Daftari |

lat. factura - masana'antu, sarrafawa, tsari, daga facio - Ina yi, na aiwatar, na samar; Jamus Faktur, Satz - sito, Satzweise, Schreibweise - salon rubutu; Fassarar Faransanci, tsari, daidaituwa - na'urar, ƙari; Rubutun Turanci, rubutu, tsari, ginawa; ital. tsari

A cikin ma'ana mai zurfi - daya daga cikin bangarorin nau'i na kiɗa, an haɗa shi a cikin kyawawan dabi'u da falsafanci na nau'i na kiɗa a cikin haɗin kai tare da duk hanyoyin magana; a cikin kunkuntar kuma mafi mahimmanci - ƙayyadaddun ƙirar ƙirar ƙira, gabatarwar kiɗa.

An bayyana kalmar "nau'i-nau'i" dangane da manufar "ma'ajiyar kiɗa". Monodic ma'ajiyar tana ɗaukar "girman kwance" kawai ba tare da wata alaƙa ta tsaye ba. A cikin tsananin unison monodich. samfurori (Gregorian Chant, Znamenny Chant) mai kai ɗaya. masana'anta na kiɗa da F. iri ɗaya ne. Arziki monodic. F. ya bambanta, misali, kiɗan Gabas. mutanen da ba su san polyphony ba: a Uzbek. da taj. Makome singing dubbed instr. taro tare da shigar ganguna masu yin usul. Monodic sito da F. sauƙi shiga cikin wani sabon abu tsaka-tsaki tsakanin monody da polyphony - a cikin wani heterophonic gabatarwa, inda unison rera waƙa a cikin aiwatar da aiki zama mafi rikitarwa decomp. melodic-rubutun zažužžukan.

Asalin polyphony. sito - daidaitawa a lokaci guda. karin waƙa. Layukan sun kasance masu zaman kansu. ci gaban wanda (mafi ko žasa mai zaman kansa daga abubuwan da suka taso tare da a tsaye) ya zama ma'auni na muses. siffofin. A cikin kiɗan polyphonic Nassoshin muryar suna nuna ɗabi'a ga daidaiton aiki, amma kuma suna iya zama masu aiki da yawa. Daga cikin halayen polyphonic F. halittu. yawa da sparseness ("dankowa" da "nuna gaskiya") suna da mahimmanci, to-rye ana kayyade shi da adadin polyphonic. muryoyin (Maigidan na tsauraran salon da son rai ya rubuta don muryoyin 8-12, suna kiyaye nau'in F guda ɗaya ba tare da wani canji mai kaifi a cikin son rai ba; duk da haka, a cikin talakawa ya kasance al'ada don saita babbar murya mai haske tare da sauti biyu ko uku, don misali, Crucifixus a cikin talakawan Palastinu). Palestrina kawai ta zayyana, kuma a cikin rubuce-rubucen kyauta, ana amfani da fasahohin sautin murya ko'ina. thickening, thickening (musamman a ƙarshen yanki) tare da taimakon karuwa da raguwa, stretta (fugue a C-dur daga 1st girma na Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier), haɗuwa da jigogi daban-daban (koda na ƙarshe na Taneyev ta symphony a cikin c-moll). A cikin misalin da ke ƙasa, kauri na rubutu saboda saurin bugun gabatarwar da haɓakar rubutu na 1st (talatin da biyu) da na 2 (chords) abubuwan jigon suna da halaye:

JS Baci. Fugue a cikin D-dur daga juzu'i na 1st na Clavier mai zafin rai (sanduna 23-27).

