Nazarin kiɗa |

(daga Girkanci. bincike - bazuwar, dismemberment) - nazarin kimiyya na kiɗa. samarwa: salon su, tsari, kiɗa. harshe, da kuma irin rawar da kowanne daga cikin abubuwan da aka haɗa da kuma hulɗar su wajen aiwatar da abubuwan. Ana fahimtar nazari azaman hanyar bincike, DOS. a kan rarraba gaba ɗaya zuwa sassa, abubuwan da suka ƙunshi. Analysis yana adawa da haɗakarwa - hanyar bincike, wanda ya ƙunshi haɗa otd. abubuwa cikin gaba ɗaya. Analysis da kira suna cikin haɗin kai kusa. F. Engels ya lura cewa “tunanin ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa a cikin rugujewar abubuwa masu hankali cikin abubuwansu kamar yadda yake haɗa abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da juna zuwa wani haɗin kai. Babu wani kira ba tare da bincike ba" (Anti-Dühring, K. Marx da F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., juzu'i 20, M., 1961, shafi 41). Sai kawai haɗuwa da bincike da kira yana haifar da zurfin fahimtar abin da ya faru. Wannan kuma ya shafi A. m., wanda, a ƙarshe, dole ne ko da yaushe ya kai ga ƙaddamarwa, haɗuwa. Irin wannan tsari na hanyoyi biyu yana haifar da zurfin fahimtar abubuwan da za a yi nazari. Kalmar "A. m." fahimta da kuma amfani da shi a cikin ma'ana mai fadi da kunkuntar. Don haka, da A.m. sun fahimci nazari. la'akari da kowane kiɗa. alamu kamar haka (alal misali, wanda zai iya yin nazarin tsarin manyan da ƙananan, ka'idodin aiki na ayyuka masu jituwa, ka'idodin mita a cikin wani salon, ka'idodin abun da ke ciki na kowane yanki na kiɗa, da dai sauransu). A wannan ma'anar, kalmar "A. m." ya haɗu da kalmar "ka'idar kiɗa". A. m ana kuma fassara shi azaman nazari. la'akari da kowane bangare na kiɗa. harshe a cikin wani musamman music. aiki. Wannan kunkuntar fahimtar kalmar “A. m." shine shugaba. Kiɗa shine fasaha na wucin gadi, yana nuna abubuwan da suka faru na gaskiya a cikin tsarin ci gaban su, saboda haka, mafi mahimmancin darajar a cikin nazarin muses. samfur. kuma abubuwa guda ɗaya suna da kafa tsarin ci gaba.

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau'o'in zane-zane. image a music ne muses. batu. Nazarin batutuwa da kwatancensu, duk jigogi. ci gaba shine lokaci mafi mahimmanci a cikin nazarin aikin. Maudu'in bincike kuma yana ƙaddamar da fayyace nau'ikan asalin jigogi. Tun da nau'in nau'in yana da alaƙa da wani nau'in abun ciki da kewayon hanyoyin bayyanawa, bayyana nau'in nau'in jigon yana taimakawa wajen bayyana abubuwan da ke cikinsa.

Analysis yana yiwuwa. abubuwan kiɗa. samfuran da aka yi amfani da su a cikin su suna bayyana. ma'anar: mita, rhythm (duka a cikin ma'anar su mai zaman kanta da kuma a cikin aikin haɗin gwiwa), yanayin, timbre, kuzari, da dai sauransu. Harmonic (duba Harmony) da kuma polyphonic (duba Polyphony) bincike yana da mahimmanci, lokacin da rubutun kuma ana la'akari da shi azaman wata hanya ta gabatarwa, da kuma nazarin waƙoƙin waƙa a matsayin mafi sauƙi cikakke nau'i wanda ya ƙunshi ainihin haɗin kai na magana. kudade. Na gaba iri-iri na A. m. shine nazarin abubuwan da aka tsara. samar da siffofin. (watau shirin nazarin su da bunkasa, duba form na kiɗa) - ya ƙunshi ƙayyade nau'in nau'ikan da nau'in siffofin, a cikin mahimmancin ƙa'idodin su. ci gaba.

