Alexander Tikhonovich Grechaninov |

Alexander Gretchaninov

Grechaninov. "The Special Litany" daga "Demesne Liturgy" (Fyodor Chaliapin, 1932)

A cikin shekarun da suka wuce, na ƙara samun ƙarfi a cikin sanin aikina na gaskiya, kuma a cikin wannan sana'ar na ga aikin rayuwata… A. Grechaninov

Akwai wani abu da ba za a iya lalacewa ba a cikin yanayinsa, duk wanda ya hadu da A. Grechaninov ya lura. Ya kasance nau'in mai hankali na Rasha na ainihi - mai kyau, mai farin ciki, sanye da tabarau, tare da gemu "Chekhov"; amma mafi yawan duka - wannan tsarki na musamman na rai, tsananin ƙaƙƙarfan ra'ayi na ɗabi'a wanda ya ƙayyade rayuwarsa da matsayinsa na kirkira, aminci ga al'adun gargajiya na Rasha, yanayin da ya dace na bauta masa. Abubuwan al'adun gargajiya na Grechaninov suna da girma - kimanin. Ayyukan 1000, gami da operas 6, wasan ballet na yara, wasan kwaikwayo 5, manyan ayyukan ban mamaki guda 9, kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo 7 masu ban mamaki, ƙwararrun kirtani 4, kayan kida da yawa da ƙira. Amma mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren wannan gado shine kiɗan kiɗa, romances, choral da piano ayyukan yara. Waƙar Grechaninov ya shahara, F. Chaliapin, L. Sobinov ya yi shi da son rai. A. Nezhdanova, N. Golovanov, L. Stokovsky. Duk da haka, tarihin m na mawaki ya kasance mai wahala.

“Ba na cikin wadanda suka yi sa’a wadanda tafarkin rayuwarsu ke cike da wardi. Kowane mataki na fasaha na fasaha ya sa na yi ƙoƙari na ban mamaki. " Iyalin dan kasuwa na Moscow Grechaninov sun annabta yaron ya yi ciniki. "Sa'ad da nake ɗan shekara 14 ne na ga piano a karon farko… Tun daga lokacin, piano ya zama abokina na dindindin." Yin karatu mai zurfi, Grechaninov a 1881, a asirce daga iyayensa, ya shiga Moscow Conservatory, inda ya yi karatu tare da V. Safonov, A. Arensky, S. Taneyev. Ya ɗauki kide-kide na Tarihi na A. Rubinstein da sadarwa tare da kiɗan P. Tchaikovsky a matsayin manyan abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwarsa ta masu kiyayewa. "A matsayina na yaro, na sami damar kasancewa a wasan kwaikwayon farko na Eugene Onegin da Sarauniyar Spades. Har tsawon rayuwata, na riƙe ra'ayin da waɗannan wasan kwaikwayo suka yi a kaina. A cikin 1890, saboda rashin jituwa tare da Arensky, wanda ya ƙaryata game da iyawar Grechaninov, dole ne ya bar Moscow Conservatory kuma ya tafi St. Petersburg. A nan matashin mawaki ya sadu da cikakkiyar fahimta da goyon baya na N. Rimsky-Korsakov, ciki har da tallafin kayan aiki, wanda ke da mahimmanci ga matashi mai bukata. Grechaninov sauke karatu daga Conservatory a 1893, gabatar da cantata "Samson" a matsayin diploma aiki, da kuma a shekara daga baya ya aka bayar da lambar yabo a Belyaevsky gasar for First String Quartet. (Bayanan an ba da Ƙarshe na Biyu da na Uku kyaututtuka iri ɗaya.)

A 1896, Grechaninov koma Moscow a matsayin sananne mawaki, marubucin na farko Symphony, da yawa romances da mawaka. Lokacin mafi yawan aiki m, pedagogical, zamantakewa aiki ya fara. Bayan zama kusa da K. Stanislavsky, Grechaninov ya kirkiro kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo na Moscow Art Theater. Wasan kida na wasan kwaikwayo na A. Ostrovsky "The Snow Maiden" ya kasance mai nasara musamman. Stanislavsky ya kira wannan kida mai kyau.

