Pierre Rode |

Pierre Rode

A ƙarshen karni na XNUMX-XNUMXth a Faransa, wanda ke faruwa a cikin wani zamanin tashin hankali na zamantakewar al'umma, an kafa wata makarantar violin mai ban mamaki, wadda ta sami amincewa a duniya. hazikan wakilansa sune Pierre Rode, Pierre Baio da Rodolphe Kreuzer.

Masu violin na masu fasaha daban-daban, suna da alaƙa da yawa a cikin matsayi na ado, wanda ya ba wa masana tarihi damar haɗa su a ƙarƙashin taken makarantar violin na gargajiya ta Faransa. An haife su a cikin yanayin Faransa kafin juyin juya hali, sun fara tafiya tare da sha'awar masana ilmin lissafi, falsafar Jean-Jacques Rousseau, kuma a cikin kiɗa sun kasance masu kishin Viotti, wanda ke da hankali sosai kuma a lokaci guda yana jin tausayi. wasan sun ga misali na salon gargajiya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Sun ji Viotti a matsayin ubansu na ruhaniya kuma malaminsu, kodayake Rode ne kawai ɗalibinsa kai tsaye.

Duk wannan ya haɗa su da mafi girman reshe na dimokuradiyya na masu al'adun Faransa. Tasirin ra'ayoyin masu ilimin encyclopedists, ra'ayoyin juyin juya halin, ana jin su a fili a cikin "Hanyoyin Conservatory na Paris" wanda Bayot, Rode da Kreutzer suka kirkira, "wanda tunanin kide-kide da ilmantarwa ya fahimta kuma ya karyata… masu akidar matasan bourgeoisie na Faransa."

Duk da haka, dimokuradiyyar su ta takaita ne musamman a fagen kyawawan halaye, fagen fasaha, a siyasance sun kasance ba ruwansu da komai. Ba su da wannan zafin zafin ra'ayoyin juyin juya halin, wanda ya bambanta Gossek, Cherubini, Daleyrac, Burton, sabili da haka sun sami damar zama a tsakiyar rayuwar kiɗa na Faransa a duk canje-canjen zamantakewa. A zahiri, kyawun su bai canza ba. Sauyi daga juyin juya halin 1789 zuwa daular Napoleon, maido da daular Bourbon da kuma, a ƙarshe, zuwa ga mulkin mallaka na Burgeois na Louis Philippe, don haka ya canza ruhin al'adun Faransanci, wanda shugabanninsa ba za su iya zama ko'ina ba. Fasahar kiɗa na waɗannan shekarun ta samo asali ne daga al'ada zuwa "Empire" da ƙari zuwa romanticism. Tsohon jarumtaka-danniya azzalumi motifs a zamanin Napoleon aka maye gurbinsu da pompous rhetoric da bikin haskaka "Empire", ciki sanyi da kuma m, da kuma classicist hadisai samu hali na mai kyau ilimi. A cikin tsarin sa, Bayo da Kreutzer sun gama aikinsu na fasaha.

Gabaɗaya, sun kasance masu gaskiya ga classicism, kuma daidai a cikin tsarin karatun sa, kuma sun kasance baƙo ga jagorar soyayya mai tasowa. Daga cikin su, Rode ya taɓa son zuciya tare da abubuwan jin daɗin rairayi na waƙarsa. Amma duk da haka, a cikin yanayin waƙoƙin, ya kasance mafi yawan mabiyin Rousseau, Megul, Grétry da Viotti fiye da mai shelar sabon tunanin soyayya. Bayan haka, ba daidai ba ne cewa lokacin da flowering na romanticism ya zo, ayyukan Rode sun rasa shahara. Romantics ba su ji a cikin su yarda da tsarin ji. Kamar Bayo da Kreutzer, Rode gaba ɗaya ya kasance na zamanin al'ada, wanda ya ƙaddara ƙa'idodin fasaharsa da kyawawan halaye.

An haifi Rode a Bordeaux ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1774. Tun yana ɗan shekara shida, ya fara nazarin violin tare da André Joseph Fauvel (babba). Ko Fauvel malamin kirki ne da wuya a ce. Rushewar Rode da sauri a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya zama bala'in rayuwarsa, ƙila ya faru ne sakamakon lalacewar fasaharsa ta koyarwarsa ta farko. Wata hanya ko wata, Fauvel ba zai iya ba Rode rayuwa mai tsawo ba.