A cikin duk waɗannan nau'ikan, A. m. yana da alaƙa da mafi girma ko ƙarami na wucin gadi, wucin gadi, amma abstraction na zama dole, rabuwa da wani abu da aka bayar daga wasu. Alal misali, a cikin nazarin jituwa, wani lokaci ya zama dole a yi la'akari da rabon nau'i na kowane nau'i, ba tare da la'akari da rawar mita, rhythm, waƙa ba.

Nau'in bincike na musamman - "rikitarwa" ko " cikakke" - shine nazarin kiɗa. kasidun da aka samar a kan nazarin abubuwan da aka tsara. sifofi, amma haɗe tare da nazarin duk abubuwan da suka shafi gabaɗaya a cikin hulɗar su da haɓakarsu.

Bayyanar tarihi da salo. kuma nau'ikan abubuwan da ake buƙata na nau'in suna da mahimmanci a cikin kowane nau'in atomism, amma yana da mahimmanci musamman a cikin hadadden bincike ( cikakke), babban burinsa shine nazarin kiɗan. samfur. a matsayin al'amuran akidar zamantakewa gaba dayanta. haɗi. Wannan nau'in bincike yana kan gab da ingantaccen ka'idar. da ilimin kida na tarihi. Mujiya. masu ilimin kide-kide suna ba da cikakken bayanin bayanan A. m. a kan hanyar da Marxist-Leninist aesthetics aesthetics.

A. m. iya aiki a matsayin decomp. raga. Analysis na daidaikun sassa na kiɗa. Ana amfani da ayyuka (kayan aikin harshe na kiɗa) a cikin ilimi da ilmantarwa. darussa, litattafan karatu, kayan aikin koyarwa da in tooretich. bincike. A cikin binciken kimiyya daidai da nau'in su kuma an ba da fifikon mahimmancin bincike otd. zai bayyana. abubuwa, alamu na abun da ke ciki. nau'ikan ayyukan kiɗa. A lokuta da yawa a cikin gabatar da ka'idar gabaɗaya. matsaloli a matsayin tabbacin matsayin da aka tsara ana nazarin su bi da bi. samfurori - sassa daga kiɗa. aiki ko duka ayyuka. Wannan ita ce hanyar cirewa. A wasu lokuta irin wannan, ana ba da samfurori na nazari don jagorantar mai karatu zuwa ga ƙarshe na yanayi na gaba ɗaya. Wannan ita ce hanyar inductive. Dukansu hanyoyin suna daidai da inganci kuma ana iya haɗa su.

Cikakken (cikakken) bincike otd. ayyuka - wani muhimmin ɓangare na tarihi da salo. bincike, bayyana ci gaba da salo. alamu, fasali na musamman nat. al'adu, da kuma daya daga cikin hanyoyin kafa muhimman da mahimmancin tsarin kida na gaba daya. kara. A cikin mafi ƙayyadadden tsari, ya zama wani ɓangare na monoographic. bincike sadaukar da wani mawaki. Akwai nau'i na musamman na hadaddun (cikakken) bincike, wanda ke ba da kyan gani na gaba ɗaya. kimantawa na samarwa ba tare da zurfafa bincike ba zai bayyana. ma'ana, sifofin sifofi, da sauransu. Irin wannan bincike ana iya kiransa da mahimmanci-aesthetical. nazarin aikin. Tare da irin wannan la'akari da kiɗan. samfur. Binciken da ya dace da suka suna da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut kuma wani lokaci suna shiga tsakani.

Babban rawa a cikin ci gaban kimiyya. hanyoyin A. m. a hawa na 1. Karni na 19 ya buga shi. Masanin kiɗan AB Marx (1795-1866). Littafinsa Ludwig Beethoven. Rayuwa da Aiki" ("Ludwig van Beethovens Leben und Schaffen", 1859-1875) ɗaya ne daga cikin misalan farko na litattafai, gami da cikakken bincike na muses. samfur.

