Jean Sibelius (Jean Sibelius) |

Jean Sibelius

Sibelius. Tapiola (Orchestra wanda T. Beecham ke gudanarwa)

... in ƙirƙira akan ma'auni mafi girma, don ci gaba daga inda magabata na suka tsaya, ƙirƙirar fasahar zamani ba haƙƙina kaɗai ba ne, har ma hakki na. J. Sibelius

“Jan Sibelius na waɗanan mawaƙanmu ne waɗanda da gaske kuma ba tare da ƙwazo ba suna isar da halin mutanen Finnish da kiɗansu,” in ji ɗan ƙasarsa, mai suka K. Flodin, game da mawallafin Finnish na ban mamaki a shekara ta 1891. Ayyukan Sibelius ba kawai ba ne. shafi mai haske a cikin tarihin al'adun kiɗa na Finland, shahararren mawaki ya wuce iyakar ƙasarsa.

Haɓakar aikin mawaƙa ya faɗi a ƙarshen 7th - farkon karni na 3. - lokacin girma na 'yanci na kasa da yunkurin juyin juya hali a Finland. Wannan karamar jiha a wancan lokacin tana cikin daular Rasha kuma ta fuskanci irin yanayin zamanin kafin guguwar canjin zamantakewa. Abin lura ne cewa a cikin Finland, kamar yadda a cikin Rasha, wannan lokacin ya kasance alama ce ta haɓaka fasahar ƙasa. Sibelius yayi aiki a cikin nau'i daban-daban. Ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na 2, waƙoƙin waƙa, waƙoƙin mawaƙa na XNUMX. Concerto don violin da orchestra, XNUMX string quartets, piano quintets da trios, ɗakin murya da ayyukan kayan aiki, kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo na ban mamaki, amma basirar mawallafin ya bayyana kanta a fili a cikin kiɗa na symphonic.

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Sibelius ya girma a cikin iyali inda ake ƙarfafa waƙa: ’yar’uwar mawaƙi tana buga piano, ɗan’uwansa yana buga cello, Jan kuma ya fara buga piano sannan ya buga violin. Bayan ɗan lokaci, don wannan rukunin gida ne aka rubuta ƙagaggun rukunin farko na Sibelius. Gustav Levander, mai kula da ƙungiyar tagulla na gida, shine malamin kiɗa na farko. Ƙwararren yaro ya nuna da wuri - Yang ya rubuta ƙaramin wasansa na farko yana ɗan shekara goma. Duk da haka, duk da gagarumar nasara a cikin karatun kiɗa, a 1885 ya zama dalibi a sashen shari'a na Jami'ar Helsingfors. A lokaci guda, ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Music (mafarki a cikin zuciyarsa na aiki a matsayin violinist virtuoso), da farko tare da M. Vasiliev, sa'an nan kuma tare da G. Challat.

Daga cikin ayyukan matasa na mawaki, ayyukan jagoranci na soyayya sun fito fili, a cikin yanayin da zane-zane na yanayi ya mamaye wani muhimmin wuri. Abin lura shi ne cewa Sibelius ya ba da labari ga matashin quartet - kyakkyawan yanayin arewa da ya rubuta. Hotunan yanayi suna ba da dandano na musamman ga shirin "Florestan" don piano, kodayake mawallafin ya mayar da hankali kan hoton jarumi a cikin soyayya tare da kyakkyawan baƙar fata nymph tare da gashin zinariya.

Sanin Sibelius tare da R. Cajanus, mawaƙi mai ilimi, jagora, kuma ƙwararren masanin makaɗa, ya ba da gudummawa ga zurfafa sha'awar kiɗansa. Godiya gare shi, Sibelius ya zama mai sha'awar kiɗan kiɗa da kayan aiki. Yana da abota ta kud da kud da Busoni, wanda a lokacin an gayyace shi zuwa aiki a matsayin malami a Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Helsingfors. Amma, watakila, saninsa da dangin Yarnefelt ya kasance mafi mahimmanci ga mawaƙa ('yan'uwa 3: Armas - jagora da mawaki, Arvid - marubuci, Ero - artist, 'yar'uwarsu Aino daga baya ta zama matar Sibelius).