A cikin 1788, Rode ya tafi Paris, inda ya buga ɗaya daga cikin kade-kade na Viotti ga ɗan wasan violin na lokacin Punto. Kwarewar basirar yaron, Punto ya kai shi zuwa Viotti, wanda ya dauki Rode a matsayin dalibinsa. Azuzuwan su yana ɗaukar shekaru biyu. Rode yana samun ci gaba mai ban tsoro. A cikin 1790, Viotti ya saki ɗalibinsa a karon farko a cikin buɗaɗɗen kide kide. Wasan farko ya faru ne a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ɗan'uwan Sarki yayin da ake tsaka da wasan opera. Rode ya buga Concerto na Goma sha Uku na Viotti, kuma wasansa mai zafi da ƙware ya burge masu sauraro. Yaron yana da shekaru 16 kawai, amma, ta kowane hali, shi ne mafi kyawun violin a Faransa bayan Viotti.

A cikin wannan shekarar, Rode ya fara aiki a cikin kyakkyawan mawaƙa na Feydo Theater a matsayin mai rakiya na biyu violins. A lokaci guda kuma, aikinsa na kide-kide ya bayyana: a makon Easter na 1790, ya gudanar da zagayowar gagarumin waɗancan lokutan, yana wasa 5 Viotti concertos a jere (Na uku, na sha uku, na sha huɗu, na sha bakwai, na sha takwas).

Rode yana ciyar da duk munanan shekaru na juyin juya hali a Paris, yana wasa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Feydo. Sai kawai a cikin 1794 ya gudanar da tafiyarsa ta farko ta shagali tare da shahararren mawaki Garat. Suna zuwa Jamus da yin wasan kwaikwayo a Hamburg, Berlin. Nasarar Rohde na da ban mamaki, Jaridar Musical Gazette ta Berlin ta rubuta cikin ƙwazo: “Hanyoyin wasansa sun cika duk abin da ake tsammani. Duk wanda ya ji sanannen malaminsa Viotti gabaɗaya ya faɗi cewa Rode ya ƙware sosai da kyakkyawar tarbiyyar malamin, yana ba shi ƙarin taushi da taushin hali.

Bita ta jaddada gefen waƙar salon Rode. Wannan ingancin wasansa yana ba da ƙarfi koyaushe a cikin hukunce-hukuncen mutanen zamaninsa. "Kyakkyawa, tsarki, alheri" - irin waɗannan alamomin ana ba su kyauta ga aikin Rode daga abokinsa Pierre Baio. Amma ta wannan hanya, da alama salon wasan Rode ya sha bamban da na Viotti, saboda ba shi da halayen jarumtaka, da “baki”. A bayyane yake, Rode ya ja hankalin masu sauraro da jituwa, tsaftar al'adun gargajiya da wakoki, kuma ba tare da jin daɗi ba, ƙarfin namiji wanda ya bambanta Viotti.

Duk da nasarar da Rode ya samu, yana fatan komawa ƙasarsa ta haihuwa. Bayan ya daina kide-kide, ya tafi Bordeaux ta teku, saboda tafiya ta ƙasa yana da haɗari. Duk da haka, ya kasa zuwa Bordeaux. Guguwa ta barke ta kori jirgin da yake tafiya zuwa gabar tekun Ingila. Ko kadan ba a karaya ba. Rode ya garzaya zuwa London don ganin Viotti, wanda ke zaune a can. A lokaci guda, yana so ya yi magana da jama'ar London, amma, alas, Faransanci a cikin babban birnin Ingila suna da hankali sosai, suna zargin kowa da kowa na Jacobin. An tilastawa Rode ya keɓe kansa don halartar wani shagali na sadaka don tallafawa gwauraye da marayu, don haka ya bar London. An rufe hanyar zuwa Faransa; Dan wasan violin ya dawo Hamburg kuma daga nan ta hanyar Holland ya yi hanyarsa zuwa ƙasarsa.

Rode ya isa birnin Paris a shekara ta 1795. A wannan lokacin ne Sarret ya nemi doka kan buda wata matattarar ra'ayin mazan jiya - cibiyar farko ta kasa, inda ilimin kiɗa ya zama al'amuran jama'a. A ƙarƙashin inuwar ɗakin ajiyar, Sarret ya tattara duk mafi kyawun sojojin kiɗan da suke a lokacin a Paris. Catel, Daleyrak, Cherubini, dan wasan kwaikwayo Bernard Romberg, da kuma daga cikin violinists, tsoho Gavignier da matasa Bayot, Rode, Kreutzer sami gayyatar. Halin da ke cikin ɗakin ajiyar yana da ƙirƙira da sha'awa. Kuma ba a bayyana dalilin da ya sa ba, kasancewa a birnin Paris na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Rode ya sauke komai ya tafi Spain.