X. Riemann (1849-1919), bisa ka'idarsa na jituwa, mita, tsari, ya zurfafa ka'idar. hanyoyin nazarin kiɗa. samfur. Da yake mai da hankali a kan al'ada, duk da haka, bai raba fasaha da kayan ado ba. kimantawa da abubuwan tarihi. Riemann ya mallaki irin waɗannan ayyukan nazari irin su "Jagora zuwa Fugue Composition" ("Handbuch der Fugen-Kompositionen", Bd I-III, 1890-94, vols. I da II suna sadaukarwa ga "Clavier da kyau", vol. III - "The Art of the Fugue" na JS Bach), "Beethoven's Bow Quartets" ("Beethobens Streichquartette", 1903), "Duk solo piano sonatas na L. van Beethoven, ado. da fasaha na yau da kullun. bincike tare da maganganun tarihi” (“L. van Beethovens sämtliche Klavier-Solosonaten, ästhetische und formal-technische Analyze mit historischen Notizen”, 1918-1919), jigo. bincike na 6th symphony da kuma siphony "Manfred" na Tchaikovsky.

Daga cikin ayyukan da suka haɓaka ƙa'idar da ƙayatarwa. hanyar nazarin ayyukan kiɗa. a cikin ilimin kiɗa na Yammacin Turai, za mu iya kiran aikin G. Kretschmar (1848-1924) "Jagora zuwa kide-kide" ("Führer durch Konzertsaal", 1887-90); monograph na A. Schweitzer (1875-1965) "IS Bach" ("JS Bach", 1908), inda prod. ana la'akari da mawaki a cikin haɗin kai na bangarori uku na bincike - ka'idar, kyan gani. da yin aiki; wani littafi mai juzu'i uku na P. Becker (1882-1937) "Beethoven" ("Beethoven", 1911), wanda marubucin ya yi nazarin wasan kwaikwayo da piano. sonatas na babban mawaki bisa ga "ra'ayin waka"; littafin X. Leuchtentritt (1874-1951) "Koyarwa game da Form Musical" ("Musikalische Formenlehre", 1911) da nasa aikin "Analysis of Chopin's Piano Works" ("Analyse der Chopin'schen Klavierwerke", 1921-22), in -Roy high kimiyya-ka'idar. an haɗa matakin bincike tare da halaye masu ban sha'awa da kayan ado. ratings; dauke da yawa da dabara nazari na ayyukan E. Kurt (1886-1946) "Romantic Harmony da Its Crisis in Wagner's Tristan" ("Romantische Harmonik und ihre Krise in Wagners"Tristan", 1920) da "Bruckner" (Bd 1- 2, 1925). A cikin binciken A. Lorenz (1868-1939) "Sirrin Form a Wagner" ("Das Geheimnis der Form bei Richard Wagner", 1924-33), bisa cikakken bincike na Wagner ta operas, sabon nau'i na nau'i da kuma an kafa sassan su (ƙaddamar da mataki da kida na yau da kullun na "lokacin waƙar- kiɗa", "madaidaicin sashi").

Ayyukan R. Rolland (1866-1944) sun mamaye wuri na musamman a cikin ci gaban fasahar atomic. Daga cikin su akwai aikin "Beethoven. Manyan zamanin kirkire-kirkire” (“Beethoven. Les grandes epoques cryatrices”, 1928-45). Yin nazarin wasan kwaikwayo na Beethoven, sonatas da opera a ciki, R. Rolland ya haifar da wani nau'i na nazari. hanyar da ke da alaƙa da mawaƙa, ƙungiyoyin adabi, misalan misalan da wuce tsauraran tsarin ka'idar kiɗa zuwa ga fassarar waƙa ta kyauta na ra'ayoyi da tsarin alama na samarwa. Wannan hanya ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaban ci gaban A. m. duka a Yamma kuma musamman a cikin USSR.

