Fantasy |

daga Girkanci pantaoia - tunanin; lat. da itali. fantasia, Jamus Fantasia, Fantaisie na Faransa, Eng. zato, fanny, fantasy, fantasy

1) Tsarin aiki na kayan aiki ne (lokaci-lokaci Vocal) Kiɗa, fasali na mutum wanda aka bayyana cikin karkacewa na al'ada don lokacinsu, ƙasa da yawa a cikin wani sabon abu na al'adun gargajiya. tsarin abun da ke ciki. Ra'ayoyi game da F. sun bambanta a cikin kiɗa da tarihi daban-daban. zamanin, amma a kowane lokaci iyakokin nau'in sun kasance masu ban mamaki: a cikin 16-17 ƙarni. F. ya haɗu da ricercar, toccata, a bene na 2. Karni na 18 - tare da sonata, a cikin karni na 19. - Tare da waka, da sauransu ph. Koyaushe yana da alaƙa da nau'ikan nau'ikan da siffofin gama gari a lokacin da aka ba. A lokaci guda kuma, aikin da ake kira F. wani sabon abu ne na "sharuɗɗan" (tsari, ma'ana) waɗanda suka saba da wannan zamanin. Matsayin rarrabawa da 'yanci na nau'in F. sun dogara ne akan ci gaban muses. siffofi a cikin wani zamanin da aka ba: lokutan umarni, a wata hanya ko wani salo mai tsauri (16th - farkon karni na 17, fasahar baroque na rabi na 1st na karni na 18), wanda aka yiwa alama ta "fure mai dadi" na F.; akasin haka, sassauta nau'ikan "m" da aka kafa (romanticism) musamman ma bayyanar sabbin siffofi (ƙarni na 20) suna tare da raguwar yawan falsafanci da karuwa a tsarin tsarin su. Juyin Halitta na nau'in F. ba shi da bambanci daga ci gaban kayan aiki gaba ɗaya: lokaci na tarihin F. ya zo daidai da yawancin lokaci na yammacin Turai. karar waka. F. yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin nau'ikan instr. kiɗa, amma, sabanin yawancin farkon instr. nau'ikan da suka haɓaka dangane da mawaƙa. magana da rawa. ƙungiyoyi (canzona, suite), F. ya dogara ne akan ingantaccen kiɗan. alamu. Fitowar F. yana nufin farkon. Karni na 16 Ɗaya daga cikin asalinsa shine haɓakawa. B. h. farkon F. da aka yi niyya don kayan kida: masu yawa. F. don lute da vihuela an halicce su a Italiya (F. da Milano, 1547), Spain (L. Milan, 1535; M. de Fuenllana, 1554), Jamus (S. Kargel), Faransa (A. Rippe), Ingila (T. Morley). F. don clavier da gabobin sun kasance ƙasa da kowa (F. in Organ Tablature na X. Kotter, Fantasia allegre na A. Gabrieli). Yawancin lokaci ana bambanta su ta hanyar hana haihuwa, sau da yawa akai-akai na kwaikwayo. gabatarwa; waɗannan F. suna kusa da capriccio, toccata, tiento, canzone cewa ba koyaushe zai yiwu a tantance dalilin da yasa ake kiran wasan daidai F. (misali, F. da aka bayar a ƙasa yayi kama da richercar). Sunan a cikin wannan yanayin ana bayyana shi ta hanyar al'ada don kiran F. Ricercar da aka gina ko kyauta (tsari na sautin murya, bambanta a cikin ruhun ciki, ana kuma kiransa).

F. da Milano. Fantasy don lutes.

A cikin karni na 16 F. kuma ba sabon abu ba ne, wanda ikon sarrafa sautunan kyauta (wanda ke da alaƙa, musamman, tare da nau'ikan muryar da ke jagorantar kayan kida) a zahiri yana kaiwa ga ɗakin ajiyar ma'auni tare da gabatarwa mai kama da nassi.