Don polyphonic F. shine hali na haɗin kai na ƙirar, rashin daidaituwa mai mahimmanci a cikin sonority, da kuma yawan muryoyin muryoyin. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun kaddarorin polyphonic P. - ruwa; polyphony. F. yana bambanta ta hanyar sabuntawa akai-akai, rashin maimaitawa na zahiri yayin kiyaye cikakken jigo. hadin kai. Ƙayyadaddun ƙima don polyphonic. F. yana da rhythmic. da thematic rabo na kuri'u. Tare da tsawon lokaci iri ɗaya, ƙungiyar choral F. yana bayyana a cikin duk muryoyin. Wannan F. baya kama da maƙarƙashiya-harmonic, tunda motsi a nan an ƙaddara ta hanyar tura karin waƙa. layi a cikin kowane muryoyin, kuma ba ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar aiki na masu jituwa ba. tsaye, misali:

F. da Ana. Wani yanki daga motet.

Adadin kishiyar shine polyphonic. F., bisa cikakken metrorhythm. 'yancin kai na muryoyin, kamar yadda yake a cikin canons na al'ada (duba misali a cikin v. Canon, shafi na 692); mafi na kowa nau'in complementary polyphonic. F. an ƙaddara jigo. da rhythmic. kamar kansu. muryoyin (a cikin kwaikwayo, canons, fugues, da dai sauransu). Polyphonic F. baya ware kaifi mai kaifi. rarrabuwar kawuna da madaidaicin rabo na muryoyin: muryoyin contrapuntal da ke motsawa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci suna haifar da tushe ga babban cantus firmus (a cikin talakawa da motets na ƙarni na 15th-16th, a cikin shirye-shiryen ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Bach). A cikin waƙar da aka yi a baya (ƙarni na 19 da 20), polyphony na jigogi daban-daban sun haɓaka, suna ƙirƙirar F. da ba a saba gani ba (alal misali, haɗaɗɗen rubutu na leitmotifs na wuta, ƙaddara, da mafarkin Brünnhilde a ƙarshen wasan opera Wagner The Valkyrie ). Daga cikin sababbin abubuwan da suka faru na kiɗa na karni na 20. ya kamata a lura: F. polyphony na layi (motsi na muryoyin jituwa da kuma rhythmically marasa daidaituwa, duba Symphonies Chamber na Milhaud); P., hade da hadaddun dissonant kwafi na polyphonic. muryoyin da juya zuwa polyphony na yadudduka (sau da yawa a cikin aikin O. Messiaen); "Ma'asumai" pointilistic. F. in op. A. Webern da polygon kishiyar. tsananin orc. A. Berg da A. Schoenberg; polyphonic F. aleatory (a cikin V. Lutoslavsky) da kuma sonoristic. tasiri (ta K. Penderecki).

O. Mesiya. Epouvante ( Canon Rhythmic. Misali No 50 daga littafinsa "The Technique of My Musical Language").

Mafi sau da yawa, kalmar "F." shafi harmonica music. sito. A cikin nau'ikan masu jituwa iri-iri mara ƙima. F. Na farko kuma mafi sauki shine rabonsa zuwa homophonic-harmonic da kuma chordal mai dacewa (wanda ake la'akari da shi azaman yanayi na musamman na homophonic-harmonic). Chordal F. shi ne monorhythmic: duk muryoyin an saita su a cikin sauti na tsawon lokaci guda (farkon Tchaikovsky's overture-fantasy Romeo da Juliet). A cikin jituwa na homophonic. F. zanen waƙa, bass da madaidaitan muryoyin an raba su a fili (farkon Chopin's c-moll nocturne). Ana rarrabe masu zuwa. nau'ikan gabatarwa masu jituwa. consonances (Tyulin, 1976, ch. 3rd, 4th): a) jituwa. siffa na nau'in siffa mai ma'ana, wanda ke wakiltar ɗaya ko wani nau'i na gabatar da sautunan ƙira (shafi C-dur daga ƙarar 1st na Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier); b) rhythmic. siffa – maimaita sauti ko ƙwanƙwasa (waƙar D-dur op. 32 No 2 na Scriabin); c) daban. kwafi, misali. a cikin octave tare da orc. gabatarwa (minuet daga Mozart's symphony a g-moll) ko dogon ninki biyu zuwa na uku, shida, da dai sauransu, forming "motsi tef" ("Musical Moment" op. 16 No 3 by Rachmaninov); d) nau'ikan wakoki iri-iri. siffofi, ainihin abin da ke cikin gabatarwar waƙa. ƙungiyoyi cikin jituwa. muryoyin - rikitarwa na ma'auni ta hanyar wucewa da taimako. sauti (etude c-moll op. 10 No 12 by Chopin), melodicization (mawaƙa da mawaƙa gabatar da babban jigo a farkon na 4th zanen "Sadko" na Rimsky-Korsakov) da kuma polyphonization na muryoyin (gabatarwa zuwa "Lohengrin" by Wagner), melodic-rhythmic "revitalization" org. aya (Zane na 4 “Sadko”, lamba 151). Tsarin da aka bayar na nau'ikan jituwa. F. shine ya fi kowa. A cikin kiɗa, akwai ƙayyadaddun fasaha na rubutu da yawa, bayyanar da kuma hanyoyin da ake amfani da su an ƙaddara ta hanyar salo. ka'idodin wannan kiɗa-tarihi. zamanai; don haka, tarihin F. ba shi da bambanci daga tarihin jituwa, tsarawa (mafi yawa, kayan aiki), da kuma aiki.