A Rasha gargajiya musicology na 19th karni. ci gaban al'ummomi. tunani a fili ya shafi filin A. m. Ƙoƙarin Rus. An aika masana kida da masu suka don amincewa da kasida: kowane mus. samfur. wanda aka halicce shi domin bayyana wani ra'ayi, isar da wasu tunani da ji. AD Ulybyshev (1794-1858), Rus na farko. Mawallafin kiɗa, marubucin ayyukan "Sabon Biography of Mozart" ("Nouvelle biographie de Mozart ...", sassan 1-3, 1843) da "Beethoven, masu sukarsa da masu fassararsa" ("Beethoven, ses critiques et ses glossateurs", 1857), wanda ya bar alamar alama a cikin tarihin mahimmanci. tunani. Dukansu littattafan sun ƙunshi nazari da yawa, ƙididdiga masu mahimmanci da ƙima. aiki. Wataƙila waɗannan su ne misalan farko na litattafai a Turai waɗanda suka haɗa abubuwan tarihin rayuwa tare da nazari. Ɗaya daga cikin masu bincike na farko na Rasha wanda ya juya zuwa ƙasashen uba. music art-woo, VF Odoevsky (1804-69), ba kasancewar wani theoretician, ya ba a cikin m da jarida ayyukansu na ado. bincike pl. samarwa, ch. arr. Wasan operas na Glinka. Ayyukan VF Lenz (1809-83) "Beethoven da nau'ikansa uku" ("Beethoven et ses trois styles", 1852) da "Beethoven. Binciken rubuce-rubucensa "("Bethoven. Eine Kunst-Studie", 1855-60) ba su rasa mahimmancinsu ba har yau.

AN Serov (1820-71) - wanda ya kafa hanyar jigo. bincike a cikin ilimin kida na Rasha. A cikin muqala The Role of One Motif in the Whore Opera A Life for the Tsar (1859), ta yin amfani da misalan kida, Serov yayi nazari akan samuwar jigon ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta ƙarshe. Marubucin ya haɗu da samuwar wannan jigon-waƙar tare da balaga na babba. ra'ayoyin opera na kishin kasa. Labarin "Thematism of the Leonora Overture" (nazari game da Beethoven, 1861) ya bincika alaƙa tsakanin jigon jigon Beethoven da opera. A cikin labarin "Bethoven's Tara Symphony, Tsarinsa da Ma'anarsa" (1868), an aiwatar da ra'ayin a hankali samuwar jigon farin ciki na ƙarshe. A m bincike na ayyukan Glinka da Dargomyzhsky aka bayar a cikin articles "A Life for Tsar" da "Ruslan da Lyudmila" (1860), "Ruslan da Ruslanists" (1867), "Mermaid" by Dargomyzhsky (1856). . Haɗin kai na ci gaban fasaha. ra'ayoyi da kuma hanyoyin da ya dace - halittu. ka'idar hanyar Serov, wanda ya zama ginshiƙin owls. ilimin kidan kida.

A cikin mahimman bayanai na PI Tchaikovsky, an ba da wani muhimmin wuri don nazarin muses. Productions, yi a daban-daban concert zauren a Moscow a cikin marigayi 70s. Karni na 19 Daga cikin lit. Gadon NA Rimsky-Korsakov ya fito waje don jigon sa. bincike na kansa opera The Snow Maiden (ed. 1911, cikakken buga a cikin ed.: NA Rimsky-Korsakov, Tattara Ayyuka, Adabi Ayyuka da Sadarwa, vol. IV, M., 1960). Binciken kasidun kansa da kimanta samarwa. Sauran mawaƙa kuma suna cikin littafin Rimsky-Korsakov's Chronicle of My Musical Life (an buga a 1909). Babban adadin maganganu na ka'idar ban sha'awa. kuma analytic hali yana samuwa a cikin wasiƙar SI Taneev tare da PI Tchaikovsky. High kimiyya da ka'idar. Mahimmanci sune cikakkun bayanai na Taneyev na tonal da thematic. ci gaba a wasu Beethoven sonatas (a cikin haruffa zuwa ga mawaki NN Amani kuma a cikin wani aiki na musamman "Analysis of modulations in Beethoven's sonatas").

