Concert |
Jamus Konzert, daga Italiyanci. concerto - kide kide, lit. - gasar (kuri'u), daga lat. concerto - gasa
Aiki ga masu yin wasan kwaikwayo da yawa, wanda ƙaramin ɓangaren kayan kida ko muryoyin ke adawa da yawancinsu ko duka ƙungiyar, suna ficewa saboda jigo. taimako na kiɗa. abu, sauti mai launi, ta amfani da duk damar kayan aiki ko muryoyin. Daga karshen karni na 18 mafi yawan su ne kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide da makada; Kade-kade na kayan kida da yawa da makada ba su da yawa – “biyu”, “tuku”, “hudu” (Jamus: Doppelkonzert, Triepelkonzert, Quadrupelkonzert). Nau'i na musamman sune k. don kayan aiki ɗaya (ba tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa), k. don ƙungiyar makaɗa (ba tare da takamaiman takamaiman sassan solo ba), k. don murya (mutuna) tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa, k. don mawaƙa cappella. A da, waƙar vocal-polyphonic ana wakilta sosai. K. da concerto grosso. Muhimman abubuwan da ake buƙata don fitowar K. sune mawaƙa da yawa da kwatanta mawaƙa, soloists da kayan kida, waɗanda wakilan makarantar Venetian suka fara amfani da su sosai, rarraba wok.-instr. abubuwan da aka tsara na sassan murya da kayan aiki. Farkon k. ya tashi a Italiya a farkon karni na 16 da 17. wok. polyphonic coci. kiɗa (Concerti ecclesiastici na mawaƙa biyu A. Banchieri, 1595; Motets don waƙar murya 1-4 tare da bass dijital "Cento concerti ecclesiastici" na L. Viadana, 1602-11). A cikin irin wannan kide kide, daban-daban abun da ke ciki - daga manya, ciki har da yawa. wok. da instr. jam'iyyu, har zuwa adadin 'yan woks kawai. jam'iyyu da bangaren bass general. Tare da sunan concerto, ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya sau da yawa suna ɗauke da sunayen motetti, motectae, cantios sacrae, da sauransu. Mafi girman mataki a cikin ci gaban coci wok. K. polyphonic. salon wakilci ya fito a bene na 1st. Karni na 18 cantatas ta JS Bach, wanda shi da kansa ya kira concerti.
Salon K. ya sami aikace-aikace mai faɗi a cikin Rashanci. kiɗan coci (daga ƙarshen karni na 17) - a cikin ayyukan polyphonic don ƙungiyar mawaƙa cappella, wanda ke da alaƙa da fagen waƙoƙin ɓangarori. Ka'idar "halitta" na irin wannan lu'ulu'u ya samo asali ne ta NP Diletsky. Rasha Mawaƙa sun haɓaka fasaha mai yawa na kararrawa coci (yana aiki don 4, 6, 8, 12 ko fiye da muryoyi, har zuwa muryoyin 24). A cikin ɗakin karatu na Synodal Choir a Moscow, akwai har zuwa 500 K. na karni na 17-18, wanda V. Titov, F. Redrikov, N. Bavykin, da sauransu suka rubuta. An ci gaba da bunƙasa wasan kwaikwayo na coci a ƙarshen karni na 18. MS Berezovsky da DS Bortnyansky, a cikin aikin da melodic-ariose style rinjaye.
A cikin karni na 17, asali a Italiya, ka'idar "gasa", "gasar" da yawa solo ("concert") muryoyin shiga cikin instr. music - a cikin suite da coci. sonata, yana shirya bayyanar nau'in cinema na kayan aiki (Balletto concertata P. Melli, 1616; Sonata concertata D. Castello, 1629). Bambance-bambancen juxtaposition ("gasar") na ƙungiyar makaɗa (tutti) da soloists (solo) ko ƙungiyar kayan kidan solo da ƙungiyar makaɗa (a cikin concerto grosso) shine tushen waɗanda suka fito a ƙarshen ƙarni na 17. misalan farko na kayan aiki K. (Concerti da camera a 3 con il cembalo G. Bononcini, 1685; Concerto da camera a 2 violini e Basso continuo G. Torelli, 1686). Duk da haka, wasan kwaikwayo na Bononchini da Torelli sun kasance nau'i ne kawai na wucin gadi daga sonata zuwa K., wanda a zahiri ya haɓaka zuwa bene na 1st. Karni na 18 a cikin aikin A. Vivaldi. K. na wannan lokacin ya kasance nau'i mai nau'i uku tare da sassa biyu masu sauri da sauri da kuma jinkirin tsakiya. Yawancin sassa masu sauri suna dogara ne akan jigo ɗaya (da wuya akan batutuwa 2); An buga wannan jigon a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa ba a canzawa a matsayin refrain-ritornello (mai kama da nau'in rondal). Vivaldi ya kirkiro duka concerti grossi da solo concertos don violin, cello, viol d'amour, da ruhohi daban-daban. kayan aiki. Bangaren solo na kayan kide-kide na solo da farko yana aiwatar da ayyuka na ɗaure, amma yayin da nau'in ya samo asali, ya sami ƙarin fa'idar wasan kwaikwayo da kuma yanayin jigo. 