André Grétry |
Andre Gretry
Mawaƙin opera na Faransa na ƙarni na 60. A. Gretry - mai zamani kuma shaida na juyin juya halin Faransa - shine mafi mahimmancin mutum a gidan wasan opera na Faransa a lokacin wayewa. Tsananin yanayi na siyasa, a lokacin da ake gudanar da shirye-shiryen akidar juyin juya hali, a lokacin da ra'ayoyi da dandano suka yi karo da juna cikin gwagwarmaya mai kaifi, ko da yake ba a ketare wasan opera ba: ko a nan ne yaƙe-yaƙe suka barke, ƙungiyoyin magoya bayan wani mawaki ko wani. salo ko shugabanci ya tashi. Wasannin wasan kwaikwayo na Gretry (c. XNUMX) sun bambanta sosai a cikin batutuwa da nau'ikan nau'ikan, amma wasan opera mai ban dariya, mafi kyawun tsarin dimokuradiyya na wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, ya mamaye wuri mafi mahimmanci a cikin aikinsa. Its heroes ba tsoho alloli da jarumawa (kamar yadda a cikin lyrical bala'i, m da wancan lokacin), amma talakawa mutane da kuma sau da yawa wakilan na uku estate).
An haifi Gretry a cikin dangin mawaƙa. Daga shekaru 9, yaron yana karatu a makarantar parochial, ya fara tsara kiɗa. A cikin shekaru 17, ya riga ya kasance marubucin ayyukan ruhaniya da yawa (masu yawa, motets). Amma ba waɗannan nau'o'in za su zama manyan abubuwan da ke cikin ƙarin rayuwa mai ƙirƙira ba. Komawa a Liege, yayin yawon shakatawa na ƙungiyar Italiya, yana ɗan shekara goma sha uku, ya fara ganin wasan opera buffa. Daga baya, inganta a Roma don shekaru 5, ya sami damar sanin mafi kyawun ayyukan wannan nau'in. Waƙar G. Pergolesi, N. Piccinni, B. Galuppi, a cikin 1765 Gretry ya ƙirƙiri wasan opera na farko, The Grape Picker. Sa'an nan kuma ya sami babban girmamawa na zama memba na Bologna Philharmonic Academy. Muhimmanci ga nasara nan gaba a Paris shine ganawa da Voltaire a Geneva (1766). An rubuta a kan shirin Voltaire, opera Huron (1768) - farkon mawaki na Paris - ya kawo masa suna da karbuwa.
Kamar yadda masanin tarihin kiɗan G. Abert ya lura, Gretry yana da “hankali mai matuƙar iyawa da ƙwazo, kuma a cikin mawakan Paris na lokacin yana da kunnen da ya fi dacewa da sabbin buƙatu da yawa waɗanda Rousseau da Encyclopedists suka gabatar kafin wasan kwaikwayo…” Gretry ya sanya wasan opera na wasan barkwanci na Faransa ya bambanta musamman a cikin batun batun: wasan opera Huron ya tsara (a cikin ruhin Rousseau) rayuwar Indiyawan Amurkawa ba ta taɓa su ba; sauran operas, irin su “Lucille”, suna bayyana jigon rashin daidaiton zamantakewa da kuma kusanci wasan opera-seria. Gretry ya kasance kusa da wasan kwaikwayo na hankali, "mai hawaye", yana baiwa talakawan mutane zurfafa, ji na gaskiya. Yana da (kodayake kadan) mai ban dariya zalla, mai kyalli tare da nishadi, wasan operas a cikin ruhun G. Rossini: "Masu Baki Biyu", "Hoton Magana". Gretry ya kasance mai matukar sha'awar ban mamaki, labarun almara ("Zemira da Azor"). Ƙaunar ban sha'awa, launi da kyan gani na kiɗa a cikin irin waɗannan wasanni suna buɗe hanya don wasan opera na soyayya.
Gretry ya kirkiro mafi kyawun wasan operas a cikin 80s. (a jajibirin juyin juya halin Musulunci) tare da haɗin gwiwar mawallafin 'yanci - marubucin wasan kwaikwayo M. Seden. Waɗannan su ne wasan opera na tarihi-legendary "Richard Lionheart" (waƙar waƙar da P. Tchaikovsky yayi amfani da ita a cikin "Sarauniyar Spades"), "Raul the Bluebeard". Gretry ya sami shahara a duk faɗin Turai. Daga 1787 ya zama mai duba gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Comedie Italienne; musamman a gare shi, an kafa mukamin sarauta ta censor na kiɗa. Abubuwan da suka faru na 1789 sun buɗe sabon shafi a cikin ayyukan Gretry, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu kirkiro sababbin kiɗan juyin juya hali. An yi ta kade-kaden wake-wakensa da kade-kade a lokacin bukukuwan da aka gudanar a cikin dandali na birnin Paris. Juyin juya halin ya yi sabbin buƙatu a kan wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo kuma. Kiyayya da juyin mulkin da aka hambarar ya kai ga dakatar da Kwamitin Tsaron Jama'a na wasan kwaikwayo irin su "Richard the Lionheart" da "Peter the Great". Gretry ya haifar da ayyukan da suka hadu da ruhun lokutan, yana nuna sha'awar 'yanci: "William Tell", "Tyrant Dionysius", "Jamhuriyar Zaɓaɓɓe, ko Idin nagarta". Wani sabon nau'i ya taso - abin da ake kira "opera na ban tsoro da ceto" (inda aka warware m yanayi mai ban mamaki ta hanyar cin nasara mai nasara) - fasahar sauti mai mahimmanci da tasirin wasan kwaikwayo mai haske, kama da zane-zane na gargajiya na Dauda. Gretry yana ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ya ƙirƙira wasan operas a cikin wannan nau'in (Lisabeth, Eliska, ko Ƙaunar Uwa). Opera Ceto ya yi tasiri sosai akan opera guda ɗaya ta Beethoven, Fidelio.
A cikin shekarun daular Napoleon, aikin mawaƙin Gretry gabaɗaya ya ƙi, amma ya juya zuwa ayyukan adabi kuma ya buga Memoirs, ko Essays on Music, inda ya bayyana fahimtarsa game da matsalolin fasaha kuma ya bar bayanai masu ban sha'awa game da lokacinsa game da kansa.
A cikin 1795, an zaɓi Gretry a matsayin malami (memba na Cibiyar Faransa) kuma ya nada ɗaya daga cikin masu duba Conservatory na Paris. Ya shafe shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa a Montmorency (kusa da Paris). Mafi ƙarancin mahimmanci a cikin aikin Gretry shine kiɗan kayan aiki (symphony, concerto for flute, quartets), da kuma wasan operas a cikin nau'in bala'i na lyrical akan batutuwan da suka gabata (Andromache, Cephalus da Prokris). Ƙarfin basirar Gretry ya ta'allaka ne a cikin jin daɗin ji na bugun lokaci, na abin da ke burge mutane da kuma taɓa mutane a wasu lokuta a tarihi.
K. Zankin