Hazakar kwararrun masana kide-kide da masu sharhi da dama na kasar Rasha wadanda suka fara ayyukansu a zamanin kafin juyin juya hali, sun bayyana bayan babban juyin juya halin Oktoba. gurguzu. juyin juya hali. BL Yavorsky (1877-1942), mahaliccin ka'idar modal rhythm, ya gabatar da sababbin abubuwa da yawa a cikin hadaddun (cikakken) bincike. Ya mallaki nazarin ayyukan AN Scriabin da JS Bach da sauran ayyukan. A wani taron karawa juna sani kan Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, masanin kimiyyar ya yi nazari kan alakar da ke tsakanin preludes da fugues na wannan tarin da kuma cantatas kuma, bisa ga nazarin rubutun na karshen, ya zo kan asali na ƙarshe game da abun ciki na preludes da fugues.

Ci gaban hanyoyin kimiyya A. m. ya ba da gudummawa a cikin 20s. ayyukan koyarwa da kimiyya na GL Catoire (1861-1926) da GE Konyus (1862-1933). Duk da daya-sidedness kimiyya matsayi (misali, ka'idar Metrotectonism Konus, da ƙari na formative rawar da mita a Catoire ta laccoci), su theoretical. Ayyukan sun ƙunshi abubuwan lura masu mahimmanci kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka tunanin nazari.

A. m. Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ayyukan BV Asafiev (1884-1949). Daga cikin fitattun binciken bincikensa - "Symphonic Etudes" (1922), wanda ke dauke da nazarin da dama na Rasha. operas da ballets (ciki har da opera The Queen of Spades), littafin Eugene Onegin na Tchaikovsky (1944), binciken Glinka (1947), wanda sassan da aka sadaukar don. bincike na opera "Ruslan da Lyudmila" da "Kamarinskaya". Babban sabon shine ra'ayin Asafiev na intonation. yanayin kiɗan. A cikin ayyukansa yana da wuya a bambanta tsakanin lokutan ka'idar. da kuma tarihi. Rubuce-rubucen tarihi da ka'idar farkon shine mafi girman fa'idar kimiyyar Asafiev. Ayyukan mafi kyau na Asafiev sun yi tasiri sosai a kan ci gaban hanyoyin kiɗa. Littafinsa Musical Form as a Process (sashe na 1-2, 1930 da 1947) ya taka rawa ta musamman, inda ya kammala tunani mai ma'ana akan bangarori biyu na kida. nau'i - a matsayin tsari kuma a matsayin sakamakon crystallized; game da nau'ikan nau'ikan bisa ga ka'idodin asali - bambanci da ainihi; game da ayyuka uku na ci gaba - motsawa, motsi da kammalawa, game da sauyawar su akai-akai.

Ci gaban A. m. a cikin USSR ya nuna duka a cikin musamman. bincike, kuma a cikin ayyuka kamar littattafai da kayan aikin koyarwa. A cikin littafin LA Mazel “Fantasy f-moll Chopin. Experience of Analysis” (1937) bisa cikakken nazarin wannan waƙar. ayyuka saita yawan na kowa salo. dokokin aikin Chopin, matsaloli masu mahimmanci na hanyar A. m. ana sa gaba. A cikin aikin wannan marubucin "On Melody" (1952), an haɓaka na musamman. Hanyar melodic. bincike.