masu jituwa. sito da kuma F. asali daga polyphony; alal misali, Palestrina, wacce ta ji kyawun natsuwa, za ta iya amfani da siffar ma'auni masu tasowa akan matakan da yawa tare da taimakon hadadden polyphonic (canons) da ƙungiyar mawaƙa kanta. yana nufin (crossings, duplications), sha'awar jituwa, kamar kayan ado da dutse (Kyrie daga taro na Paparoma Marcello, sanduna 9-11, 12-15 - biyar counterpoint). Na dogon lokaci a cikin instr. samfur. mawaƙa na ƙarni na 17 na ƙungiyar mawaƙa. F. rubutaccen rubutu ya kasance a bayyane (misali, a cikin org. Kiss Ya Sweelinka), kuma mawaƙa sun gamsu da ingantattun dabaru da zanen harmonica. da kuma polyphonic. F. (tsohon. J. Frescobaldi). Bayanin rawar da F. yana ƙaruwa wajen samarwa. Jinsi na 2 17 in. (musamman, juxtapositions na sararin samaniya-rubutu na solo da tutti a cikin Op. A. Corelli). Music I. C. Bach alama ce ta mafi girman ci gaban F. (chaconne d-moll na violin solo, "Goldberg Variations", "Brandenburg Concertos"), da kuma a wasu virtuoso Op. ("Chromatic Fantasy da Fugue"; Fantasy G-dur ga gabobin jiki, BWV 572) Bach yana yin binciken rubutu, wanda romantics ke amfani da shi sosai. Kiɗa na al'adun gargajiyar Viennese yana da alaƙa da tsabtar jituwa kuma, daidai da haka, tsabtar ƙirar ƙira. Mawaƙa sun yi amfani da hanyoyi masu sauƙi na rubutu kuma sun dogara ne akan nau'ikan motsi na gaba ɗaya (misali, adadi kamar sassa ko arpeggios), waɗanda ba su ci karo da halin F. a matsayin muhimmin kashi (duba, misali, tsakiya a cikin bambancin 4th daga motsi na 1st na sonata na Mozart No 11 A-dur, K.-V. 331); a cikin gabatarwa da kuma ci gaban jigogi daga Allegri sonatas, ci gaban motivic yana faruwa a layi daya tare da ci gaban rubutu (alal misali, a cikin manyan da haɗin kai na 1st motsi na Beethoven's Sonata No 1). A cikin kiɗa na karni na 19, da farko a cikin mawaƙa na Romantic, ana lura da keɓancewa. daban-daban F. - wani lokacin lush da Multi-layered, wani lokacin jin daɗi a gida, wani lokacin fantastically quirky; bambance-bambancen rubutu masu ƙarfi da salo sun taso ko da a cikin aikin maigida ɗaya (cf. daban-daban kuma mai ƙarfi F. sonatas a cikin h-moll don piano. da ingantaccen zane fp. kunna "Grey Clouds" na Liszt). Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin kiɗa na karni na 19. - keɓancewa na zane-zanen rubutu: sha'awar ban mamaki, na musamman, halayyar fasahar romanticism, ya sa ya zama dabi'a don ƙin ƙima na yau da kullun a cikin F. An samo hanyoyi na musamman don zaɓin multi-octave na karin waƙa (Liszt); damar haɓaka F. mawaƙa sun samo, da farko, a cikin waƙar waƙar jituwa. siffofi (ciki har da. h a cikin wani sabon salo kamar a fp na ƙarshe. sonata b-moll Chopin), wani lokacin yana juya kusan zuwa polyphonic. gabatarwa (jigon ɓangaren gefe a cikin bayyani na ballad na 1st don piano. Chopin). Nau'in rubutu ya goyi bayan sha'awar mai sauraro a cikin wok. da instr. zagayowar ƙarami, har zuwa wani ɗan lokaci ya ƙara haɓaka abubuwan kiɗan a cikin nau'ikan da suka dogara kai tsaye akan F. - Tudes, bambance-bambancen, rhapsodies. Barka da ranar haihuwa. hannun, akwai polyphonization na F. gabaɗaya (ƙarshen violin sonata na Frank) da kuma harmonica. siffofi na musamman (8-ch. Canon a cikin gabatarwar Wagner's Rhine Gold). Rasha mawaƙa sun gano tushen sabbin sonorities a cikin dabarun rubutu na Gabas. music (duba, musamman, Balakirev ta "Islamei"). Daya daga cikin mafi mahimmanci. nasarori na karni na 19 a yankin F. – ƙarfafa ta motivic wadata, thematic. maida hankali (R. Wagner, I. Brahms): a cikin wasu Op. a gaskiya, babu ma'auni guda ɗaya na marasa jigo. abu (misali symphony in c-moll, piano. Taneyev Quintet, Rimsky-Korsakov's marigayi operas). Matsananciyar mahimmin ci gaba na F. shine fitowar P.-harmony da F.-timbre. Ma'anar wannan al'amari shi ne cewa a wasu Ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗa, jituwa, kamar yadda yake, ya wuce zuwa Ph., an ƙayyade ƙaddamarwa ba kawai ta hanyar sautin murya ba kamar yadda tsarin zane mai ban sha'awa: daidaitawar "bene" na ma'ajin. tare da juna, tare da rajista na piano, tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa yana ɗaukar fifiko. ƙungiyoyi; mafi mahimmanci ba shine tsayi ba, amma cikawar rubutu na ma'auni, watau e. yadda ake dauka. Misalan F.-harmony suna ƙunshe a cikin Op. M. AP Mussorgsky (misali, "Clock with chimes" daga aiki na 2nd. opera "Boris Godunov"). Amma a gaba ɗaya, wannan sabon abu ya fi kama da kiɗa na karni na 20: F.-harmony sau da yawa ana samuwa a cikin samar da. A. N. Scriabin (farkon reprise na 1st part na 4th fp. sonata; karshen fp na 7. sonata; karshen fp. waƙar "Zuwa Harshen Harshen"), K. Debussy, S. AT. Rachmaninov. A wasu lokuta, haɗewar F. kuma jituwa yana ƙayyade timbre (fp. wasa "Skarbo" na Ravel), wanda aka fi bayyana shi a cikin orc. dabarar "haɗuwa irin wannan adadi", lokacin da sautin ya tashi daga haɗuwa da rhythmic. Bambance-bambancen adadi guda ɗaya wanda aka rubuta (wani dabara da aka sani na dogon lokaci, amma ta haɓaka cikin ƙima na I. F.