'yancin kai. Ci gaban kiɗan ya dogara ne akan adawar tutti da solo, waɗanda aka jaddada bambance-bambancen su ta hanyar kuzari. yana nufin. Nau'in siffa na motsi mai santsi na ɗakin ajiyar homophonic ko polyphonic kawai ya yi nasara. Wasannin kide-kide na soloist, a matsayin mai mulkin, suna da halin kirki na ado. An rubuta ɓangaren tsakiya a cikin salon tashin hankali (yawanci aria mai tausayi na soloist akan ƙungiyar mawaƙa na ƙungiyar makaɗa). Irin wannan K. da aka karɓa a bene na 1st. Ƙarni na 18 na gama gari. Clavier concertos wanda JS Bach ya kirkira shima nasa ne (wasunsu shirye-shirye ne na wasan kide-kide na violin da na Vivaldi's violin concertos na 1, 2 da 4 claviers). Waɗannan ayyukan JS Bach, da kuma K. don clavier da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta GF Handel, sun nuna farkon haɓakar piano. wasan kwaikwayo. Handel kuma shine kakan gabobin k. A matsayin kayan aikin solo, ban da violin da clavier, an yi amfani da cello, viol d'amour, oboe (wanda sau da yawa ya zama madadin violin), ƙaho, bassoon, sarewa mai juyawa, da sauransu.
A cikin bene na 2. Karni na 18 ya samar da wani nau'in nau'in solo instrumental k., wanda aka yi shi a fili a cikin litattafan Viennese.
A cikin K. an kafa nau'in sonata-symphony. sake zagayowar, amma a cikin wani musamman refraction. Zagayen kide-kide, a matsayin mai mulkin, ya ƙunshi sassa 3 kawai; ya rasa kashi na 3 na cikakken, zagaye na motsi hudu, wato, minuet ko (daga baya) scherzo (daga baya, scherzo wani lokaci ana haɗa shi a cikin K. - maimakon sashin jinkirin, misali, a cikin 1st K. don violin da orchestra ta Prokofiev, ko kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na cikakken zagaye na motsi hudu, kamar yadda, alal misali, a cikin kide-kide na piano da orchestra na A. Litolf, I. Brahms, a cikin 1st K. don violin da orchestra Shostakovich). An kuma kafa wasu fasalulluka a cikin ginin kowane sassa na K. A cikin kashi na 1st, an yi amfani da ka'idar bayyanar sau biyu - da farko jigogi na manyan da sassan sassan sauti a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa a cikin babban. maɓallai, kuma bayan haka a cikin nuni na 2 an gabatar da su tare da jagorancin jagorancin soloist - babban jigo a cikin babban mahimmanci. tonality, da kuma gefen daya - a cikin wani, daidai da tsarin sonata allegro. Kwatanta, gasa tsakanin mawaƙin soloist da ƙungiyar makaɗa ya faru ne musamman wajen haɓakawa. Idan aka kwatanta da samfuran preclassic, ainihin ƙa'idar wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayon ta canza sosai, yanke ya zama mafi kusanci da jigo. ci gaba. K. yana ba da ingantaccen soloist akan jigogi na abun da ke ciki, abin da ake kira. cadenza, wanda ya kasance a wurin canzawa zuwa lambar. A cikin Mozart, nau'in K., wanda ya saura mafi rinjaye na alama, karin waƙa ne, m, filastik, a cikin Beethoven yana cike da tashin hankali daidai da salon wasan kwaikwayo na gabaɗaya. Dukansu Mozart da Beethoven suna guje wa duk wani ƙulli a cikin ginin zane-zanen su, galibi suna karkata daga ƙa'idar fallasa sau biyu da aka kwatanta a sama. Wasan kide-kide na Mozart da Beethoven sun zama kololuwa mafi girma a cikin ci gaban wannan nau'in.
A cikin zamanin romanticism, akwai tashi daga na gargajiya. rabon sassa a cikin k. Romantics sun ƙirƙiri kashi ɗaya k. na nau'i biyu: ƙananan nau'i - abin da ake kira. wani yanki na kide-kide (daga baya kuma ana kiransa concertino), da babban nau'i, wanda ya yi daidai da ginin waƙar waƙa, a wani bangare yana fassara fasalin zagayowar sonata-symphony mai kashi huɗu. A cikin classic K. intonation da thematic. haɗi tsakanin sassan, a matsayin mai mulkin, ba a nan, a cikin romantic. K. monothematism, haɗin gwiwar leitmotif, ka'idar "ta hanyar ci gaba" ya sami mafi mahimmancin mahimmanci. M misalai na romanticism. F. Liszt ne ya ƙirƙira wani sashi na waƙa K.. Romantic. da'awar a bene na 1. 19th karni ya ci gaba da wani musamman irin m da kuma ado virtuosity, wanda ya zama mai salo alama na dukan Trend na romanticism (N. Paganini, F. Liszt da sauransu).