VA Zukkerman a cikin aikinsa na "Kamarinskaya" na Glinka da al'adunsa a cikin kiɗan Rasha (1957) ya gabatar da sababbin tanadi na asali game da abubuwan da aka tsara. fasali na nar na Rasha. waƙoƙi da ka'idodin ci gaban bambancin. Mahimman ka'idar. generalizations ya ƙunshi littafin Vl. V. Protopopov "Ivan Susanin" Glinka "(1961). Shi ne na farko da ya tsara manufar "siffa mai ban sha'awa" (duba sigar kiɗa). An buga ranar Asabar. Labarun "Frederic Chopin" (1960) "Bayanai akan Harshen Kiɗa na Chopin" na VA Zukkerman, "Wasu Fasali na Haɗin Tsarin Kyauta na Chopin" na LA Mazel da "Hanyar Bambancin Haɓaka Jigo a cikin Chopin's Music" na Vl. V. Protopopov ya shaida babban matakin A. m., wanda masana kimiyyar kiɗa na Soviet suka samu.

A. m. ana amfani dashi akai-akai a cikin ilimi da koyarwa. yi. Nazarin kowane batutuwa na kiɗa-ka'idar. sake zagayowar (ka'idar kiɗa ta farko, solfeggio, jituwa, polyphony, kayan aiki) ya ƙunshi sassa uku: ka'idar batun, mai amfani. ayyuka da bincike na kiɗa. samfur. ko fasikanci. A cikin tsarin ka'idar farko na nazarin kiɗa. sashe shine nazarin abubuwa mafi sauƙi na kiɗa. yana aiki - tonality, girman, rukuni a cikin sanduna, tsauri. da tashin hankali. inuwa, da dai sauransu; a cikin solfeggio course - nazarin saurare na tazara, girman, ƙwanƙwasa, sabawa da gyare-gyare a cikin ƙananan guntu na kiɗa. samarwa; a cikin darussan jituwa, polyphony, kayan aiki - nazarin zane-zanen da ya dace da wasu sassan manhaja. samfurori (bincike na kayan aiki - duba Instrumentation). Yawancin litattafai da litattafai akan waɗannan batutuwa suna da sassan bayanan martaba; akwai littattafai daban don harmonica. da kuma polyphonic. bincike.

A zamanin kafin juyin juya halin Musulunci da kuma a shekarun farko bayan juyin juya halin Musulunci akwai wani batu "Analysis of muses. siffofin", wanda aka rage zuwa ma'anar abubuwan da aka tsara. nau'ikan kiɗan suna aiki ta hanyar kawo shi ƙarƙashin ɗaya daga cikin ƙayyadaddun iyaka na tsare-tsare da ke ƙunshe a cikin littafin koyarwa. A lokaci guda, an ba da hankali sosai ga ma'anar ma'anar, hanyoyin ci gaban jigogi. A Rasha, litattafan farko da suka samo aikace-aikace a cikin nazarin nau'o'in kiɗa sune ayyukan "Theory of Music" na G. Hess de Calve (1818), "Littafin Rubutun Rubutun" na I. Fuchs (1830) da " Cikakken Jagora zuwa Haɗa Kiɗa” na IK Gunke (1859-63). A cikin 1883-84, fassarar Rashanci na Littafin Rubutun Forms of Instrumental Music (Musikalische Formenlehre, 1878) na masanin kida na Jamus L. Busler ya bayyana, a cikin 1901 - litattafai na mai bincike na Ingilishi E. Prout, wanda aka buga a cikin juzu'i biyu a ƙarƙashin taken Musical. Form (Form na Kiɗa", 1891, Fassara na Rasha 1900) da "Aikace-aikacen Form" ("Aikace-aikacen Form", 1895, Fassarar Rashanci bg).

Daga ayyukan Rashanci. alkaluman kida sun fito fili: AS Arensky's Littafin "Jagora ga Nazari na Forms of Instrumental da Vocal Music" (1893-94), wanda ya ƙunshi a cikin wani matsawa da kuma sauƙaƙan nau'i kwatanci na babban nau'i na kiɗa; nazarin GL Catoire "Form Music" (sashe na 1-2, 1934-36), wanda a cikin 30s. An kuma yi amfani da shi azaman littafin karatu don masana kiɗa.

