Diatonic |
daga Girkanci dia - ta hanyar, tare da tonos - sautin (dukan sautin), haruffa - tafiya tare da sautunan
Tsarin sauti bakwai, duk sautunan da za a iya tsara su a cikin cikakken kashi biyar. Irin wannan, alal misali, shine jerin tazara a cikin wasu Hellenanci. diatonic tetrachord: e1 – d1 – c1 – h (dukansu sautuna biyu da semitone), sabanin jerin tazarar chromatic. tetrachord e1 - des1 - c 1 - h (babu duka sautin). Diatonic su ne waɗancan tazara da waƙoƙi waɗanda za a iya samu a cikin sarkar kashi shida na biyar (an ba da misali a mabuɗin C-dur):
(wani lokaci tritone a matsayin bambance-bambancen tsantsa na huɗu ko na biyar mai tsarki ba a ɗaukar shi azaman diatonic ba, amma a matsayin tazara na chromatic).
Akwai dangantaka mai tsauri tsakanin adadin tazara iri ɗaya da adadin matakai na biyar (Q) waɗanda suka samar da wannan tazara a cikin tsantsar D. Adadin da ke nuna sau nawa tazara da aka bayar a cikin tsarin daidai yake da bambanci. tsakanin jimlar adadin sautunan da ke cikin tsarin da adadin matakai na biyar:
h. prima, h. octave (0Q) yana faruwa sau 7 (7-0), h. na biyar, h. quart (1Q) yana faruwa sau 6 (7-1), b. biyu, m. na bakwai (2Q) yana faruwa sau 5 (7-2), b. na shida, m. na uku (3Q) yana faruwa sau 4 (7-3), b. na uku, m. na shida (4Q) yana faruwa sau 3 (7-4), b. na bakwai, m. na biyu (5Q) yana faruwa sau 2 (7-5), tritone (6Q) yana faruwa sau 1 (7-6).
Hakanan ana ɗaukar tazarar diatonic a cikin waɗannan lokuta lokacin da aka samo su ta hanyar canza matakan chromatically (misali, as-b shine sautin diatonic gabaɗaya, duka daga mahallin da maɓalli, misali, a cikin C-dur). Hakanan ya shafi ma'auni (misali, ges-b-des a cikin C-dur shine ma'aunin diatonic akan ma'aunin diatonic). Saboda haka, GL Catoire yana bambanta ma'auni na chromatic. da gaske (misali, d-fis-as-c) da chromatic. ta matsayi (misali, des-f-as a cikin C-dur). Yawancin tsoffin hanyoyin Hellenanci sune diatonic, da kuma na zamani da sauran yanayin yanayi, gami da yaɗuwar Ionian (manyan dabi'a) da kuma yanayin Aeolian (ƙananan dabi'a):
A cikin ma'ana mafi girma, abin da ake kira. Yanayin diatonic na yanayi, yanayin diatonic masu canzawa, tsarin da ma'auni (duba yanayin). A wasu daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyin, tare da sautuna da sautin sauti, haɓaka kuma yana shiga. na biyu.
Anhemitonic pentatonic (bisa ga kalmomin Catoire, "protodiatonic") da Tsakiyar Tsakiya. Ana iya fassara hexachords azaman diatonic wanda bai cika ba. tsarin.
Wasu lokuta ana kiran tsarin sauti 12 (mataki 12) diatonic, kowane mataki wanda ake ɗaukarsa azaman mai zaman kansa. A lokaci guda kuma, an sanya ma'anar daban a cikin ma'anar D.: D. a matsayin saitin asali. matakai (AS Ogolevets, MM Skorik).
A cikin wani Girkanci. D. kiɗa yana ɗaya daga cikin yanayi guda uku na modal ("genera"), tare da chromaticity, wanda yayi amfani da ƙananan dakika biyu a jere, da kuma karuwa. na biyu, da kuma anharmonics, ƙayyadaddun su sun kasance tazara ƙasa da semitone. A cikin wannan Girkanci kiɗan yayi kama da sauran tsoffin al'adu na monophonic, musamman na Gabas Kusa da Bahar Rum.
Daban-daban nau'ikan D. sune tushen yammacin Turai. da fasahar wakokin gargajiya na Rasha, da kuma Prof. Kiɗa na Turai (Gregorian song), musamman bayan amincewar polyphony a matsayin mafi girman nau'in kiɗan. gabatarwa. Harmonic haɗin kai na muryoyin ana aiwatar da su ne da farko tare da taimakon aikin haɗin gwiwar mafi sauƙi - kashi biyar da hudu, kuma haɗin murya na huɗu na quint yana taimakawa wajen bayyanar diatonic. dangantaka.
