Aram Khachaturian |

Aram Khachaturian

… Gudunmawar Aram Khachaturian ga kiɗan zamaninmu yana da girma. Yana da wuya a yi la'akari da muhimmancin fasaharsa ga Soviet da al'adun kiɗa na duniya. Sunansa ya samu karbuwa mafi girma a kasarmu da kasashen waje; yana da ɗalibai da yawa da mabiya waɗanda suka haɓaka waɗannan ƙa'idodin waɗanda shi kansa koyaushe ya kasance mai gaskiya. D. Shostakovich

Ayyukan A. Khachaturian yana burgewa tare da wadataccen abun ciki na alama, fadin yin amfani da nau'i daban-daban da nau'o'i. Waƙarsa ta ƙunshi manyan ra'ayoyin ɗan adam na juyin juya hali, kishin Soviet da kishin ƙasa, jigogi da makircin da ke nuna abubuwan da suka faru na jaruntaka da bala'i na tarihi mai nisa da zamani; Hotuna masu ban sha'awa da al'amuran rayuwar jama'a, mafi kyawun duniyar tunani, ji da gogewa na zamaninmu. Tare da fasaharsa, Khachaturian ya rera waƙa tare da wahayin rayuwar ɗan ƙasarsa kuma kusa da shi Armeniya.

A m biography na Khachaturian ba quite saba. Duk da basirar kida mai haske, bai taɓa samun ilimin kiɗa na musamman na farko ba kuma yana ɗan shekara goma sha tara kawai ya shiga cikin kiɗan da fasaha. Shekarun da aka yi a cikin tsohon Tiflis, abubuwan kiɗa na ƙuruciya sun bar alamar da ba za a iya mantawa da su ba a tunanin mawaƙin nan gaba kuma sun ƙaddara tushen tunaninsa na kiɗa.

Mafi kyawun yanayi na rayuwar kiɗa na wannan birni yana da tasiri mai ƙarfi akan aikin mawaƙa, inda waƙoƙin jama'a na Georgian, Armeniya da Azabaijan suka yi ta kowane mataki, haɓaka mawaƙa-labaru - ashugs da sazandars, al'adun kiɗan gabas da yamma sun haɗu. .

A cikin 1921, Khachaturian ya koma Moscow kuma ya zauna tare da babban ɗan'uwansa Suren, sanannen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, mai shiryawa kuma shugaban ɗakin wasan kwaikwayo na Armenia. Rayuwar fasahar fasaha na kumfa na Moscow tana mamakin saurayi.

Yana ziyartar gidajen wasan kwaikwayo, gidajen tarihi, maraice na adabi, kide-kide, wasan opera da wasan ballet, da ɗokin sha'awar zane-zane, ya saba da ayyukan fitattun kade-kade na duniya. Ayyukan M. Glinka, P. Tchaikovsky, M. Balakirev, A. Borodin, N. Rimsky-Korsakov, M. Ravel, K. Debussy, I. Stravinsky, S. Prokofiev, da A. Spendiarov, R. Melikyan, da dai sauransu. zuwa wani mataki ko wani ya rinjayi samuwar ainihin ainihin salon Khachaturian.

A kan shawarar ɗan'uwansa, a cikin kaka na 1922, Khachaturian shiga cikin nazarin halittu sashen na Moscow University, da kuma kadan daga baya - a Music College. Gnesins a cikin ajin cello. Bayan shekaru 3, ya bar karatunsa a jami'a kuma ya sadaukar da kansa gaba ɗaya ga kiɗa.