Rayuwarsa a Madrid sananne ne don babban abokantaka da Boccherini. Babban mai fasaha ba shi da rai a cikin matashin ɗan Faransa mai zafi. Mai ƙwazo Rode yana son tsara kiɗa, amma yana da ƙarancin umarnin kayan aiki. Boccherini da son rai ya yi masa wannan aikin. Hannunsa a fili yana jinsa cikin ladabi, haske, alherin rakiyar kade-kade na raye-rayen Rode da dama, gami da shahararren Concerto na shida.

Rode ya koma Paris a shekara ta 1800. A lokacin da ba ya nan, an sami sauye-sauyen siyasa masu muhimmanci a babban birnin Faransa. Janar Bonaparte ya zama jakadan farko na Jamhuriyar Faransa. Sabon mai mulki, a hankali ya watsar da mutuncin jamhuriya da dimokuradiyya, ya nemi ya “ba da” “kotu”. A "kotu" nasa an shirya wani ɗakin sujada na kayan aiki da ƙungiyar makaɗa, inda aka gayyaci Rode a matsayin mai soloist. Cibiyar Conservatory ta Paris ita ma ta bude masa kofofinta, inda aka yi kokarin samar da makarantun dabaru a cikin manyan sassan koyar da waka. Baio, Rode da Kreutzer ne suka rubuta Hanyar makarantar violin. A cikin 1802, an buga wannan Makarantar (Methode du violon) kuma ta sami karɓuwa na duniya. Duk da haka, Rode bai dauki irin wannan babban bangare ba a cikin halittarsa; Baio shine babban marubucin.

Bugu da kari ga Conservatory da Bonaparte Chapel, Rode ma soloist a Paris Grand Opera. A wannan lokacin, ya kasance wanda ya fi so ga jama'a, yana kan matsayi na daraja kuma yana jin daɗin ikon da ba a yi la'akari da shi ba na dan wasan violin na farko a Faransa. Kuma duk da haka, rashin natsuwa yanayi bai bar shi ya zauna a wurin ba. Abokinsa, mawallafin Boildieu, ya yaudare shi, a 1803 Rode ya tafi St. Petersburg.

Nasarar Rode a babban birnin Rasha yana da ban sha'awa da gaske. An gabatar da shi ga Alexander I, an nada shi soloist na kotu, tare da albashin da ba a ji ba na 5000 na azurfa rubles a shekara. Yana da zafi. Babban al'umma na St. yana ba da kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kike da ensembles da solo in the imperial opera; waƙoƙinsa suna shiga rayuwar yau da kullun, kiɗan sa yana sha'awar masoya.

A shekara ta 1804, Rode ya tafi Moscow, inda ya ba da wani kade-kade, kamar yadda sanarwar a Moskovskie Vedomosti ta tabbatar: “Mr. Rode, dan wasan violin na farko na Mai Martaba Sarkin sarakuna, yana da girma don sanar da jama'a masu daraja cewa zai ba da wani kade-kade a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, Lahadi, a cikin babban dakin wasan kwaikwayo na Petrovsky, inda zai buga wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban. abun da ya rubuta. Rode ya zauna a Moscow, a fili na tsawon lokaci mai kyau. Don haka, a cikin "Notes" na SP Zhikharev mun karanta cewa a cikin salon shahararren mashawarcin kiɗa na Moscow VA Vsevolozhsky a cikin 1804-1805 akwai kwarjini wanda "a bara Rode ya gudanar da violin na farko, kuma Batllo, viola Frenzel da cello har yanzu Lamar. . Gaskiya ne, bayanin da Zhikharev ya ruwaito ba daidai ba ne. J. Lamar a 1804 ba zai iya wasa a cikin quartet tare da Rode ba, saboda ya isa Moscow kawai a cikin Nuwamba 1805 tare da Bayo.