Tsarin hexachords, wanda ya yadu tun lokacin Guido d'Arezzo (duba Solmization), an daidaita shi a cikin tsarin diatonic na gabaɗaya. sauye-sauyen tsarin tsarin (musamman a cikin canje-canje
- molle da
-durum, watau b da h). Irin wannan sauye-sauyen yanayi kuma halayen Rashanci ne. kiɗan coci (h a ƙasa da b a sama, duba "ma'auni na yau da kullum" a cikin misalin sama). Mai alaƙa da wannan shine al'adar tantance muryoyin tare da dec. manyan haruffa, misali. ba tare da alamun a cikin babbar murya ba kuma tare da lebur ɗaya a ƙasa.
G. de Macho. Ballad 1. Ci comencent les balades ou il ha waƙa, sanduna 1-3.
Tare da kafa rinjaye na "harmonic. tonality”—babba da ƙanana (tun daga karni na 17), sabon nau'in kayan aiki, dangane da func. tsarin manyan triads guda uku - tonics, masu rinjaye da masu rinjaye, haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar dangantaka ta biyar mafi karfi. Ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yanayi dangane da func. jituwa yana haifar da samuwar sabon mawaƙa-harmonic. haɗi na sautunan yanayin (alal misali, a cikin C-dur, sautin d yana haɗa tare da prima na tonic ta hanyar babban sautin g, sautin e - na cikin triad tonic, f - a matsayin babban sautin. na mai mulki, da dai sauransu), wanda aka gane a cikin jeri na maɗaukaki (a ka'idar JF Rameau ya tabbatar da shi). Abubuwan da ba na diatonic da chromatics an ƙirƙira su ne bisa tushen D. duka cikin waƙoƙin waƙa da maƙarƙashiya-daidaituwa ta hanyar canji, gaurayawan kayan aikin diatonic iri ɗaya. abubuwa a jere da kuma a lokaci guda (polydiatonic).
A 19 - bara. A cikin karni na 20, a gefe guda, an farfado da tsohon D. kuma D. Nar. sito da kuma kusa da shi (a F. Chopin, F. Liszt, E. Grieg, K. Debussy, musamman a Rasha composers - MI Glinka, MA Balakirev, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, MP Mussorgsky da sauransu).
A gefe guda, akwai canji zuwa chromaticity a matsayin tushen tsarin tsayi. Farkon wannan tsari shine "Tristan" na R. Wagner. An canza gaba ɗaya zuwa jam'i na chromatic. mawaƙa na karni na 20, musamman wakilan sabon makarantar Viennese.
AK Lyadov. Wakokin gargajiya takwas na Rasha. III. Zane.
A cikin waƙar karni na 20 ana amfani da nau'ikan D. iri-iri: D. nar. sito, kusa da classic. babba da ƙanana; D. in decomp. gyare-gyare, polylady, polydiatonic. haɗuwa (IF Stravinsky, SV Rachmaninov, SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, B. Bartok). Sau da yawa D. ya kasance kawai a matsayin tushe, ƙari ko žasa da lullube (SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, P. Hindemith), ko ya bayyana a matsayin wani abu mai mahimmanci na wanda ba diatonic ba. Tsarin (ana yiwa filayen diatonic alama a cikin baka):
SS Prokofiev. "Betrothal a cikin gidan sufi" ("Duenna"). Hoto na 2, karshen.
References: Serov AN, waƙar gargajiya ta Rasha a matsayin batun kimiyya, "Lokacin Kiɗa", 1869/70, No 18, 1870/71, Babu No 6 da 13; Petr VI, A kan abubuwan ƙirƙira, tsari da yanayi a cikin tsohuwar kiɗan Girka, K., 1901; Catuar GL, Hanyar jituwa ta ka'idar, sashi na 1, M., 1924; Tyulin Yu. N., Koyarwa game da jituwa, sashe na 1, L., 1937, 1966; nasa, Hanyoyin Halitta da sauye-sauye, M., 1971; Ogolevets AS, Tushen Harshen jituwa, M.-L., 1941; Kastalsky AD, Muhimman abubuwan da ake kira polyphony na jama'a, M.-L., 1948; Sposobin IV, Ka'idar Elementary na kiɗa, M., 1951, 1958; Kushnarev XS, Tambayoyi na tarihi da ka'idar Armeniya monodic music, L., 1958; Berkov VO, Harmony, sashi na 1, M., 1962; 1970; Skorik MM, Prokofiev da Schoenberg, "SM", 1962, No 1; Karklin LA, Gabaɗaya ƙwarewar aiki, “SM”, 1965, No 7; Sohor AH, Akan Hali da Bayyana Yiwuwar Diatonicism, a cikin: Tambayoyi na Ka'idar da Kyawun Kiɗa, vol. 4, L.-M., 1965; Sposobin IV, Lakcoci akan tafarkin jituwa, M., 1969; Kotlyarevsky IA, Diatonics da Chromatics a matsayin rukuni na Musical Myslennia, Kipv, 1971; Bochkareva O., A kan wasu nau'ikan diatonic a cikin kiɗan zamani, a cikin: Kiɗa da Zamani, vol. 7, M., 1971; Sigitov S., Bela Bartok's modal tsarin na ƙarshen zamani na kerawa, a cikin tarin: Matsalolin yanayin, M., 1972.
Yu. H. Kholopov