A 1903, mawaki ya fara halarta a cikin Bolshoi Theater tare da opera Dobrynya Nikitich, tare da sa hannu na F. Chaliapin da A. Nezhdanova. Wasan opera ya samu amincewar jama'a da masu suka. Rimsky-Korsakov ya rubuta wa marubucin "Na yi la'akari da shi mai kyau gudunmawa ga kiɗa na opera na Rasha." A cikin wadannan shekaru Grechaninov yayi aiki da yawa a cikin nau'o'in kiɗa mai tsarki, ya kafa kansa manufar kawo shi kusa da "ruhun jama'a". Kuma koyarwa a makarantar ’yan’uwan Gnessin (tun 1903) ya zama abin ƙarfafawa don tsara wasan kwaikwayo na yara. "Ina ƙaunar yara ... Tare da yara, koyaushe ina jin daidai da su," in ji Grechaninov, yana bayyana sauƙin da ya haifar da kiɗan yara. Ga yara, ya rubuta da yawa choral cycles, ciki har da "Ai, doo-doo!", "Cockerel", "Brook", "Ladushki", da dai sauransu.; tarin piano "Albam na Yara", "Beads", "Tatsuniyoyi", "Spikers", "Akan Kore Meadow". Wasan kwaikwayo na operas Elochkin's Dream (1911), Teremok, The Cat, the Rooster and the Fox (1921) an tsara su musamman don wasan kwaikwayo na yara. Duk waɗannan waƙoƙin karin waƙa ne, masu ban sha'awa a cikin yaren kiɗa.

A 1903, Grechaninov dauki bangare a cikin kungiyar na Musical Section na Ethnographic Society a Jami'ar Moscow, a 1904 ya shiga cikin halittar jama'a Conservatory. Wannan ya ƙarfafa aikin akan nazarin da sarrafa waƙoƙin jama'a - Rashanci, Bashkir, Belarushiyanci.

Grechaninov ya kaddamar da aiki mai karfi a lokacin juyin juya halin 1905. Tare da mai sukar kiɗan Y. Engel, shi ne mai ƙaddamar da "Sanarwar Mawakan Moscow", ya tattara kuɗi ga iyalan ma'aikatan da suka mutu. Zuwa jana'izar E. Bauman, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka yi, ya rubuta "Jana'izar Maris". Wasiƙun waɗannan shekarun suna cike da mummunar suka ga gwamnatin tsarist. “Kasar gida mara sa’a! Wani tushe mai ƙarfi da suka gina wa kansu daga duhu da jahilci na mutane ”… Halin da jama'a suka yi bayan cin nasarar juyin juya hali ya kasance a cikin aikin Grechaninov: a cikin zagayowar murya "Flowers of Evil" (1909). ), “Matattu Ganyen” (1910), a cikin wasan opera “Sister Beatrice” bayan M. Maeterlinck (1910), ana jin yanayi na rashin kunya.

A farkon shekaru na Soviet iko Grechaninov rayayye shiga cikin m rayuwa: ya shirya kide kide da kuma laccoci ga ma'aikata, ya jagoranci mawaƙa na yara mallaka, ya ba choral darussa a music makaranta, yi a cikin kide-kide, shirya jama'a songs, kuma ya hada da yawa. Duk da haka, a cikin 1925 mawaki ya tafi kasashen waje kuma bai koma ƙasarsa ba. Har zuwa 1939, ya zauna a birnin Paris, inda ya ba da kide kide da wake-wake, ya halicci babban adadin ayyuka (na hudu, biyar symphonies, 2 taro, 3 sonatas daban-daban kida, da yara ballet "Forest Idyll", da dai sauransu), a cikin abin da ya zauna. masu aminci ga al'adun gargajiya na Rasha, suna adawa da aikinsa ga avant-garde na kiɗan Yammacin Turai. A 1929, Grechaninov, tare da singer N. Koshyts, rangadin New York tare da nasara nasara da kuma a 1939 koma zuwa Amurka. Duk tsawon shekarun da ya yi a kasashen waje Grechaninov ya fuskanci wani m bege ga mahaifarsa, kullum jihãdi ga lamba tare da Tarayyar Soviet, musamman a lokacin Great Patriotic War. Ya sadaukar da waƙar waƙa mai suna "Don Nasara" (1943), bayanin kula wanda ya aika zuwa Tarayyar Soviet, da "Waƙar Elegiac a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar Jarumi" (1944) ga abubuwan da suka faru na yakin.

A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 1944, Grechaninov ya cika shekaru 80 da haihuwa, an yi bikin cika shekaru XNUMX a cikin Babban Hall na Conservatory na Moscow, kuma an yi waƙarsa. Wannan ya zaburar da mawallafin mawaƙa, ya haifar da ƙarin ƙarfin ƙirƙira.

Har zuwa kwanaki na arshe Grechaninov ya yi mafarkin komawa ƙasarsa, amma wannan ba a ƙaddara ya zama gaskiya ba. Kusan kurame da makafi, cikin tsananin talauci da kadaici, ya mutu a wata kasa yana da shekaru 92 a duniya.

O. Averyanova