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Jamus Stufe, Tonstufe, Klangstufe; Digiri na Ingilishi; Faransanci digiri; ital. grado; sauran digiri na Rasha

Wurin sautin (sautin) azaman hanyar haɗi a cikin tsarin sikelin (gamma, kunnawa, yanayin, tonality), da irin wannan sautin kanta.

Ma'anar "S." yana da alaƙa da ra'ayin ma'auni a matsayin "tsani" (Scala na Italiyanci, Jamus Leiter, Tonleiter), motsi tare da wanda aka tsinkayi a matsayin mataki na gaba, watau, canji mai sauri daga wannan inganci (daga kashi ɗaya) zuwa wani ( misali, c - d, d - e, e - f). Sauye-sauyen S. na ɗaya daga cikin bayyanar motsi, haɓakawa, ta hanyar tsarin farar fata. Saita S. na k.-l. tsarin, yana ba da shawarar tsari na sauye-sauye daga wannan S. zuwa wani; a cikin wannan akwai wani kamance tsakanin ra'ayoyin S. da aikin tonal. A cikin jituwa. tonality daidai da bambanci tsakanin DOS biyu. nau'ikan ƙungiyar sauti mai tsayi - mai kai ɗaya. da polygon. - karkashin kalmar "S." yana nufin ba kawai sauti daban na ma'auni ba, amma kuma an gina shi a kai kamar yadda yake a kan babba. sautin murya (suna cewa, alal misali, game da yin murya a cikin jerin matakai: V - VI). Don sanya S. na wancan da sauran nau'ikan, G. Schenker zuwa na gargajiya. An ƙara larabci a cikin lambobin Roman:

S. Chord ya rufe da yawa. S.-sauti (alal misali, maƙallan V9 ya haɗa da 5, 7, 2, 4, 6, kuma sauyawa daga ɗaya "matakin sauti" zuwa wani a cikin "sautin shiga" ɗaya ba a la'akari dashi azaman canji a aikinsa na gaba ɗaya, tunda ya zama gama gari ga duk abubuwan da ke tattare da “matakan sauti”). A cikin jituwa. tonality S. - cibiyar gida (microde; misali, akan V C. 1 gravitates zuwa 7 duk da babban nauyi), yana ƙarƙashin janar (S. a matsayin sublad). Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da aka fi sani da ma'anar ƙididdiga yana da alaƙa da manufar "S.-chord", ainihin abin da ke nuna adadin daidaituwa a cikin jerin ma'auni (bayanin aiki, ya bambanta da bayanin mataki, ya ƙayyade ma'anar maɗaukaki a cikin ma'anar tsarin jituwa). A cikin kiɗan turawa na ƙarni na 17-19, bisa tsarin sauti mai matakai 12. tsarin, rinjaye diatonic. a ainihinsa (duba Diatonic), hanyoyin suna manya da ƙanana, waɗanda, duk da haka, sun yarda da chromatism. 12 "matakan sauti" mai yiwuwa a cikin waɗannan hanyoyin an raba su cikin aiki zuwa manyan guda 7 (a cikin C-dur sun dace da maɓallan fararen php.) da kuma abubuwan 5 (canza; daidai da maɓallan baƙi); irin wannan canji. chromaticity wani sabon abu ne na biyu zuwa diatonic. tushe (F. Chopin, Etude a-moll op. 25 No 11), kuma bisa ga babban ka'idar tsarin, da frets ya kamata a yi la'akari da matsayin 7-mataki. A cikin kiɗa na karni na 20 tare da mataki na 7, ana amfani da matakan 12-mataki na tsari (na halitta chromaticism da sauran nau'o'insa, alal misali, a cikin A. Webern's Bagatelles, op. 9, piano trio by EV Denisov). Baya ga tsarin 7- da 12-mataki, akwai wasu tare da ƙananan adadin C. (alal misali, pentatonic) kuma tare da mafi girma (microchromatic daga 24, 36 C .; a nan jerin matakai 12 na iya aiki. a matsayin babba).

Wajibi ne a bambance tsakanin ra'ayoyin: S. da takamaiman ma'anar sautin (ƙugiya). Don haka, a cikin tsarin chromatic C (dur) yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da sautuna ces-heses-as kuma, a gefe guda, eis-fis-gis-ais, duk da haka, waɗannan ƙayyadaddun ƙimar sautin ba sa haifar da wuce haddi na ainihin adadin "matakan sauti" na chromatic sautin 12. gamma.

References: Avraamov A., A kan triad na 2nd digiri na manyan, "Music", 1915, No 205, 213; Glinsky M., Alamun Chromatic a cikin kiɗa na gaba, "RMG", 1915, No 49; Gorkovenko A., Manufar mataki da matsalar tsarin, "SM", 1969, No 8; Albersheim G., Die Tonstufe, "Mf", 1963, Jahrg. 16, H. 2. Duba kuma lit. ku Art. Jituwa, Yanayin, Maɓalli, Tsarin sauti, Diatonic, Chromatic, Microchromatic, Pentatonic, Sikeli, Hali.

Yu. N. Kholopov