Darius Milhaud |

Darius Milhaud

Mutane da yawa sun ba shi lakabin hazaka, kuma mutane da yawa sun ɗauke shi a matsayin charlatan wanda babban burinsa shi ne ya "girgiza bourgeois." M. Bauer

Ƙirƙirar D. Milhaud ya rubuta shafi mai haske, mai launi a cikin kiɗan Faransanci na karni na XX. Ya bayyana a sarari kuma a sarari ra'ayin duniya na bayan yakin 20s, kuma sunan Milhaud ya kasance a tsakiyar rikice-rikice na kiɗa-m na wancan lokacin.

An haifi Milhaud a kudancin Faransa; Tatsuniyar Provencal da yanayin ƙasarsa ta haihuwa sun kasance har abada a cikin ruhin marubucin kuma sun cika fasaharsa da dandano na musamman na Bahar Rum. Matakan farko na kiɗa sun haɗa da violin, wanda Milhaud ya fara karatu a Aix, kuma daga 1909 a Conservatory na Paris tare da Bertelier. Amma ba da daɗewa ba sha'awar rubutu ta mamaye. Daga cikin malaman Milhaud akwai P. Dukas, A. Gedalzh, C. Vidor, da kuma V. d'Andy (a cikin Schola cantorum).

A cikin ayyukan farko (wasan kwaikwayo, ɗakunan ɗakin gida), tasirin impressionism na C. Debussy yana da hankali. Haɓaka al'adar Faransanci (H. Berlioz, J. Bazet, Debussy), Milhaud ya zama mai karɓa ga kiɗa na Rasha - M. Mussorgsky, I. Stravinsky. Stravinsky's ballets (musamman The Rite of Spring, wanda ya gigita dukan duniya na kiɗa) ya taimaka wa matashin mawaki ya ga sabon hangen nesa.

Ko da a cikin shekarun yaki, an halicci sassan 2 na farko na opera-oratorio trilogy "Oresteia: Agamemnon" (1914) da "Choephors" (1915); An rubuta Sashe na 3 na Eumenides daga baya (1922). A cikin trilogy, mawakin ya watsar da sophistication na ra'ayi kuma ya sami sabon harshe mai sauƙi. Rhythm ya zama mafi inganci hanyar magana (saboda haka, karatun mawaƙa yakan kasance tare da kayan kida kawai). Ɗaya daga cikin Milhaud na farko ya yi amfani da shi a nan haɗin haɗin maɓalli daban-daban (polytonality) lokaci guda don haɓaka tashin hankali na sauti. Babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa P. Claudel, abokinsa kuma mai ra'ayin Milhaud ne ya fassara kuma ya sarrafa rubutun bala'in Aeschylus. "Na tsinci kaina a bakin kofa na fasaha mai mahimmanci da lafiya… wanda mutum ke jin iko, kuzari, ruhi da tausayi da aka saki daga sarƙoƙi. Wannan ita ce fasahar Paul Claudel!" daga baya mawakin ya tuna.

A shekara ta 1916, an nada Claudel jakada a Brazil, kuma Milhaud, a matsayin babban sakatarensa, ya tafi tare da shi. Milhaud ya ba da sha'awa ga haske na launuka na yanayi na wurare masu zafi, tsattsauran ra'ayi da wadatar al'adun gargajiya na Latin Amurka a cikin raye-rayen Brazil, inda hadaddiyar waƙa da rakiyar polytonal ke ba da sautin kaifi na musamman da yaji. Ballet Man and His Desire (1918, rubutun Claudel) ya sami wahayi ne ta hanyar rawa na V. Nijinsky, wanda ya zagaya Rio de Janeiro tare da 'yan wasan ballet na Rasha S. Diaghilev.

Komawa zuwa Paris (1919), Milhaud ya shiga cikin rukuni na "Shida", abubuwan da suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su shine mawaki E. Satie da mawallafin J. Cocteau. Membobin wannan rukuni sun yi adawa da karin magana na romanticism da sauye-sauye masu ban sha'awa, don fasahar "duniya", fasahar "kowace rana". Sautunan ƙarni na XNUMX sun shiga cikin kiɗan mawaƙa na matasa: raye-rayen fasaha da zauren kiɗa.

