Binciken wani aiki bisa adabin kiɗa

A kasidar da ta gabata mun yi magana game da yadda ake wargaza wasan kwaikwayo kafin mu kawo su aiki a aji na musamman. Hanyar hanyar haɗi zuwa wannan abu yana samuwa a ƙarshen wannan sakon. A yau kuma za mu mayar da hankali ne kan nazarin wata waka, amma za mu yi shiri ne kawai don darussan adabin waka.

Da farko, bari mu haskaka wasu mahimman bayanai na gaba ɗaya, sannan mu yi la'akari da fasalulluka na nazarin wasu nau'ikan ayyukan kiɗa - misali, wasan opera, wasan kwaikwayo, zagayowar murya, da sauransu.

Don haka, a duk lokacin da muka yi nazarin wata waƙa, dole ne mu shirya amsoshi ga aƙalla abubuwa masu zuwa:

• ainihin cikakken taken aikin kiɗan (da a nan: akwai wani shiri a cikin nau'i na take ko bayanin adabi?);
• sunayen mawallafin kiɗan (za a iya samun mawaƙi ɗaya, ko kuma akwai da yawa idan abun ya kasance gamayya);
• sunayen mawallafin rubutun (a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, mutane da yawa sukan yi aiki a kan libretto a lokaci ɗaya, wani lokacin mawallafin kansa na iya zama marubucin rubutun);
• a wane nau'in kida ne aka rubuta aikin (wasan kwaikwayo na opera ko ballet, ko wasan kwaikwayo, ko me?);
• Matsayin wannan aikin a cikin ma'aunin aikin mawallafin gabaɗayan (shin marubucin yana da wasu ayyuka a cikin nau'in nau'in nau'in, kuma ta yaya aikin da ake magana a kai yake da alaƙa da waɗannan wasu - watakila yana da sabbin abubuwa ko kuma shine kololuwar ƙirƙira?). ;
• ko wannan rubutun ya dogara ne akan duk wani tushe na farko wanda ba na kiɗa ba (misali, an rubuta shi ne a kan shirin littafi, waƙa, zane, ko wahayi daga kowane al'amuran tarihi, da sauransu);
• sassa nawa ne a cikin aikin da kuma yadda aka gina kowane bangare;
• yin abun da ke ciki (don waɗanne kayan kida ko muryoyin da aka rubuta - don ƙungiyar makaɗa, don gungu, don solo clarinet, don murya da piano, da sauransu);
• manyan hotuna na kiɗa (ko haruffa, jarumai) da jigogi (na kida, ba shakka).

 Yanzu bari mu matsa zuwa abubuwan da suka shafi nazarin ayyukan kiɗa na wasu nau'ikan. Domin kada mu yada kanmu da bakin ciki, za mu mayar da hankali kan lokuta guda biyu - opera da symphony.

Siffofin nazarin opera

Opera aikin wasan kwaikwayo ne, sabili da haka ya fi kiyaye dokokin matakin wasan kwaikwayo. Wasan opera kusan ko da yaushe yana da maƙalli, kuma aƙalla kaɗan na ayyukan ban mamaki (wani lokacin ba ƙarami ba, amma mai kyau sosai). An shirya wasan opera a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo wanda akwai haruffa; wasan kwaikwayon da kansa ya kasu kashi ayyuka, hotuna da fage.

Don haka, ga wasu abubuwan da ya kamata a yi la'akari da su yayin nazarin abun da ke tattare da aikin operatic:

1. alakar da ke tsakanin opera libretto da tushen adabi (idan akwai daya) - wani lokacin suna bambanta, kuma suna da ƙarfi sosai, wani lokacin kuma ana haɗa rubutun tushen a cikin opera ba tare da canzawa gaba ɗaya ko cikin gutsuttsura ba;
2. rarrabuwa zuwa ayyuka da hotuna (yawan duka biyun), kasancewar irin waɗannan sassa a matsayin gabatarwa ko epilogue;
3. tsarin kowane aiki - siffofin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya sun fi rinjaye (arias, duets, choruses, da dai sauransu), kamar yadda lambobi ke bin juna, ko ayyuka da al'amuran suna wakiltar al'amuran karshen-zuwa-ƙarshe, wanda, bisa ka'ida, ba za a iya raba su zuwa lambobi daban-daban ba. ;
4. haruffa da muryoyin waƙoƙin su - kawai kuna buƙatar sanin wannan;
5. yadda aka bayyana hotunan manyan jarumai - inda, a cikin waɗanne ayyuka da hotuna suke shiga da abin da suke waƙa, yadda ake nuna su da kiɗa;
6. tushen ban mamaki na wasan opera - inda kuma yadda shirin ya fara, menene matakan ci gaba, a cikin wane aiki da kuma yadda za a yi la'akari;
7. Lambobin kade-kade na opera - shin akwai juzu'i ko gabatarwa, da kuma tsaka-tsaki, intermezzos da sauran shirye-shiryen ƙungiyar makaɗa zalla - wace rawa suke takawa (sau da yawa waɗannan hotunan kiɗa ne waɗanda ke gabatar da aikin - alal misali, shimfidar kida, a hoton biki, tattakin soja ko jana'izar da sauransu);
8. wace rawa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ke takawa a cikin opera (misali, shin yana yin tsokaci ne kan aikin ko kuma ya bayyana ne kawai a matsayin hanyar nuna hanyar rayuwa ta yau da kullun, ko kuma mawakan mawakan suna furta mahimman layukansu waɗanda ke yin tasiri sosai ga sakamakon aikin gaba ɗaya. , ko kuma ƙungiyar mawaƙa a kullum tana yabon wani abu, ko al'amuran waƙoƙi gabaɗaya a cikin opera, da sauransu);
9. ko akwai lambobin rawa a cikin opera - a cikin waɗanne ayyuka kuma menene dalilin gabatarwar ballet a cikin opera;
10. Shin akwai leitmotifs a cikin opera - menene su kuma menene sifa (wasu gwarzo, wani abu, wani ji ko yanayi, wani sabon abu na halitta ko wani abu dabam?).