L. Milan Fantasy don vihuela.

A cikin karni na 17 F. ya zama sananne sosai a Ingila. G. Purcell yayi mata magana (misali, "Fantasy for one sound"); J. Bull, W. Bird, O. Gibbons, da sauran budurwowi suna kawo F. kusa da na gargajiya. Tsarin Ingilishi - ƙasa (yana da mahimmanci cewa bambance-bambancen sunansa - zato - ya dace da ɗayan sunayen F.). Ranar farin ciki na F. a karni na 17. hade da org. kiɗa. F. a J. Frescobaldi misali ne na ƙwazo, haɓaka yanayi; "Fantasy chromatic" na maigidan Amsterdam J. Sweelinck (haɗu da siffofi na fugue mai sauƙi da rikitarwa, ricercar, bambance-bambancen polyphonic) yana shaida haihuwar kayan aiki mai mahimmanci. salo; S. Scheidt yayi aiki a cikin al'ada ɗaya, to-ry da ake kira F. contrapuntal. shirye-shiryen chorale da bambancin choral. Ayyukan waɗannan organists da masu garaya sun shirya manyan nasarorin JS Bach. A wannan lokacin, an ƙaddara hali ga F. game da aikin tashin hankali, jin dadi ko ban mamaki. hali tare da dabi'a na 'yanci na canji da ci gaba ko quirkiness na canje-canje na muses. hotuna; ya zama kusan wajibi improvisation. wani abu da ke haifar da ra'ayi na magana kai tsaye, fifikon wasan da ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba a kan tsarin tsararru da gangan. A cikin sashin jiki da ayyukan clavier na Bach, F. shine mafi tausayi kuma mafi yawan soyayya. nau'in. F. a Bach (kamar a cikin D. Buxtehude da GF Telemann, wanda ke amfani da ka'idar da capo a cikin F.) ko kuma an haɗa shi a cikin sake zagayowar tare da fugue, inda, kamar toccata ko prelude, yana hidima don shirya da inuwa na gaba. yanki (F. da fugue na gabobin g-moll, BWV 542), ko amfani dashi azaman intro. sassa a cikin suite (na violin da clavier A-dur, BWV 1025), partita (na clavier a-minor, BWV 827), ko, a ƙarshe, yana kasancewa a matsayin mai zaman kansa. samfur. (F. ga sashin G-dur BWV 572). A cikin Bach, ƙaƙƙarfan tsari ba ya saba wa ka'idar kyauta F. Alal misali, a cikin Chromatic Fantasy da Fugue, an bayyana 'yancin gabatarwa a cikin m hade da nau'i-nau'i daban-daban - org. ingantaccen rubutu, karantawa da sarrafa ma'ana na chorale. Dukkan sassan ana haɗa su tare da ma'anar motsi na maɓallai daga T zuwa D, sannan tasha a S kuma komawa zuwa T (don haka, ƙa'idar tsohuwar nau'i mai nau'i biyu an mika shi zuwa F.). Hoton makamancin haka shima sifa ce ta sauran fantasy na Bach; ko da yake sau da yawa suna cike da kwaikwayi, babban ƙarfin siffa a cikinsu shine jituwa. Ladoharmonic za a iya bayyana firam ɗin ta hanyar giant org. maki da ke goyan bayan tonics na manyan maɓallan.

Bach's F. na musamman iri-iri ne wasu shirye-shirye na choral (misali, "Fantasia super: Komm, heiliger Geist, Herre Gott", BWV 651), ka'idodin ci gaba wanda ba sa keta al'adun choral. Fassarar kyauta ta musamman tana bambance ra'ayi na ingantawa, sau da yawa ba tare da dabara ba na FE Bach. A cewar maganganunsa (a cikin littafin "Kwarewar hanyar da ta dace ta wasan clavier", 1753-62), "ana kiran fantasy kyauta lokacin da yawancin maɓallai ke da hannu a ciki fiye da wani yanki da aka haɗa ko haɓakawa cikin tsauraran mita ... Fantasy kyauta ya ƙunshi sassa dabam-dabam masu jituwa waɗanda za a iya kunna su cikin karyewar ƙira ko kowane nau'ikan siffofi daban-daban… Fantasy kyauta mara dabara yana da kyau don bayyana motsin rai."

Ruɗewar waƙa. Fantasies na WA Mozart (clavier F. d-moll, K.-V. 397) sun ba da shaida ga soyayya. fassarar nau'in. A cikin sababbin yanayi sun cika aikinsu na dogon lokaci. guda (amma ba ga fugue ba, amma ga sonata: F. da sonata c-moll, K.-V. 475, 457), sake haifar da ka'idar maye gurbin homophonic da polyphonic. gabatarwa (org. F. f-moll, K.-V. 608; makirci: AB A1 C A2 B1 A3, inda B ne sassan fugue, C ne bambancin). I. Haydn ya gabatar da F. zuwa quartet (op. 76 No 6, part 2). L. Beethoven ya ƙarfafa ƙungiyar sonata da F. ta hanyar ƙirƙirar sanannen 14th sonata, op. 27 No 2 – “Sonata quasi una Fantasia” da sonata op na 13. 27 No 1. Ya kawo wa F. ra'ayin symphony. ci gaba, virtuoso halaye instr. concerto, abin tunawa da oratorio: a cikin F. don piano, mawaƙa da ƙungiyar mawaƙa c-moll op. 80 kamar yadda aka busa waƙar yabo ga zane-zane (a cikin ɓangaren C-dur na tsakiya, an rubuta shi cikin nau'i na bambancin) jigon, daga baya aka yi amfani da shi azaman "jigon farin ciki" a ƙarshen wasan kwaikwayo na 9.