Yawan ballets da Milhaud ya kirkira a cikin 20s sun haɗu da ruhin eccentricity, wasan kwaikwayo na wawa. A cikin Ballet Bull on Roof (1920, rubutun Cocteau), wanda ke nuna mashaya na Amurka a cikin shekarun da aka haramta, ana jin waƙar raye-raye na zamani, irin su tango. A cikin Halittar Duniya (1923), Milhaud ya juya zuwa salon jazz, yana ɗaukar matsayin abin koyi na ƙungiyar makaɗar Harlem (Negro kwata na New York), mawaƙin ya gana da makaɗa irin wannan lokacin yawon shakatawa na Amurka. A cikin ballet "Salad" (1924), farfado da al'adar wasan kwaikwayo na masks, tsohuwar kiɗan Italiyanci.

Binciken Milhaud shima ya bambanta a nau'in operatic. A bayan bangon wasan kwaikwayo na ɗakin operas (Wahalolin Orpheus, The Poor Sailor, da dai sauransu) ya tashi babban wasan kwaikwayo Christopher Columbus (bayan Claudel), kololuwar aikin mawaƙa. Yawancin ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa an rubuta su a cikin 20s. A wannan lokacin, an kuma ƙirƙiri wasan kwaikwayo na ɗaki 6, sonatas, quartets, da sauransu.

Mawaƙin ya zagaya sosai. A 1926 ya ziyarci USSR. Ayyukansa a Moscow da Leningrad bai bar kowa ba. Kamar yadda shaidun gani da ido suka ce, “wasu sun fusata, wasu sun ruɗe, wasu suna da gaskiya, kuma matasa suna da ƙwazo.”

A cikin 30s, fasahar Milhaud ta fuskanci matsalolin ƙonawa na duniyar zamani. Tare da R. Rolland. L. Aragon da abokansa, mambobi ne na ƙungiyar shida, Milhaud yana shiga cikin aikin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Jama'a (tun 1936), rubuta waƙoƙi, mawaƙa, da cantatas ga ƙungiyoyi masu son da kuma yawan jama'a. A cikin cantatas, ya juya zuwa jigogi na ɗan adam ("Mutuwar Azzalumi", "Peace Cantata", "War Cantata", da dai sauransu). Mawaƙin kuma ya tsara wasan kwaikwayo masu kayatarwa ga yara, kiɗa don fina-finai.

Mamayewar sojojin Nazi a Faransa ya tilasta Milhaud ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka (1940), inda ya juya zuwa koyarwa a Kwalejin Mills (kusa da Los Angeles). Da yake zama farfesa a Conservatory na Paris (1947) bayan ya dawo ƙasarsa, Milhaud bai bar aikinsa a Amurka ba kuma yana tafiya a kai a kai.

Yana ƙara sha'awar kiɗan kayan aiki. Bayan kade-kade guda shida don abubuwan da suka shafi dakin (wanda aka kirkira a cikin 1917-23), ya rubuta karin wakoki 12. Milhaud shi ne marubucin 18 quartets, ƙungiyar makaɗa, overtures da yawa concertos: na piano (5), viola (2), cello (2), violin, oboe, garaya, garaya, percussion, marimba da vibraphone tare da makada. Sha'awar Milhaud a cikin taken gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci ba ya raunana (opera Bolivar - 1943; Symphony na hudu, wanda aka rubuta don karni na juyin juya halin 1848; Gidan Wuta na Cantata - 1954, sadaukar da kai don tunawa da wadanda aka kashe. farkisanci, kona a sansanonin taro).

Daga cikin ayyukan da aka yi na shekaru talatin da suka gabata akwai ƙididdiga a cikin nau'o'in nau'o'i daban-daban: babban wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo David (1952), wanda aka rubuta don bikin 3000th na Urushalima, mahaifiyar opera-oratorio St. "(1970, bayan P. Beaumarchais), da dama ballets (ciki har da "The Bells" by E. Poe), da yawa kayan aiki ayyuka.

Milhaud ya shafe 'yan shekarun baya a Geneva, yana ci gaba da tsarawa da kuma aiki kan kammala littafin tarihin rayuwarsa, My Happy Life.

K. Zankin

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