A cikin da'awar karni na 20. hanyoyi daban-daban na sabunta F. tare. Kamar yadda aka lura da mafi yawan al'amuran yau da kullum: ƙarfafa aikin F. gaba ɗaya, ciki har da polyphonic. F., dangane da fifikon wakokin polyphony a cikin kidan na karni na 20. (musamman, a matsayin maidowa na F. na zamanin baya a cikin samar da jagorancin neoclassical); ƙarin keɓancewa na fasaha na rubutu (F. shine ainihin "wanda aka haɗa" don kowane sabon aiki, kamar yadda aka halicci nau'i na mutum da jituwa a gare su); ganowa - dangane da sabon jituwa. ka'idoji - kwafi na dissonant (3 etudes op. 65 na Scriabin), bambancin musamman hadaddun da "mai sauƙi mai sauƙi" F. (bangaren 1st na 5th piano concerto na Prokofiev), da kuma zane-zane na improvisational. nau'in (No 24 "Horizontal and Vertical" daga Shchedrin's "Polyphonic Notebook"); hade da asali rubutu fasali na nat. kiɗa tare da sabuwar jituwa. da orc. dabara prof. art-va (mai haske mai launi "Symphonic Dances" Mold. Comp. P. Rivilis da sauran ayyuka); ci gaba da thematization na F. c) musamman, a cikin ayyuka na serial da serial), wanda ke haifar da ainihin thematism da F.