Nasarorin ci gaban ilimin kidan gida bayan babban juyin juya halin Oktoba ya ba da gudummawa ga saurin furanni na rukunan kiɗa. tsari. Wannan ya haifar da sake fasalin tsarin gargajiya na A. m. An kirkiro sabon kwas a cikin 30s. Farfesa na Moscow Conservatory VA Zukkerman, LA Mazel, I. Ya. Ryzhkin; A Leningrad Conservatory, irin wannan aikin ya yi ta VV Shcherbachev, Yu. N. Tyulin, BA Arapov. Wannan kwas ɗin ya dogara ne akan ƙwarewar da ilimin kida na ka'idar ya tattara a kowane fanni kuma, da farko, a cikin nazarin nau'ikan kiɗan.

A sakamakon haka, an fadada iyakokin karatun horon da ya gabata sosai, kuma shi da kansa ya daukaka zuwa matakin kimiyya. mataki – babban burinsa shine cikakken bincike (cikakkiyar) bincike.

Sabbin ayyuka da aka saita a lokacin A. m. ana buƙatar sabbin litattafai da kayan koyarwa, ƙarin ilimin kimiyya. haɓaka hanyoyin bincike. Tuni a cikin mujiya ta farko. littafin rubutu, wanda aka yi niyya don darussan gabaɗaya na A. m., - Littafin IV Sposobina "Form Music" (1947), a cikin tsari. ana ɗaukar oda a bayyane. yana nufin kuma tare da cikawa mai girma an rufe dukkan abubuwan yau da kullun. siffofin. Littafin SS Skrebkov "Analysis of Musical ayyukan" (1958) ya ƙunshi msar tambayar. matsayi da ke ba da wannan aikin sifofin binciken (misali, nazarin ci gaban intra-thematic da sabon al'amari na fahimtar "sonata" a matsayin ka'ida mai ban mamaki). A cikin lissafi. Littafin karatu na LA Mazel "Tsarin Ayyukan Kiɗa" (1960) ya haɓaka sabon ka'idar lokaci, yana taƙaita ƙwarewar aikin fahimtar wannan nau'i (matakan farko a cikin wannan jagorar an ɗauka a cikin ayyukan E. Prout da GL Catoire). ), ka'idar gauraye nau'i, wanda E. Prout ya tsara. A cikin 1965, a ƙarƙashin babban editan Yu. N. Tyulin ya buga littafin Leningrad. marubutan "Form Music". A cewar ma'anar kalmomi da wasu kimiyya. ka'idodin, ya bambanta sosai daga litattafan Moscow. mawallafa (don waɗannan bambance-bambance, duba labarin Sigar Kiɗa).

Littafin karatu na LA Mazel da VA Zuckerman "Bincike na Ayyukan Kiɗa" don sassan kiɗan kide-kide na ɗakunan ajiya (fitowa ta 1, 1967) ta taƙaita wadatar ƙwarewar aiki. da aikin kimiyya da marubutansa suka tara.

Ayyukan masu ilimin kide-kide suna ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka duka hanyar nazarin kiɗan kanta da tsarin nazarin ayyukan kiɗan.