Daga Moscow, Rode ya sake zuwa St. A kan hanya, ya sake ziyarci Moscow, inda ya sadu da tsofaffin abokai na Paris da suka zauna a can tun 1808 - Bayo violin da Lamar cellist. A Moscow, ya ba da wani kade-kade na bankwana. “Malam Rode, dan wasan violin na farko na Kammera na Mai Martaba Sarkin Dukan Rasha, ya ratsa birnin Moscow a waje, a ranar Lahadi, 1808 ga Fabrairu, zai sami karramawa don ba da kide-kide don fa'idarsa a zauren gidan rawa. Abubuwan da ke cikin shagalin: 1805. Symphony na Mista Mozart; 23. Mista Rode zai buga kade-kade na wake-wakensa; 1. Babba Overture, Op. birnin Cherubini; 2. Mista Zoon zai buga wasan kwaikwayo na Flute, Op. Kapellmeister Mista Miller; 3. Mr. Rode zai buga kide-kide na abubuwan da ya rubuta, wanda aka gabatar wa mai martaba Sarkin sarakuna Alexander Pavlovich. Ana ɗaukar Rondo galibi daga waƙoƙin Rasha da yawa; 4. Karshe. Farashin shine 5 rubles ga kowane tikiti, wanda za'a iya samu daga Mr. Rode da kansa, wanda ke zaune a Tverskaya, a cikin gidan Mr. Saltykov tare da Madame Shiu, kuma daga mai kula da gida na Dance Academy.

Da wannan wasan kwaikwayo, Rode ya yi bankwana da Rasha. Lokacin da ya isa Paris, ba da daɗewa ba ya ba da kide-kide a cikin zauren gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Odeon. Duk da haka, wasan da ya yi bai tayar da sha'awar masu sauraro na farko ba. Wani bita mai ban tausayi ya fito a cikin Jaridar Musical Gazette ta Jamus: “Lokacin da ya dawo daga Rasha, Rode ya so ya saka wa ’yan uwansa don ya hana su jin daɗin jin daɗin gwanintarsa ​​na dogon lokaci. Amma a wannan karon, bai yi sa'a sosai ba. Zabin concerto don wasan kwaikwayo ya yi shi sosai bai yi nasara ba. Ya rubuta shi a St. Rode yayi ƴan ra'ayi kaɗan. Hazakarsa, ta gama gamawa a cikin ci gabanta, har yanzu tana barin abubuwa da yawa da ake so dangane da wuta da rayuwa ta ciki. Roda ya ji zafi musamman yadda muka ji Lafon a gabansa. Wannan yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin violinists da aka fi so a nan. "

Gaskiya ne, tunowar bai riga ya yi magana game da raguwar fasahar fasaha ta Rode ba. Mai bita bai gamsu da zabar wasan kide-kide na “sanyi da yawa” da kuma rashin wuta a cikin wasan kwaikwayon mai zane ba. A bayyane yake, babban abu shine canza dandano na Parisians. Salon "classic" na Rode ya daina biyan bukatun jama'a. Da yawa yanzu ta burge ta da kyawawan halayen matashin Lafont. Halin sha'awar kayan kirki na kayan aiki ya riga ya sa kansa ya ji, wanda ba da daɗewa ba zai zama alama mafi mahimmanci na zamanin zuwa na romanticism.

Rashin nasarar wasan kwaikwayo ya bugi Rode. Watakila wannan wasan kwaikwayon ne ya haifar masa da raunin tunani da ba za a iya gyarawa ba, wanda bai sake farfadowa ba har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa. Babu wata alama da ta bar tsohuwar zamantakewar Rode. Ya janye cikin kansa kuma har zuwa 1811 ya daina magana da jama'a. Kawai a cikin da'irar gida tare da tsofaffin abokai - Pierre Baio da cellist Lamar - yana kunna kiɗa, kunna quartets. Duk da haka, a cikin 1811 ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da ayyukan kide-kide. Amma ba a cikin Paris ba. Ba! Yana tafiya zuwa Austria da Jamus. Wasannin kide-kide suna da zafi. Rode ya rasa amincewa: yana wasa da tsoro, yana haɓaka "tsoron mataki." Da ya ji shi a Vienna a shekara ta 1813, Spohr ya rubuta: “Na sa rai, kusan da rawar jiki, farkon wasan Rode, wanda shekaru goma kafin na ɗauki misali mafi girma na. Koyaya, bayan solo na farko, na ga kamar Rode ya ɗauki mataki baya a wannan lokacin. Na same shi yana wasa da sanyi da sansani; ya rasa ƙarfin halinsa na baya a wurare masu wahala, kuma na ji rashin gamsuwa ko da bayan Cantabile. Yayin da yake yin bambance-bambancen E-dur da na ji daga gare shi shekaru goma da suka gabata, a ƙarshe na gamsu cewa ya yi hasarar da yawa a cikin aminci na fasaha, saboda ba kawai ya sauƙaƙe sassa masu wahala ba, amma ya yi madaidaicin sassa da tsoro da kuskure.