Bayan Beethoven, akwai nau'i biyu (nau'i biyu) na K. - "virtuoso" da "alama". A cikin virtuoso K. instr. nagarta da wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo sune tushen ci gaban kiɗan; a kan shirin na 1 ba jigo ba ne. ci gaba, da ka'idar bambanci tsakanin cantilena da motility, decomp. nau'in rubutu, timbres, da dai sauransu. A yawancin virtuoso K. thematic. ci gaba ba ya nan gaba daya (Kwallon Kawayen violin na Viotti, Concertos cello na Romberg) ko ya mamaye matsayi na baya (bangaren 1st na wasan kide-kide na 1st na Paganini na violin da Orchestra). A cikin K., ci gaban kiɗa yana dogara ne akan wasan kwaikwayo. wasan kwaikwayo, ka'idodin jigo. ci gaba, a kan adawa ta alama-jigo. sassa. Gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na alamar a cikin K. ya kasance saboda haɗin kai tare da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin ma'anar alama, fasaha, akida (kide-kide na I. Brahms). Duk nau'ikan K. sun bambanta a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. manyan ayyuka da aka gyara: virtuoso K. yana da cikakkiyar ma'anar maɗaukakin soloist da na ƙarƙashin (haɗe) rawar ƙungiyar makaɗa; don symphonized K. - wasan kwaikwayo. ayyukan ƙungiyar mawaƙa (ci gaban kayan wasan kwaikwayo ana gudanar da su tare da soloist da ƙungiyar makaɗa), wanda ke haifar da daidaiton dangi na ɓangaren soloist da ƙungiyar makaɗa. A cikin symphonic K. nagarta ta zama hanyar wasan kwaikwayo. ci gaba. Ƙaunar taƙama ta ƙunshi cikinsa har ma da takamaiman nau'in virtuoso na nau'in kamar cadenza. Idan a cikin virtuoso K. an yi nufin cadenza don nuna fasaha. gwanin soloist, a cikin wasan kwaikwayo ta shiga cikin ci gaban gabaɗaya na kiɗa. Tun lokacin Beethoven, mawaƙa da kansu sun fara rubuta cadenzas; a 5 fp. Beethoven's concerto cadence ya zama kwayoyin halitta. wani bangare na nau'in aikin.
Bambanci bayyananne tsakanin virtuosic da symphonic k. ba koyaushe zai yiwu ba. Nau'in K. ya zama tartsatsi, wanda wasan kwaikwayo da halayen halayen suna cikin haɗin kai. Alal misali, a cikin kide-kide na F. Liszt, PI Tchaikovsky, AK Glazunov, SV Rachmaninov symphonic. dramaturgy yana haɗe tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran virtuoso na ɓangaren solo. A cikin karni na 20 da rinjaye na virtuoso concert wasan kwaikwayo ne na hali ga concertos na SS Prokofiev, B. Bartok, predominance na symphonic. Ana lura da halaye, alal misali, a cikin 1st violin concerto na Shostakovich.
Da yake yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo, bi da bi, ya sami tasiri ga wasan kwaikwayo. A karshen karni na 19. wani nau'i na "concert" na musamman ya tashi, wanda aikin ya gabatar. R. Strauss ("Don Quixote"), NA Rimsky-Korsakov ("Spanish Capriccio"). A cikin karni na 20, akwai wasu 'yan kide kide da wake-wake na makada kuma sun bayyana bisa ka'idar wasan kwaikwayo (misali, a cikin kiɗan Soviet, da mawaƙin Azerbaijan S. Gadzhibekov, mawaƙin Estoniya J. Ryaets, da sauransu).
A zahiri K. an halicce su don duk Turai. kayan kida - piano, violin, cello, viola, bass biyu, iskar itace da tagulla. RM Gliere ya mallaki mashahurin K. don murya da makaɗa. Mujiya. mawaƙa sun rubuta K. don nar. kida - balalaika, domra (KP Barchunova da sauransu), Armenian tar (G. Mirzoyan), Latvia kokle (J. Medin), da dai sauransu A cikin owls music Genre K. ya zama tartsatsi a decomp. hankula siffofin da aka yadu wakilta a cikin aikin da yawa composers (SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, AI Khachaturian, DB Kabalevsky, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, TN Khrennikov, SF Tsintsadze da sauransu).
References: Orlov GA, Soviet Piano Concerto, L., 1954; Khokhlov Yu., Soviet Violin Concerto, M., 1956; Alekseev A., Concerto da ɗakin ɗakin kiɗa na kayan aiki, a cikin littafin: Tarihin Soviet Soviet Music, vol. 1, M., 1956, shafi na 267-97; Raaben L., Soviet Instrumental Concerto, L., 1967.
LH Raben