A lokaci guda, ya daina wasa da cello kuma an canza shi zuwa ajin abun da ke ciki na shahararren malamin Soviet da mawaki M. Gnesin. Ƙoƙarin ɓata lokaci a cikin ƙuruciyarsa, Khachaturian yana aiki sosai, ya cika iliminsa. A 1929 Khachaturian shiga Moscow Conservatory. A cikin shekara ta 1st na karatunsa a cikin abun da ke ciki, ya ci gaba da Gnesin, kuma daga shekara ta 2 N. Myaskovsky, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa halin kirki na Khachaturian, ya zama shugabansa. A cikin 1934, Khachaturian ya kammala karatun digiri tare da karramawa daga ɗakin karatu kuma ya ci gaba da ingantawa a makarantar digiri. An rubuta shi azaman aikin kammala karatun, Symphony na Farko ya kammala lokacin ɗalibi na tarihin halitta na marubucin. Ƙirƙirar haɓakar ƙirƙira ta ba da sakamako mai kyau - kusan dukkanin abubuwan da aka tsara na lokacin ɗalibin sun zama repertoire. Waɗannan su ne, da farko, Symphony na farko, piano Toccata, Trio don clarinet, violin da piano, waƙar waƙa (don girmama ashugs) don violin da piano, da sauransu.

Halittar da ta fi kama da Khachaturian ita ce Piano Concerto (1936), wanda aka kirkira a lokacin karatun digirinsa kuma ya kawo shaharar mawakin a duniya. Yin aiki a fagen waƙa, wasan kwaikwayo da kiɗan fim ba ya tsayawa. A cikin shekarar da aka kirkiro wasan kwaikwayo, an nuna fim din "Pepo" tare da kiɗa na Khachaturian a kan fuska na biranen kasar. Waƙar Pepo ta zama waƙar jama'a da aka fi so a Armeniya.

A cikin shekaru na karatu a kwalejin kiɗa da kuma Conservatory Khachaturian kullum ziyarci House of Culture na Soviet Armenia, wannan ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin biography. A nan ya zama kusa da mawaki A. Spendiarov, artist M. Saryan, shugaba K. Saradzhev, da singer Sh. Talyan, actor kuma darektan R. Simonov. A cikin shekarun nan, Khachaturian ya yi magana da fitattun ƴan wasan kwaikwayo (A. Nezhdanova, L. Sobinov, V. Meyerhold, V. Kachalov), pianists (K. Igumnov, E. Beckman-Shcherbina), composers (S. Prokofiev, N. Myaskovsky). Sadarwa tare da masu haske na fasahar kiɗan Soviet sun wadatar da duniyar ruhaniya na matashin mawaki. Marigayi 30s - farkon 40s. An yi alama ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ayyuka masu ban mamaki na mawaƙa, wanda aka haɗa a cikin asusun zinariya na kiɗa na Soviet. Daga cikin su akwai waƙar Symphonic (1938), Violin Concerto (1940), kiɗa don wasan barkwanci na Lope de Vega The Widow of Valencia (1940) da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na M. Lermontov Masquerade. The farko na karshen ya faru a jajibirin farkon farkon babban Patriotic War a kan Yuni 21, 1941 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. E. Vakhtangov.

Tun daga farkon kwanakin yakin, yawan ayyukan zamantakewa da ayyukan Khachaturian ya karu sosai. A matsayin mataimakin shugaban kwamitin shirya na Union of Composers na Tarayyar Soviet, ya lura intensifies aikin wannan m kungiyar don warware da alhakin ayyuka na wartime, ya yi tare da nunin ya qagaggun a cikin raka'a da kuma asibitoci, da kuma daukan bangare a cikin musamman. watsa shirye-shiryen kwamitin Rediyo na gaba. Ayyukan jama'a bai hana mai yin waƙar ƙirƙira a cikin waɗannan shekaru masu tsauri na ayyuka daban-daban da nau'o'i ba, waɗanda yawancinsu suna nuna jigogi na soja.