References: Serov A., Thematism na overture zuwa opera "Leonora", "Neue Zeitschrift für Musik", 1861; Rashanci kowane. - Mahimman labarai, juzu'i. 3, SPB, 1895; P. Tchaikovsky, Bayanan kula na kiɗa da bayanin kula (1868-1876), M., 1898; perezd., M., 1953; Asafiev B. V., Overture Ruslan da Lyudmila Glinka, “Music. tarihin", Sat. II, P., 1923; nasa, Glinka's Waltz-Fantasy, “Music. tarihin", Sat. III, L., 1926; nasa, Chopin's Mazurka, "SM", 1947, No 7; Belyaev V., "Analysis na modulations a cikin sonatas Beethoven" S. DA. Taneeva, a cikin: Littafin Rasha game da Beethoven, M., 1927; Mazel L., Chopin's Fantasy a f-moll (ƙwarewar nazari), M., 1937, a cikin littafin: Bincike akan Chopin, M., 1971; nasa, Aesthetics and Analysis, "SM", 1966, No 12; Wasiku daga S. DA. Tanaeva a N. N. Amani, “SM”, 1940, No 7; Zuckerman V., Nau'in cikakken bincike, "SM", 1967, No 4; Kholopov Yu., Kiɗa na zamani a cikin tsarin nazarin ayyukan kiɗa, a cikin: Bayanan kula akan ilimin kiɗa, M., 1966; Arzamanov F., A kan koyar da tsarin nazarin ayyukan kiɗa, a cikin Sat: Tambayoyi na hanyoyin koyarwa na ilimin kida da ka'idoji, M., 1967; Pags Yu., A kan nazarin lokaci, ibid.; Ulybyschew A. D., Sabon Biography na Mozart, Moscow, 1843; ruwa. da., M., 1890-92; Richter E. Fr E., Siffofin asali na nau'ikan kiɗa da nazarin su, Lpz., 1852; Lenz W., Beethoven et ses trois styles, v. 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1852, Brussels, 1854, P., 1855; Marx A. В., Rayuwar Ludwig van Beethoven da aikinsa, vol. 1 2, В., 1911; Riemann H., Ka'idar tsari na daidaitawa azaman tushen ka'idar sigar kiɗa, Hamb., 1887, рyc. пер., СПБ, 1896; Kretzschmar H., Jagora ta zauren wasan kwaikwayo, vols. 1-3, Lpz., 1887-90; Nagel W., Beethoven da piano sonatas, vols. 1-2, Langensalza, 1903-05, 1933; Schweitzer A., ​​Johann Sebastian Bach, Lpz., 1908 da kuma переизд., рус. da., M., 1965; Bekker P., Beethoven, V., 1911 kuma an sake bugawa, Rashanci. da., M., 1913-15; Rieman H., L. Van Beethoven cikakken piano solo sonatas. Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙaya da ƙa'idar fasaha tare da bayanan tarihi, vols. 1-3, В., 1920; Кurth E., Haɗin kai na Romantic da rikicinsa a Wagner's "Tristan", Bern - Lpz., 1920, В., 1923; Leiсhtentritt H., Nazarin ayyukan piano na Chopin, vols. 1-2, В., 1921-22; Rolland R., Beethoven. Les grandes epoques cryatrices, P., 1928-45 da kuma sake bugawa, Rashanci. da. 1938 da 1957-58; Schenker H., Sabbin ka'idodin kiɗa da fantasy, III, W., 1935, 1956; Tovey D Fr., Rubuce-rubuce a cikin nazarin kiɗa, 1-6, L., 1935-39; Grabner H., Littafin Nazarin Kiɗa, Lpz.,(o. J.); Federhofer H., Gudunmawa ga nazarin gestalt na kiɗa, Graz, 1950; Gьldenstein G., Tattalin Arziki, «Schweizerische Musikzeitung», XCVI, 1956; Fucks W., Binciken Lissafi na Tsarin Tsarin Kiɗa na Ka'ida, Cologne - Upload, 1958; Kone E. T., Analysis a yau, «MQ», XLVI, 1960; Goldschmidt H., A kan hanyar bincike na kiɗa, в кн.: Gudunmawa ga ilimin kiɗa, Vol III, No 4, В., 1961; Коlneder W., Binciken Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Jiki, в кн.: Canjin ji na kiɗa, В., 1962; Sabbin hanyoyin nazarin kida. Gudunmawa takwas na L. U. Ibrahim da dai sauransu, В., 1967; Ƙoƙari a nazarin kiɗa. Gudunmawa bakwai na P. Benary, S. Borris, D. da la Motte, H. Mata, H.-P. Reis da R. Stephan, В., 1967; Mota D. de la, nazarin kiɗa, rubutu da kiɗan takarda, vols. 1-2, Kasa - N. Y., 1968.

VP Bobrovsky