Fitowa a cikin sabon kiɗa na ƙarni na 20. ma'ajiyar da ba ta al'ada ba, ba ta da alaƙa da ko dai jituwa ko polyphonic, tana ƙayyade nau'ikan nau'ikan Ph.: guntu mai zuwa na samfurin. yana nuna katsewar da ke da halayyar wannan kiɗan, rashin daidaituwa na F. - rijista stratification ('yancin kai), mai ƙarfi. da magana. bambanta:

P. Boulez. Piano Sonata No 1, farkon motsi na 1st.

Darajar F. a cikin fasahar kiɗa. An kawo avant-garde zuwa dabaru. iyaka, lokacin da F. ya zama kusan ɗaya kaɗai (a cikin adadin ayyukan K. Penderetsky) ko ƙungiyoyi. makasudin ainihin mawaƙi's aikin (vocal. Stockhausen's "Stimmungen" sextet ne a texture-timbre bambancin daya B-dur triad). F. ingantawa a cikin sautin da aka bayar ko rhythmic. cikin - main. liyafar sarrafa aleatorics (op. V. Lutoslavsky); filin F. ya haɗa da saitin sonoristic wanda ba a ƙididdige shi ba. ƙirƙira (tarin fasahar sonoristic - "Fantasy Launi" don opera Slonimsky). Zuwa kiɗan lantarki da kankare da aka kirkira ba tare da al'ada ba. kayan aiki da hanyoyin aiwatarwa, manufar F., a fili, ba a zartar ba.

F. yana nufin. iya yin siffa (Mazel, Zuckerman, 1967, shafi 331-342). Alamar da ke tsakanin nau'i da nau'i an bayyana a cikin gaskiyar cewa kiyaye tsarin da aka ba da shi yana ba da gudummawa ga haɗin kai na ginin, canjinsa yana inganta rushewa. F. ya dade yana aiki a matsayin kayan aiki mafi mahimmancin canji a cikin dakika guda. ostinato da neostinatny bambance-bambancen siffofin, bayyana a wasu lokuta manyan tsauri. damar ("Bolero" na Ravel). F. yana da ikon canza kamanni da ainihin ma'auni. hoto (ci gaba da leitmotif a cikin kashi na 1st, a cikin ci gaba da lambar kashi na 2 na 4th piano sonata ta Scriabin); Ana amfani da canje-canjen rubutu sau da yawa a cikin sauye-sauyen nau'ikan motsi uku (bangare na biyu na 2th piano sonata na Beethoven; nocturne c-moll op. 16 by Chopin), a cikin dakatarwa a cikin rondo (karshen piano sonata No. 48 na Beethoven). Matsayin da aka tsara na F. yana da mahimmanci a cikin ci gaban nau'ikan sonata (musamman orc. abubuwan da aka tsara), wanda aka ƙayyade iyakokin sassan ta hanyar canji a cikin hanyar sarrafawa kuma, saboda haka, F. thematic. abu. Canjin F. ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan. na nufin rarraba nau'i a cikin ayyukan karni na 25. ("Pacific 20" na Honegger). A wasu sababbin abubuwan da aka tsara, fom ɗin ya zama mai yanke hukunci don gina sigar (misali, a cikin abin da ake kira sifofin maimaitawa dangane da dawo da madaidaicin ginin ɗaya).