 Wannan ba cikakken jerin abubuwan da ake buƙatar ganowa ba don nazarin aikin kiɗa a cikin wannan yanayin ya zama cikakke. A ina kuke samun amsoshin waɗannan tambayoyin? Da farko, a cikin clavier na opera, wato, a cikin rubutun waƙa. Abu na biyu, zaku iya karanta taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen bayanin opera libretto, kuma, na uku, zaku iya koyan abubuwa da yawa a cikin littattafai kawai - karanta littattafan rubutu akan adabin kiɗa!

Siffofin nazarin symphony

A wasu hanyoyi, wasan kwaikwayo yana da sauƙin fahimta fiye da wasan opera. Anan akwai ƙananan kayan kida (opera yana ɗaukar sa'o'i 2-3, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na minti 20-50), kuma babu haruffa tare da leitmotif da yawa, waɗanda har yanzu kuna buƙatar ƙoƙarin bambanta juna. Amma nazarin ayyukan kiɗa na symphonic har yanzu yana da halaye na kansa.

Yawanci, wasan kwaikwayo ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi huɗu. Akwai zaɓuɓɓuka guda biyu don jerin sassa a cikin sake zagayowar symphonic: bisa ga nau'in gargajiya kuma bisa ga nau'in soyayya. Sun bambanta a matsayi na sashin jinkirin da abin da ake kira sashin nau'in (a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya akwai minuet ko scherzo, a cikin waƙoƙin soyayya akwai scherzo, wani lokacin waltz). Dubi zane:

Siffofin kiɗa na yau da kullun na kowane ɗayan waɗannan sassa ana nuna su a cikin maƙallan ƙira akan zane. Tun da cikakken bincike na aikin kiɗa kana buƙatar ƙayyade nau'insa, karanta labarin "Asali na ayyukan kiɗa", bayanin wanda ya kamata ya taimaka maka a cikin wannan al'amari.

Wani lokaci adadin sassan na iya zama daban-daban (misali, sassa 5 a cikin Symphony na “Fantastastic” na Berlioz, sassa 3 a cikin “Waƙar Allahntaka” na Scriabin, sassa 2 a cikin Symphony na Schubert na “Ba a gama” ba, akwai kuma wasan kwaikwayo na motsi guda ɗaya – misali, Symphony na 21 na Myaskovsky). Waɗannan su ne, ba shakka, kewayon da ba daidai ba ne kuma canjin adadin sassan da ke cikin su yana faruwa ne ta hanyar wasu fasalolin fasaha na mawallafin (misali, abubuwan da ke cikin shirin).

Abin da ke da mahimmanci don nazarin symphony:

1. ƙayyade nau'in sake zagayowar symphonic (classical, romantic, ko wani abu na musamman);
2. ƙayyade babban tonality na symphony (don motsi na farko) da kuma sautin kowane motsi daban;
3. siffanta siffa da abun ciki na kiɗa na kowane babban jigo na aikin;
4. ƙayyade siffar kowane bangare;
5. a cikin nau'i na sonata, ƙayyade sautin manyan sassa da na biyu a cikin baje kolin da kuma a cikin ramuwa, da kuma neman bambance-bambance a cikin sautin waɗannan sassa a cikin sassan guda ɗaya (misali, babban ɓangaren zai iya canza bayyanarsa fiye da ganewa ta hanyar lokacin ramuwa, ko bazai canza kwata-kwata ba;
6. nemo kuma su iya nuna haɗin kai tsakanin sassa, idan akwai (akwai jigogi da ke motsawa daga wannan sashi zuwa wani, ta yaya suke canzawa?);
7. bincika ƙungiyar kade-kade (waɗanne timbres sune manyan - kirtani, itacen itace ko kayan aikin tagulla?);
8. Ƙayyade rawar da kowane bangare zai taka a cikin ci gaban gabaɗayan zagayowar (wanne sashi ne ya fi ban mamaki, wanne ɓangaren an gabatar da shi azaman waƙoƙi ko tunani, a cikin waɗanne sassa ne akwai karkatar da wasu batutuwa, menene ƙarshe aka taƙaita a ƙarshe? );
9. idan aikin ya ƙunshi furucin kiɗa, to, ku ƙayyade wane nau'i ne; da dai sauransu.

 Tabbas, ana iya ci gaba da wannan jeri har abada. Kuna buƙatar samun damar yin magana game da aiki tare da aƙalla mafi sauƙi, bayanan asali - ya fi komai kyau. Kuma mafi mahimmancin aiki da ya kamata ka saita wa kanka, ba tare da la'akari da ko za ku yi cikakken nazari na wani yanki na kiɗa ko a'a ba, shine sanin waƙar kai tsaye.

A ƙarshe, kamar yadda aka alkawarta, mun samar da hanyar haɗi zuwa kayan da suka gabata, inda muka yi magana game da nazarin aikin. Wannan labarin shine "Binciken ayyukan kiɗa ta ƙwararru"