Leopold Stokowski |

Leopold Stokowski

Siffa mai ƙarfi na Leopold Stokowski na asali ne na musamman kuma yana da abubuwa da yawa. Fiye da rabin karni, ya tashi a sararin samaniyar duniya, yana faranta wa dubun-dubatar da dubban daruruwan masoya kiɗan rai, yana haifar da muhawara mai zafi, mai daurewa tare da ka-cici-ka-cici da ba zato ba tsammani, yana kama da kuzari marar gajiya da matasa na har abada. Stokowski, mai haske, ba kamar kowane madugu ba, mai zazzafar fasaha a tsakanin talakawa, mahaliccin kade-kade, malamin matasa, mai yada labarai, jarumin fina-finai, ya zama wani mutum kusan almara a Amurka, da kuma bayan iyakokinta. ’Yan uwan ​​juna sukan kira shi “tauraro” na tsayawar madugu. Kuma ko da yin la'akari da yadda Amurkawa ke da irin wannan ma'anar, yana da wuya a saba wa wannan.

Kiɗa ya mamaye rayuwarsa gaba ɗaya, yana yin ma'ana da abun ciki. Leopold Anthony Stanislav Stokowski (wannan shi ne cikakken sunan mai zane) an haife shi a London. Mahaifinsa dan kasar Poland ne, mahaifiyarsa yar Ireland ce. Tun yana dan shekara takwas ya karanci piano da violin, sannan ya karanci bangaren gabobi da hada-hada, sannan ya yi aiki a Kwalejin Kida ta Royal da ke Landan. A cikin 1903, matashin mawaki ya sami digiri na farko daga Jami'ar Oxford, bayan haka ya inganta kansa a Paris, Munich, da Berlin. A matsayinsa na ɗalibi, Stokowski ya yi aiki a matsayin organist a cocin St James da ke Landan. Da farko ya ɗauki wannan matsayi a New York, inda ya koma a 1905. Amma nan da nan wani aiki yanayi ya kai shi ga mai gudanarwa ta tsayawa: Stokowski ji da gaggawa bukatar magance harshen music ba kunkuntar da'irar Ikklesiya, amma ga dukan mutane. . Ya fara halarta a Landan, inda ya gudanar da jerin kade-kade na rani a 1908. Kuma a shekara ta gaba ya zama darektan zane-zane na wata karamar kade-kade a Cincinnati.

Anan, a karon farko, bayanan ƙungiyoyi masu haske na mai zane sun bayyana. Ya yi sauri ya sake tsara ƙungiyar, ya ƙara yawan abubuwan da ke tattare da shi kuma ya sami babban matakin aiki. An yi magana game da matashin madugu a ko'ina, kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka gayyace shi ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makaɗa a Philadelphia, ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kiɗa na ƙasar. Zaman Stokowski tare da kungiyar Orchestra ta Philadelphia ya fara ne a cikin 1912 kuma ya kasance kusan kwata na karni. A cikin wadannan shekaru ne kungiyar makada da madugu suka yi suna a duniya. Yawancin masu suka suna la'akari da farkonta a wannan rana a cikin 1916, lokacin da Stokowski ya fara gudanar da shi a Philadelphia (sa'an nan a New York) Symphony na Mahler na takwas, wanda ya haifar da hadari na ni'ima. A lokaci guda kuma, mai zane ya shirya jerin waƙoƙinsa a New York, wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya zama sananne, biyan kuɗi na kiɗa na musamman ga yara da matasa. Burin demokradiyya ya sa Stokowski zuwa wani babban taron kide-kide da ba a saba gani ba, don nemo sabbin da'irar masu sauraro. Duk da haka, Stokowski yayi gwaji da yawa. A wani lokaci, alal misali, ya soke mukamin na rakiya, yana ba da amana ga duk membobin ƙungiyar makaɗa bi da bi. Wata hanya ko wata, yana kulawa don cimma horo na ƙarfe na gaske, mafi girman dawowa daga bangaren mawaƙa, tsananin cikar duk bukatunsa da kuma cikakkiyar haɗuwa da masu yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da mai gudanarwa a cikin tsarin yin kiɗa. A wuraren kide-kide, Stokowski wani lokaci yakan koma ga tasirin hasken wuta da kuma amfani da ƙarin kayan aiki daban-daban. Kuma mafi mahimmanci, ya sami nasarar cimma babban iko mai ban sha'awa wajen fassara ayyuka iri-iri.

A wannan lokacin, an kafa hoton fasaha na Stokowski da repertoirensa. Kamar kowane shugaba na wannan girman. Stokowski ya yi magana a duk wuraren kiɗan kiɗan, daga asalinsa har zuwa yau. Ya mallaki rubuce-rubucen mawaƙa na virtuoso da yawa na ayyukan JS Bach. Jagoran, a matsayin mai mulkin, ya haɗa a cikin shirye-shiryensa na kide-kide, hada kiɗa na zamani da salo daban-daban, sanannun ayyukan da ba a san su ba, wanda ba a manta da su ba ko kuma ba a taba yi ba. Tuni a cikin shekarun farko na aikinsa a Philadelphia, ya haɗa da litattafai da yawa a cikin repertoire. Kuma Stokovsky ya nuna kansa a matsayin mai yada farfagandar sabon kiɗa, ya gabatar da jama'ar Amirka ga ayyukan da yawa na marubuta na zamani - Schoenberg, Stravinsky, Varese, Berg, Prokofiev, Satie. Bayan ɗan lokaci, Stokowski ya zama na farko a Amurka don yin ayyukan Shostakovich, wanda, tare da taimakonsa, da sauri ya sami karɓuwa mai girma a Amurka. A ƙarshe, a ƙarƙashin hannun Stokowski, a karon farko, da dama na ayyukan marubutan Amurka - Copland, Stone, Gould da sauransu - sun yi sauti. (Ka lura cewa jagoran ya kasance yana aiki a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Amirka da kuma reshe na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kiɗa na Zamani.) Stokowski da ƙyar ya yi aiki a gidan wasan opera, amma a 1931 ya gudanar da wasan farko na Amurka na Wozzeck a Philadelphia.