Nau'in F. galibi ana haɗa su da def. nau'ikan nau'ikan (misali, kiɗan rawa), wanda shine tushen haɗawa cikin samarwa. nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke ba wa kiɗan rashin fahimta mai fa'ida (bayyanan misalan irin wannan a cikin kiɗan Chopin: alal misali, Prelude No. 20 c-moll - cakuda fasalin chorale, tattakin jana'izar da passacaglia). F. yana riƙe alamun ɗaya ko wani tarihin tarihi ko na mutum ɗaya. salon (kuma, ta ƙungiya, zamanin): abin da ake kira. rakiyar guitar yana ba SI Taneev damar ƙirƙirar salo mai salo na farkon Rashanci. elegies a cikin soyayya "Lokacin da, whirling, kaka ganye"; G. Berlioz a cikin kashi na 3 na wasan kwaikwayo na "Romeo da Julia" don ƙirƙirar ƙasa. kuma launi na tarihi cikin basira ya sake haifar da sautin madrigal a cappella na karni na 16; R. Schumann ya rubuta ingantacciyar kida a cikin Carnival. Hotunan F. Chopin da N. Paganini. F. shine babban tushen kiɗan. siffantawa, musamman gamsarwa a lokuta da k.-l. zirga-zirga. Tare da taimakon F. ana samun tsabtar gani na kiɗa (gabatarwa zuwa Wagner's Gold of the Rhine), a lokaci guda. cike da asiri da kyau ("Yabon Hamada" daga "Tale of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevronia" na Rimsky-Korsakov), da kuma wani lokacin ban mamaki rawar jiki ("zuciya ta buga a fyaucewa" a cikin soyayya ta MI Glinka. "Na Tuna Wani Lokaci Mai Girma")).

References: Sposobin I., Evseev S., Dubovsky I., Haɗin kai na Aiki, Sashe na 2, M., 1935; Skrebkov SS, Littafin rubutu na polyphony, sassa 1-2, M.-L., 1951, 1965; nasa, Nazarin ayyukan kiɗa, M., 1958; Milstein Ya., F. List, part 2, M., 1956, 1971; Grigoriev SS, A kan waƙar Rimsky-Korsakov, M., 1961; Grigoriev S., Muller T., Littafin rubutu na polyphony, M., 1961, 1977; Mazel LA, Zukkerman VA, Nazarin ayyukan kiɗa, M., 1967; Shchurov V., Siffofin rubutun polyphonic na waƙoƙin Kudancin Rasha, a cikin tarin: Daga tarihin kiɗan Rasha da Soviet, M., 1971; Zukkerman VA, Nazarin ayyukan kiɗa. Siffar bambancin, M., 1974; Zavgorodnyaya G., Wasu siffofi na rubutu a cikin ayyukan A. Onegger, "SM", 1975, No 6; Shaltuper Yu., A kan salon Lutoslavsky a cikin 60s, a cikin: Matsalolin Kimiyyar Kiɗa, vol. 3, M., 1975; Tyulin Yu., Koyarwar nau'in kiɗan kiɗa da siffa mai ɗanɗano. Rubutun kiɗa, M., 1976; Pankratov S., A kan maɗaukakin maɗaukaki na rubutun piano na Scriabin, a cikin: Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na polyphony da nazarin ayyukan kiɗa (Tsarin Cibiyar Kiɗa da Kiɗa ta Gnesins na Jiha, fitowa ta 20), M., 1976; nasa, Ƙa'idodin da aka rubuta na wasan kwaikwayo na Scriabin na piano, ibid.; Bershadskaya T., Laccoci a kan jituwa, L., 1978; Kholopova V., Faktura, M., 1979.

VP Frayonov