A cikin shekaru 4 na yakin, ya halicci ballet "Gayane" (1942), Symphony na biyu (1943), kiɗa don wasanni uku masu ban mamaki ("Kremlin Chimes" - 1942, "Deep Intelligence" - 1943, "Ranar Ƙarshe". "- 1945), don fim din "Man No. 217" da kuma a kan kayansa na Suite na biyu pianos (1945), suites an hada su daga kiɗa na "Masquerade" da kuma ballet "Gayane" (1943), 9 songs aka rubuta. , wani tattaki don ƙungiyar tagulla "Zuwa Jarumai na Yaƙin Kishin ƙasa" (1942), Anthem na Armenian SSR (1944). Bugu da ƙari, an fara aiki a kan wasan kwaikwayo na Cello da kuma wasan kwaikwayo guda uku (1944), wanda aka kammala a 1946. A lokacin yakin, ra'ayin "jarumin choreodrama" - ballet Spartacus - ya fara girma.

Khachaturian ya kuma yi magana game da taken yaki a cikin shekarun bayan yakin: kiɗa don fina-finai The Battle of Stalingrad (1949), Tambayar Rasha (1947), Suna da Ƙasar Gida (1949), Ofishin Jakadancin (1950), da wasan kwaikwayo. Node ta Kudu (1947). A ƙarshe, a yayin bikin cika shekaru 30 na Nasara a Babban Yaƙin Kishin Ƙasa (1975), an ƙirƙiri ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan ƙarshe na mawaƙa, Solemn Fanfares don ƙaho da ganguna. Ayyukan da suka fi dacewa a lokacin yakin shine ballet "Gayane" da Symphony na Biyu. Farkon wasan ballet ya faru a ranar 3 ga Disamba, 1942 a Perm da sojojin Leningrad Opera da Ballet Theater da aka kora. SM Kirov. A cewar mawaki, "tunanin na biyu Symphony ya yi wahayi zuwa ga abubuwan da suka faru na Patriotic War. Ina so in nuna fushi, ramuwar gayya ga dukan muguntar da farkisanci na Jamus ya jawo mana. A gefe guda kuma, wasan kwaikwayo yana bayyana yanayin baƙin ciki da kuma jin zurfin bangaskiya cikin nasararmu ta ƙarshe." Khachaturian ya sadaukar da taron Symphony na Uku ga nasarar da mutanen Soviet suka samu a babban yakin kishin kasa, wanda ya zo daidai da bikin cika shekaru 30 na babban juyin gurguzu na Oktoba. Dangane da shirin - waƙar yabo ga mutanen da suka yi nasara - ƙarin bututu na 15 da wani sashin jiki an haɗa su a cikin wasan kwaikwayo.

A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, Khachaturian ya ci gaba da yin rubutu a nau'o'i daban-daban. Mafi mahimmancin aikin shine ballet "Spartacus" (1954). “Na kirkiro waka ne kamar yadda mawakan da suka gabata suka kirkiro ta lokacin da suka koma kan batutuwan tarihi: kiyaye salon kansu, salon rubutunsu, suna ba da labari game da abubuwan da suka faru ta hanyar fahimtar fasaharsu. Ballet "Spartacus" ya bayyana a gare ni a matsayin aiki tare da wasan kwaikwayo na kida mai kaifi, tare da ɗimbin hotuna na fasaha da ƙayyadaddun maganganun soyayya masu tayar da hankali. Na ga ya zama dole in haɗa duk nasarorin da aka samu na al'adun kiɗa na zamani don bayyana babban jigon Spartacus. Saboda haka, an rubuta ballet a cikin harshen zamani, tare da fahimtar zamani game da matsalolin tsarin kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo, "Khachaturian ya rubuta game da aikinsa a kan ballet.

Daga cikin sauran ayyukan da aka kirkira a cikin shekarun bayan yakin sune "Ode zuwa Memory of VI Lenin" (1948), "Ode to Joy" (1956), wanda aka rubuta don shekaru goma na biyu na fasahar Armenia a Moscow, "Greeting Overture" (1959) ) don buɗe taron XXI na CPSU. Kamar yadda ya gabata, mawaƙin yana nuna sha'awar fim da kiɗan wasan kwaikwayo, yana ƙirƙirar waƙoƙi. A cikin 50s. Khachaturian ya rubuta kiɗa don wasan B. Lavrenev "Lermontov", don bala'in Shakespeare "Macbeth" da "King Lear", kiɗa don fina-finai "Admiral Ushakov", "Jirgin ruwa sun mamaye bastions", "Saltanat", "Othello", "Bonfire" rashin mutuwa", "Duel". Waƙar "Shayar da Armenia. Waƙar game da Yerevan", "Marcin zaman lafiya", "Abin da yara ke mafarki game da shi".

