akari da kansa ya mutu.

"Philip ya kadu da aria na farko da Farinelli ya yi," in ji jakadan Burtaniya Sir William Coca a cikin rahotonsa. – Da karshen na biyun, sai ya aika aka kirawo mawakin, ya yaba masa, ya yi alkawarin ba shi duk abin da yake so. Farinelli ya tambaye shi kawai ya tashi ya wanke, ya canza tufafi kuma ya yi taron majalisar ministoci. Sarkin ya yi biyayya kuma tun daga lokacin ya fara murmurewa.”

Bayan haka, Filibus kowane maraice yana kiran Farinelli zuwa wurinsa. Shekaru goma, mawakin bai yi wa jama'a wasa ba, saboda kowace rana ya rera waka arias guda hudu da aka fi so ga sarki, biyu daga cikinsu Hasse ya hada su - “Pallido il sole” da “Per questo dolce amplesso”.

Kasa da makonni uku bayan isa Madrid, Farinelli an nada shi mawaƙin sarki. Sarkin ya fayyace cewa mawakin yana mika wuya ne kawai ga shi da sarauniya. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Farinelli yana jin daɗin babban iko a kotun Spain, amma bai taɓa cin zarafi ba. Yana neman kawai don rage rashin lafiyar sarki, kare masu fasaha na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kotu kuma ya sa masu sauraronsa su so opera na Italiyanci. Amma ba zai iya warkar da Philip V, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1746. Ɗansa Ferdinand VI, wanda aka haifa daga aurensa na farko, ya ci sarauta. Ya ɗaure mahaifiyarsa a gidan sarautar La Granja. Ta bukaci Farinelli da kada ya bar ta, amma sabon sarkin ya bukaci mawakin ya tsaya a kotu. Ferdinand VI ya nada Farinelli darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na sarauta. A 1750, sarki ya ba shi Order of Calatrava.

Ayyukan mai nishadantarwa a yanzu sun ragu da ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa, saboda ya jawo hankalin sarki ya fara wasan opera. Na ƙarshe ya kasance babban canji mai daɗi ga Farinelli. An nada shi a matsayin darekta guda ɗaya na waɗannan wasanni, ya ba da umarni daga Italiya mafi kyawun mawaƙa da mawaƙa na wancan lokacin, da Metastasio don libretto.

Wani sarkin Spain, Charles III, da ya hau gadon sarauta, ya aika Farinelli zuwa Italiya, yana nuna yadda abin kunya da rashin tausayi suka haɗu tare da girmama castrati. Sarkin ya ce: "Ina bukatan capons a kan tebur kawai." Duk da haka, an ci gaba da biyan mawaƙin fansho mai kyau kuma an bar shi ya kwashe duka dukiyarsa.

A cikin 1761, Farinelli ya zauna a cikin gidansa na alfarma da ke kusa da Bologna. Yana jagorantar rayuwar mai arziki, yana gamsar da sha'awarsa ga fasaha da kimiyya. Gidan mawaƙin yana kewaye da ƙayatattun akwatuna, kayan ado, zane-zane, kayan kida. Farinelli ya buga garaya da viola na dogon lokaci, amma ya rera waƙa sosai da wuya, sannan kawai bisa ga buƙatar manyan baƙi.

Fiye da duka, ya ƙaunaci karɓar abokan aikin fasaha tare da ladabi da ladabi na mutumin duniya. Dukan Turai sun zo ne don girmama abin da suka yi la'akari da mafi kyawun mawaƙa na kowane lokaci: Gluck, Haydn, Mozart, Sarkin sarakuna na Austria, Saxon Princess, Duke na Parma, Casanova.

A watan Agustan 1770 C. Burney ya rubuta a cikin diary nasa:

"Kowane mai son kiɗa, musamman waɗanda suka yi sa'a don jin Signor Farinelli, za su ji daɗin sanin cewa har yanzu yana raye kuma yana cikin koshin lafiya da ruhi. Na gano cewa ya ƙaru fiye da yadda nake tsammani. Dogo ne kuma sirara, amma ko kaɗan ba shi da ƙarfi.

… Signor Farinelli bai daɗe da rera waƙa ba, amma har yanzu yana jin daɗin wasan garaya da viola; yana da kabu-kabu da yawa da aka yi a ƙasashe daban-daban kuma sunansa da shi, ya danganta da godiyar wannan ko waccan kayan aikin, da sunayen manyan mawakan Italiya. Babban abin da ya fi so shi ne pianoforte da aka yi a Florence a shekara ta 1730, wanda aka rubuta da haruffan zinariya “Raphael d'Urbino”; sai ku zo Correggio, Titian, Guido, da sauransu. Ya buga Raphael nasa na dogon lokaci, tare da fasaha mai zurfi da dabara, kuma da kansa ya tsara abubuwa masu kyau da yawa don wannan kayan aikin. Wuri na biyu yana zuwa wurin kaɗe-kaɗe da Marigayi Sarauniyar Spain ta ba shi, wanda ya yi karatu tare da Scarlatti a Portugal da Spain… Shi ma Signor Farinelli ya fi so na uku a Spain a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa; yana da madannai mai motsi, kamar na Count Taxis a Venice, wanda mai yin wasan zai iya jujjuya guntun sama ko ƙasa. A cikin waɗannan waƙoƙin kiɗa na Mutanen Espanya, manyan maɓallai baƙar fata ne, yayin da maɓallan lebur da kaifi suna rufe da uwar-lu'u-lu'u; an yi su ne bisa ga tsarin Italiyanci, gaba ɗaya daga itacen al'ul, sai dai na sautin sauti, kuma an sanya su a cikin akwati na biyu.

Farinelli ya mutu a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1782 a Bologna.