A cewar masanin kida na Faransa Fetis, Rode ya sadu da Beethoven a Vienna, kuma Beethoven ya rubuta masa Romance (F-dur, op. 50) don violin da orchestra, "wato, Romance," in ji Fetis, "wanda a lokacin. tare da irin wannan nasarar da Pierre Baio ya yi a cikin kide-kide na Conservatory. Duk da haka, Riemann, kuma bayan shi Bazilevsky jayayya da wannan hujja.

Rode ya kammala rangadinsa a Berlin, inda ya zauna har zuwa 1814. An tsare shi a nan ta hanyar kasuwanci na sirri - aurensa da wata budurwa 'yar Italiya.

Komawa Faransa, Rode ya zauna a Bordeaux. Shekaru masu zuwa ba sa baiwa mai binciken kowane abu na tarihin rayuwa. Rode baya yin wasa a ko'ina, amma, a kowane hali, yana aiki tuƙuru don dawo da ƙwarewarsa da ya ɓace. Kuma a cikin 1828, wani sabon ƙoƙari na bayyana a gaban jama'a - wani wasan kwaikwayo a Paris.

An yi rashin nasara gaba daya. Rode bai hakura ba. Ya yi rashin lafiya kuma bayan ya yi fama da rashin lafiya na shekaru biyu, a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1830, ya mutu a garin Château de Bourbon kusa da Damazon. Rode ya sha cikakken ƙoƙon mai ɗaci na mai zane wanda rabo ya ɗauke mafi kyawun abu a rayuwa - fasaha. Amma duk da haka, duk da ɗan gajeren lokacin ƙirƙirar furanni, ayyukansa na wasan kwaikwayon sun bar alama mai zurfi akan fasahar kiɗan Faransa da duniya. Ya kuma shahara a matsayin mawaki, duk da cewa damarsa ta wannan bangaren ta takaita ne.

Abubuwan da ya kirkira sun hada da wasan wake-wake na violin guda 13, ƙwanƙwasa baka, duets na violin, bambance-bambance masu yawa akan jigogi daban-daban da capries 24 don solo violin. Har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 1838, ayyukan Rohde sun yi nasara a duniya. Ya kamata a lura cewa Paganini ya rubuta sanannen Concerto a cikin D manyan bisa ga shirin Rode Concerto na Farko na Violin. Ludwig Spohr ya zo daga Rode ta hanyoyi da yawa, yana ƙirƙirar kide-kide nasa. Rode da kansa a cikin nau'in wasan kwaikwayo ya bi Viotti, wanda aikinsa ya kasance misali a gare shi. Concertos na Rode suna maimaita ba kawai nau'i ba, har ma da tsarin gabaɗaya, har ma da tsarin innational na ayyukan Viotti, ya bambanta kawai a cikin babban lyricism. Odoevsky ya lura da lyricism na "sauki, marasa laifi, amma cike da karin waƙa". Cantilena na waƙoƙin Rode ya kasance mai ban sha'awa sosai wanda bambancinsa (G-dur) ya haɗa a cikin repertoire na fitattun mawakan na wancan zamanin Catalani, Sontag, Viardot. A ziyarar farko da Vieuxtan ya yi a Rasha a cikin 15, a cikin shirin kide-kide na farko a watan Maris XNUMX, Hoffmann ya rera waƙar Rode.

Ayyukan Rode a Rasha sun ji daɗin ƙauna sosai. An yi su kusan dukkanin masu wasan violin, ƙwararru da masu son son yin su; sun kutsa cikin lardunan Rasha. Rukunan tarihin Venevitinovs sun adana shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na gida da aka gudanar a gidan Luizino na Vielgorskys. A wadannan maraice, violinists Teplov (mai gida, makwabcin Vielgorskys) da kuma serf Antoine sun yi kide-kide ta L. Maurer, P. Rode (na takwas), R. Kreutzer (na sha tara).

A cikin 40s na karni na 24, abubuwan da Rode ya fara a hankali sun fara ɓacewa daga repertoire na kide kide. An adana kide-kide uku ko hudu kawai a cikin ayyukan ilimantarwa na violin na lokacin karatun makaranta, kuma ana ɗaukar caprice XNUMX a yau azaman tsarin sake zagayowar nau'in etude.

L. Rabin