A cikin 1935-1936, Stokowski ya yi yawon shakatawa na nasara a Turai tare da tawagarsa, yana ba da kide-kide a birane ashirin da bakwai. Bayan haka, ya bar "Philadelphians" kuma ya ba da kansa ga aikin rediyo, rikodin sauti, cinema. Yana yin ɗarurruwan shirye-shiryen rediyo, yana haɓaka kida mai mahimmanci a karon farko akan irin wannan sikelin, yana yin rikodin bayanai da yawa, wanda ya yi tauraro a cikin fina-finai The Big Radio Program (1937), Maza ɗari da Yarinya Daya (1939), Fantasia (1942) , W. Disney ya jagoranci ), "Carnegie Hall" (1948). A cikin waɗannan fina-finai, yana wasa da kansa - jagoran Stokowski kuma, don haka, yana hidima iri ɗaya na fahimtar miliyoyin masu kallon fina-finai da kiɗa. A lokaci guda kuma, waɗannan zane-zane, musamman "Maza ɗari da yarinya ɗaya" da "Fantasy", sun kawo farin jini da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba a duk faɗin duniya.

A cikin shekaru arba'in, Stokowski ya sake yin aiki a matsayin mai shiryawa da kuma jagoran ƙungiyoyin karimci. Ya kirkiro kungiyar kade-kade ta Matasan Amurkawa, inda ya zagaya kasar tare da shi, kungiyar kade-kaden Symphony ta birnin New York, a 1945-1947 ya jagoranci kungiyar makada a Hollywood, kuma a cikin 1949-1950, tare da D. Mitropoulos, ya jagoranci kungiyar. New York Philharmonic. Sa'an nan, bayan hutu, mai daraja artist ya zama shugaban kungiyar kade a birnin Houston (1955), da kuma riga a cikin sittin ya halitta nasa kungiyar, American Symphony Orchestra, a kan tushen da liquidated NBC makada. wanda matasa ’yan kida suka taso a karkashin jagorancinsa. da madugu.

Duk waɗannan shekarun, duk da shekarunsa na girma, Stokowski baya rage ayyukan kirkire-kirkire. Yakan yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa a Amurka da Turai, koyaushe yana nema da yin sabbin abubuwan ƙirƙira. Stokovsky nuna m sha'awar Soviet music, ciki har da a cikin shirye-shirye na kide-kide da ayyukan Shostakovich, Prokofiev, Myaskovsky, Gliere, Khachaturian, Khrennikov, Kabalevsky, Amirov da sauran composers. Yana ba da shawarar abokantaka da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin mawaƙa daga USSR da Amurka, yana kiran kansa "mai sha'awar musayar tsakanin al'adun Rasha da Amurka."

Stokowski ya fara ziyarci Tarayyar Soviet a 1935. Amma sai bai ba da kide-kide ba, amma kawai ya saba da ayyukan Soviet composers. Bayan haka Stokowski ya yi Shostakovich ta biyar Symphony a karon farko a Amurka. Kuma a cikin 1958, sanannen mawaki ya ba da kide-kide tare da babban nasara a Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv. Masu sauraron Soviet sun gamsu cewa lokaci ba shi da iko akan basirarsa. “Daga sautin kiɗa na farko, L. Stokowski ne ke mamaye masu sauraro,” in ji mai suka A. Medvedev, “yana tilasta musu su saurare su kuma su gaskata abin da yake so ya bayyana. Yana jan hankalin masu sauraro da ƙarfinsa, haske, zurfin tunani da daidaitaccen aiwatarwa. Ya halitta gabagaɗi da asali. Sa'an nan, bayan wasan kwaikwayo, za ku yi tunani, kwatanta, tunani, rashin jituwa a kan wani abu, amma a cikin zauren, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayon, fasaha na jagoran yana rinjayar ku ba tare da tsayayya ba. Karimcin L. Stokowski yana da sauƙin sauƙi, a sarari a sarari… Yana riƙe kansa sosai, cikin nutsuwa, kuma kawai a lokacin sauye-sauye na gaggawa, climaxes, lokaci-lokaci yana ba da damar kansa mai ban sha'awa na hannayensa, jujjuyawar jiki, alama mai ƙarfi da kaifi. Abin mamaki kyakkyawa da bayyanawa hannun L. Stokowski: kawai suna neman sassaka! Kowane yatsa yana bayyanawa, yana iya isar da ƙaramin taɓawa na kiɗa, bayyanawa babban goga ne, kamar yana shawagi cikin iska, don haka a bayyane “zana” cantilena, igiyar kuzarin da ba za a manta da ita ba ta ɗaure hannu, tana ba da umarnin gabatarwa ga "Leopold Stokowski ya tuna da duk wanda ya taɓa hulɗa da fasaha mai daraja da asali ...

Lit.: L. Stokowski. Kiɗa ga kowa da kowa. M., 1963 (ed. 2nd).

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek, 1969