Romantic, misali. F. Schubert (jerin F. na pianoforte a hannu 2 da 4, F. don violin da pianoforte op. 159), F. Mendelssohn (F. don pianoforte op. 28), F. Liszt (org. da pianoforte. F. .) da sauransu, wadatar da F. tare da halaye masu yawa na al'ada, zurfafa sifofin shirye-shiryen da aka bayyana a baya a cikin wannan nau'in (R. Schumann, F. don piano C-dur op. 17). Yana da mahimmanci, duk da haka, cewa "romantic. 'yanci", halayyar siffofin karni na 19, a kalla ya shafi F. Yana amfani da siffofin gama gari - sonata (AN Skryabin, F. don piano a h-moll op. 28; S. Frank, org. F. A. -dur), zagayowar sonata (Schumann, F. don piano C-dur op. 17). Gabaɗaya, don F. ƙarni na 19. Siffar, a gefe guda, ita ce haɗuwa tare da nau'i na kyauta da gauraye (ciki har da wakoki), kuma a daya, tare da rhapsodies. Mn. Ƙungiyoyin da ba su ɗauke da sunan F., a zahiri, su ne (S. Frank, "Prelude, Chorale da Fugue", "Prelude, Aria da Finale"). Rasha mawaƙa suna gabatar da F. cikin fagen wok. (MI Glinka, "Daren Venetian", "Bita na Dare") da kuma wasan kwaikwayo. kiɗa: a cikin aikinsu akwai takamaiman. Orc. nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'in SV Rachmaninov. Suna ba F. wani abu dabam dabam na Rashanci. hali (MP Mussorgsky, "Night on Bald Mountain", wanda nau'in, bisa ga marubucin, shi ne "Rashanci da asali"), sa'an nan kuma fi so gabas (MA Balakirev, gabashin F. "Islamey" for fp.), sa'an nan. ban mamaki (AS Dargomyzhsky, "Baba Yaga" don ƙungiyar makaɗa) canza launi; ba shi maƙasudin falsafa (PI Tchaikovsky, “The Tempest”, F. don ƙungiyar makaɗa dangane da wasan kwaikwayo na wannan suna na W. Shakespeare, op. 7; “Francesca da Rimini”, F. don ƙungiyar makaɗa a kan makircin ƙungiyar. Waƙar 19st na Jahannama daga "Divine Comedy" na Dante, op.28).

A cikin karni na 20 F. a matsayin mai zaman kansa. nau'in ba kasafai ba ne (M. Reger, Choral F. don sashin jiki; O. Respighi, F. don piano da ƙungiyar makaɗa, 1907; JF Malipiero, Fantasy na kowace rana don ƙungiyar makaɗa, 1951; O. Messiaen, F. don violin da piano; M. Tedesco, F. don gita mai kirtani 6 da piano; A. Copland, F. don piano; A. Hovaness, F. daga Suite don piano “Shalimar”; N (I. Peiko, Concert F. don ƙaho da ɗaki Orchestra, da dai sauransu.) Wani lokaci dabi'un neoclassical suna bayyana a cikin F. (F. Busoni, "Counterpoint F."; P. Hindemith, sonatas don viola da piano - a cikin F, kashi na 1, a cikin S., kashi na 3; K. Karaev, sonata don violin da piano, finale, J. Yuzeliunas, concerto ga gabobin, motsi na 1st). violin da piano; F. Fortner, F. akan taken "BACH" don 20 pianos, 2 solo kida da makada), sonor-aleatoric. dabaru (SM Slonimsky, "Coloristic F." na piano).