Don inganta ilimin kiɗan sa, Sibelius ya tafi ƙasashen waje na shekaru 2: zuwa Jamus da Austria (1889-91), inda ya inganta ilimin kiɗa, yana karatu tare da A. Becker da K. Goldmark. Ya yi nazarin aikin R. Wagner, J. Brahms da A. Bruckner a hankali kuma ya zama mai bin kidan shirin. In ji mawaƙin, “waƙa za ta iya bayyana tasirinta sosai sa’ad da aka ba ta ja-gora daga wasu ma’anar waƙa, wato, sa’ad da aka haɗa kiɗa da waƙa.” Wannan ƙarshe dai an haife shi ne a daidai lokacin da mawaƙin ya ke nazarin hanyoyin tsara abubuwa daban-daban, yana nazarin salo da misalan fitattun nasarorin makarantun mawaƙa na Turai. Ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 1892, a Finland, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin marubucin, an yi waƙar "Kullervo" (bisa ga makirci daga "Kalevala") tare da babban nasara ga masu soloists, mawaƙa da mawaƙa. Ana ɗaukar wannan ranar ranar haihuwar ƙwararrun kiɗan Finnish. Sibelius ya juya akai-akai zuwa almara na Finnish. Babban ɗakin "Lemminkäinen" na ƙungiyar mawaƙa na kade-kade ya kawo mawaƙin ya shahara a duniya.

A ƙarshen 90s. Sibelius ya ƙirƙira waƙar waƙar "Finland" (1899) da Symphony na Farko (1898-99). A lokaci guda kuma, yana ƙirƙirar kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo. Mafi shahara shi ne kida na wasan kwaikwayo na "Kuolema" na A. Yarnefeld, musamman "The Sad Waltz" (mahaifiyar jarumin, tana mutuwa, tana ganin siffar mijinta da ya mutu, wanda, kamar dai, ya gayyace ta don rawa. , kuma ta mutu ga sautin waltz). Sibelius kuma ya rubuta kiɗa don wasanni: Pelléas et Mélisande na M. Maeterlinck (1905), Idin Belshazzar na J. Prokope (1906), The White Swan ta A. Strindberg (1908), The Tempest ta W. Shakespeare (1926) .

A cikin 1906-07. ya ziyarci St. Petersburg da Moscow, inda ya gana da N. Rimsky-Korsakov da A. Glazunov. Mawaƙin ya mai da hankali sosai ga kiɗan kiɗa - alal misali, a cikin 1900 ya rubuta Symphony na Biyu, kuma bayan shekara guda ya bayyana shahararren wasan wasan violin da ƙungiyar makaɗa. Dukansu ayyukan suna bambanta ta hanyar haske na kayan kiɗa, abin tunawa na nau'i. Amma idan wasan kwaikwayo ya mamaye launuka masu haske, to concerto yana cike da hotuna masu ban mamaki. Bugu da ƙari, mawallafin yana fassara kayan aikin solo - violin - a matsayin kayan aiki daidai da ikon ma'anar ma'anar maɗaukaki ga ƙungiyar makaɗa. Daga cikin ayyukan Sibelius a cikin 1902s. kidan da Kalevala ya yi wahayi ya sake bayyana (waƙar waƙa ta Tapiola, 20). Domin shekaru 1926 na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, mawaki bai yi waƙa ba. Duk da haka, m lambobin sadarwa tare da music duniya ba su daina. Mawaka da yawa daga sassan duniya sun zo ganinsa. An yi kidan Sibelius a cikin kide kide da wake-wake kuma ya kasance abin ado na repertoire na fitattun mawaka da masu gudanarwa na karni na 30.

L. Kozhevnikova