Shekaru na baya-bayan nan sun kasance alama ba kawai ta hanyar ƙirƙirar sababbin ayyuka masu haske a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban ba, har ma da muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a cikin tarihin halitta na Khachaturian. A shekarar 1950, an gayyace shi a matsayin farfesa na abun da ke ciki a lokaci guda a Moscow Conservatory da kuma Musical da Pedagogical Institute. Gnesins. A cikin shekaru 27 na aikinsa na koyarwa, Khachaturian ya samar da ɗalibai da yawa, ciki har da A. Eshpay, E. Oganesyan, R. Boyko, M. Tariverdiev, B. Trotsyuk, A. Vieru, N. Terahara, A. Rybyaikov, K Volkov, M Minkov, D. Mikhailov da sauransu.

Farkon aikin koyarwa ya zo daidai da gwaje-gwajen farko na gudanar da nasa abubuwan. Kowace shekara adadin kide-kiden marubucin na karuwa. Tafiye-tafiye zuwa biranen Tarayyar Soviet na da alaƙa tare da rangadin zuwa ƙasashe da dama na Turai, Asiya, da Amurka. A nan ya sadu da mafi girma wakilan duniya m: composers I. Stravinsky, J. Sibelius, J. Enescu, B. Britten, S. Barber, P. Vladigerov, O. Messiaen, Z. Kodai, conductors L. Stokowecki. G. Karajan, J. Georgescu, masu yin wasan kwaikwayo A. Rubinstein, E. Zimbalist, marubuta E. Hemingway, P. Neruda, masu fasahar fim Ch. Chaplin, S. Lauren da sauransu.

Marigayi lokacin aikin Khachaturian ya kasance alama ta hanyar ƙirƙirar "Ballad na Motherland" (1961) don bass da orchestra, triads na kayan aiki guda biyu: rhapsodic concertos for cello (1961), violin (1963), piano (1968) da solo sonatas. ga cello (1974), violin (1975) da viola (1976); Sonata (1961), wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga malaminsa N. Myaskovsky, da kuma 2nd girma na "Albam na Yara" (1965, 1st girma - 1947) an rubuta don piano.

Shaidar da duniya ta amince da aikin Khachaturian ita ce ba shi umarni da lambobin yabo da aka ba shi sunayen manyan mawaƙa na ƙasashen waje, da kuma zaɓensa a matsayin mai girma ko cikakken memba a makarantun koyar da kiɗa na duniya.

Mahimmancin fasaha na Khachaturian ya ta'allaka ne a cikin gaskiyar cewa ya sami damar bayyana damar mafi kyawun damar yin amfani da jigogi na gabas monodic, don haɗawa, tare da mawaƙa na jumhurun ​​'yan'uwa, al'adun gargajiya na Soviet Gabas zuwa polyphony, ga nau'ikan da nau'ikan A baya ya haɓaka a cikin kiɗan Turai, don nuna hanyoyin haɓaka harshen kiɗan ƙasa. A lokaci guda, hanyar haɓakawa, timbre-harmonic haske na fasahar kiɗa na gabas, ta hanyar aikin Khachaturian, yana da tasiri mai tasiri akan mawaƙa - wakilan al'adun kiɗa na Turai. Ayyukan Khachaturian ya kasance tabbataccen bayyananniyar albarkar hulɗar da ke tsakanin al'adun al'adun kiɗa na Gabas da Yamma.

D. Arutynov