A cikin bene na 2. Ƙarni na 20 ɗaya daga cikin mahimman siffofi na falsafanci - ƙirƙirar mutum, kai tsaye kai tsaye (sau da yawa tare da yanayin haɓaka ta hanyar) tsari - shine halayyar kiɗa na kowane nau'i, kuma a cikin wannan ma'ana, yawancin sababbin abubuwan da aka tsara (don misali, 4th da 5th pianos sonatas na BI Tishchenko) sun haɗu da F.

2) Mataimaki. ma'anar da ke nuna takamaiman 'yancin fassarar fassarar. nau'ikan: waltz-F. (MI Glinka), Impromptu-F., Polonaise-F. (F. Chopin, shafi na 66,61), sonata-F. (AN Scriabin, shafi na 19), overture-F. (PI Tchaikovsky, "Romeo da Juliet"), F. Quartet (B. Britten, "Fantasy quartet" na oboe da kirtani. trio), recitative-F. (S. Frank, sonata don violin da piano, part 3), F.-burlesque (O. Messiaen), da dai sauransu.

3) Na kowa a cikin 19-20 ƙarni. nau'in instr. ko orc. music, bisa free amfani da jigogi aro daga nasu abun da ke ciki ko daga ayyukan sauran composers, da kuma daga almara (ko rubuta a cikin yanayin jama'a). Dangane da matakin kerawa. sake yin aikin jigogi na F. ko dai ya samar da wani sabon fasaha gabaɗaya sannan kuma ya kusanci fassarar magana, rhapsody (yawan zato na Liszt, “Serbian F.” don ƙungiyar makaɗar Rimsky-Korsakov, “F. akan jigogin Ryabinin” don piano tare da ƙungiyar makaɗar Arensky, “Cinematic F. . . " akan jigogi na wasan kida "The Bull on the Roof" don violin da orchestra Milhaud, da dai sauransu), ko kuma "monage" mai sauƙi na jigogi da sassa, kama da potpourri (F. akan jigogi). na operettas na gargajiya, F. akan jigogin mashahuran mawaƙan waƙoƙi, da sauransu).

4) Fantasy na ƙirƙira (German Phantasie, Fantasie) - ikon fahimtar ɗan adam don wakiltar (hangen ciki na ciki, ji) abubuwan mamaki na gaskiya, bayyanar da tarihi ya ƙaddara ta al'ummomi. gwaninta da ayyukan ɗan adam, da kuma zuwa ga halittar tunani ta hanyar haɗawa da sarrafa waɗannan ra'ayoyin (a duk matakan psyche, gami da ma'ana da hankali) na fasaha. hotuna. Karɓa a cikin mujiya. kimiyya (psychology, aesthetics) fahimtar yanayin kerawa. F. ya dogara ne akan matsayin Markisanci akan tarihi. da al'ummomi. yanayin fahimtar ɗan adam da kuma kan ka'idar Leninist na tunani. A cikin karni na 20 akwai wasu ra'ayoyi game da yanayin kerawa. F., waɗanda ke nunawa a cikin koyarwar Z. Freud, CG Jung da G. Marcus.

References: 1) Kuznetsov KA, Hotunan kiɗa da tarihi, M., 1937; Mazel L., Fantasia f-moll Chopin. Kwarewar bincike, M., 1937, iri ɗaya, a cikin littafinsa: Bincike akan Chopin, M., 1971; Berkov VO, Chromatic fantasy J. Sweelinka. Daga tarihin jituwa, M., 1972; Miksheeva G., Symphonic fantasies na A. Dargomyzhsky, a cikin littafin: Daga tarihin Rasha da Soviet music, vol. 3, M., 1978; Protopopov VV, Essays daga tarihin kayan aikin kayan aiki na 1979th - farkon ƙarni na XNUMX, M., XNUMX.

3) Marx K. da Engels R., On Art, vol. 1, M., 1976; Lenin VI, jari-hujja da zargi-empirio, Poln. kull. soch., 5th ed., aya 18; nasa, Littattafan rubutu na Falsafa, ibid., vol. 29; Ferster NP, Halittar fantasy, M., 1924; Vygotsky LS, Psychology na fasaha, M., 1965, 1968; Averintsev SS, "Analytical Psychology" K.-G. Jung da ƙirar ƙirƙira, a cikin: On Modern Bourgeois Aesthetics, vol. 3, M., 1972; Davydov Yu., Tarihin Marxist da matsalar rikicin fasaha, a cikin tarin: Art bourgeois na zamani, M., 1975; nasa, Art a cikin falsafar zamantakewa na G. Marcuse, a cikin: Critique of modern bourgeois sociology of art, M., 1978.

TS Kyuregyan