Wilhelm Furtwängler |

Wilhelm Furtwangler

Wilhelm Furtwängler ya kamata a kira shi daya daga cikin na farko a cikin masu haskaka fasahar madugu na karni na 20. Tare da mutuwarsa, mai zane-zane mai girma ya bar duniyar kiɗa, mai zane wanda burinsa a duk rayuwarsa shine tabbatar da kyau da darajar fasaha na gargajiya.

Aikin fasaha na Furtwängler ya bunƙasa cikin sauri. Dan sanannen masanin ilmin kayan tarihi na Berlin, ya yi karatu a Munich a karkashin jagorancin mafi kyawun malamai, daga cikinsu akwai shahararren shugaba F. Motl. Bayan ya fara aikinsa a ƙananan garuruwa, Furtwängler a shekara ta 1915 ya sami gayyata zuwa wurin da ke da alhakin kula da gidan wasan opera a Mannheim. Shekaru biyar bayan haka, ya riga ya gudanar da kide-kide na kade-kade na wasan kwaikwayo na jihar Berlin, kuma bayan shekaru biyu ya maye gurbin A. Nikisch a matsayin shugaban kungiyar kade-kade na Philharmonic na Berlin, wanda aikinsa na gaba yana da nasaba sosai. A lokaci guda kuma, ya zama jagoran dindindin na wata tsohuwar ƙungiyar makaɗa a Jamus - Leipzig "Gewandhaus". Tun daga wannan lokacin, ayyukansa na ci gaba da bunƙasa. A shekara ta 1928, babban birnin kasar Jamus ya ba shi lakabin girmamawa na "darektan kiɗa na birni" don girmamawa ga fitattun ayyukansa ga al'adun kasa.

Shaharar Furtwängler ta bazu ko'ina a duniya, gabanin tafiye-tafiyensa a kasashen Turai da kuma nahiyar Amurka. A cikin wadannan shekaru, sunansa ya zama sananne a kasarmu. A shekara ta 1929, Zhizn iskusstva ya buga wasiƙun da shugaban ƙasar Rasha NA Malko daga Berlin ya rubuta, wanda ya lura cewa “a Jamus da Austriya, Wilhelm Furtwängler ne madugu da aka fi so.” Anan ga yadda Malko ya kwatanta yanayin mai zane: "A zahiri, Furtwängler ba shi da alamun "prima donna". Sauƙaƙan motsi na hannun dama na taki, da ƙwazo da guje wa layin mashaya, azaman tsangwama na waje tare da kwararar kiɗan na ciki. Hagu mai ban sha'awa na ban mamaki, wanda baya barin komai ba tare da kulawa ba, inda akwai aƙalla alamar bayyanawa… "

Furtwängler ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwaƙƙwaran sha'awa ne da zurfin hankali. Dabarar ba ta kasance a gare shi ba: hanya mai sauƙi da asali na gudanarwa koyaushe ya ba shi damar bayyana babban ra'ayi na abubuwan da aka yi, ba tare da manta da cikakkun bayanai ba; ya kasance hanya ce ta jan hankali, wani lokacin har ma da watsa shirye-shiryen kiɗan da aka fassara, hanya ce mai iya sa mawaƙa da masu sauraro su ji tausayin madugu. Riko da riko da maki a hankali bai taba zama a kan lokaci ba: kowane sabon aiki ya zama aikin halitta na gaske. Ra'ayoyin ɗan adam sun zaburar da nasa abubuwan ƙirƙira - wasan kwaikwayo guda uku, wasan kwaikwayo na piano, ƙungiyoyin ɗaki, waɗanda aka rubuta cikin ruhun aminci ga al'adun gargajiya.

Furtwängler ya shiga tarihin fasahar kiɗan a matsayin mai fassarar da ba a taɓa gani ba na manyan ayyukan gargajiya na Jamus. Kadan ne za su iya kwatantawa da shi cikin zurfin da iko mai ban sha'awa na fassarar ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na Beethoven, Brahms, Bruckner, operas na Mozart da Wagner. A gaban Furtwangler, sun sami wani m fassara na ayyukan Tchaikovsky, Smetana, Debussy. Ya yi kidan zamani da son rai, a lokaci guda kuma ya ki amincewa da zamani. A cikin wallafe-wallafen ayyukansa, tattara a cikin littattafai "Tattaunawa game da Music", "Mawaki da Jama'a", "Wa'azi", a da yawa daga cikin wasiƙun da aka buga a yanzu, mun gabatar da image na wani ardent zakara na babban akidar. fasaha na gaske.

Furtwängler mawaƙin ƙasa ne mai zurfi. A cikin lokuta masu wahala na Hitler, ya kasance a Jamus, ya ci gaba da kare ka'idodinsa, bai yi sulhu da masu ba da al'adu ba. Komawa cikin 1934, yana ƙin hana Goebbels, ya haɗa ayyukan Mendelssohn da Hindemith a cikin shirye-shiryensa. Bayan haka, an tilasta masa barin duk mukamai, don rage yawan jawabai zuwa mafi ƙanƙanta.

Sai kawai a cikin 1947 Furtwängler ya sake jagorantar ƙungiyar mawaƙa Philharmonic ta Berlin. Hukumomin Amurka sun hana kungiyar yin wasan kwaikwayo a bangaren dimokuradiyya na birnin, amma baiwar madugu mai ban mamaki na al'ummar Jamus ne. Ma’aikatar Al’adu ta GDR ta buga labarin mutuwar mawaƙin, ya ce: “Babban cancantar Wilhelm Furtweigler ya ta’allaka ne da cewa ya gano da kuma yaɗa manyan dabi’un kiɗa na ɗan adam, ya kāre su. tare da tsananin sha'awa a cikin abubuwan da ya tsara. A cikin mutumin Wilhelm Furtwängler, Jamus ta haɗu. Ya ƙunshi dukan Jamus. Ya ba da gudummawa wajen tabbatar da gaskiya da rashin rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin kasa.”

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek