Alexander Porfirevich Borodin |

Alexander Borodin

Kiɗa na Borodin… yana motsa jin ƙarfi, rayayye, haske; yana da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, girma, faɗi, sarari; yana da lafiyayyan ji na rayuwa, farin ciki daga sanin da kuke rayuwa. B. Asafiev

A. Borodin yana daya daga cikin wakilai masu ban mamaki na al'adun Rasha na rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX: mawallafin mawaƙa, ƙwararren masanin kimiyya, mai aiki na jama'a, malami, jagora, mai sukar kiɗa, ya kuma nuna wani ƙwararren wallafe-wallafen. baiwa. Duk da haka, Borodin ya shiga tarihin al'adun duniya da farko a matsayin mawaki. Ya halicci ba da yawa ayyuka, amma an bambanta su da zurfin da wadatar abun ciki, iri-iri iri-iri, na gargajiya jituwa na siffofin. Yawancin su suna da alaƙa da almara na Rasha, tare da labarin ayyukan jaruntaka na mutane. Har ila yau, Borodin yana da shafuka na zuciya, kalmomi na gaskiya, barkwanci da laushi mai laushi ba baƙo a gare shi. Salon kiɗan mawaƙi yana da faɗin faɗin ruwaya, farin ciki (Borodin yana da ikon tsara salon waƙar jama'a), jituwa masu launi, da buri mai ƙarfi. Ci gaba da al'adun M Glinka, musamman ma wasan opera "Ruslan da Lyudmila", Borodin ya kirkiro wasan kwaikwayo na almara na Rasha, kuma ya amince da nau'in wasan opera na Rasha.

An haifi Borodin daga auren da ba na hukuma ba na Prince L. Gedianov da bourgeois Rasha A. Antonova. Ya samu sunan mahaifinsa da kuma patronymic daga tsakar gida mutum Gedianov - Porfiry Ivanovich Borodin, wanda aka rubuta dansa.

Godiya ga hankali da makamashi na mahaifiyarsa, yaron ya sami ilimi mai kyau a gida kuma a cikin yara ya nuna iyawa. Waƙarsa ta kasance mai ban sha'awa musamman. Ya koyi buga sarewa, piano, cello, saurare da sha'awar ayyukan symphonic, da kansa ya yi nazarin adabin gargajiya na gargajiya, bayan da ya sake buga dukkan kade-kade na L. Beethoven, I. Haydn, F. Mendelssohn tare da abokinsa Misha Shchiglev. Ya kuma nuna hazakar yin waka da wuri. Gwaje-gwajensa na farko sune polka "Helene" na piano, Flute Concerto, Trio na violin biyu da cello akan jigogi daga opera "Robert the Devil" na J. Meyerbeer (4). A cikin shekarun nan, Borodin ya haɓaka sha'awar ilimin sunadarai. Da yake gaya wa V. Stasov game da abokantakarsa da Sasha Borodin, M. Shchiglev ya tuna cewa "ba kawai ɗakin kansa ba, amma kusan dukan ɗakin ya cika da kwalba, retorts da kowane irin magungunan sinadarai. Ko'ina a kan tagogin sun tsaya tuluna tare da mafita iri-iri na crystalline. Abokan dangi sun lura cewa tun lokacin yaro, Sasha ya kasance yana aiki da wani abu koyaushe.

A cikin 1850, Borodin ya sami nasarar cin jarrabawar don Medico-Surgical (tun 1881 Medical Medical) Academy a St. Sadarwa tare da fitaccen masanin kimiyya na Rasha N. Zinin, wanda ya koyar da darasi a fannin ilmin sunadarai a makarantar kimiyya, ya gudanar da azuzuwan aiki na kowane mutum a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma ya ga magajinsa a cikin haziƙan saurayi, yana da tasiri mai girma akan samuwar halayen Borodin. Sasha kuma ya kasance mai sha'awar wallafe-wallafen, ya fi son ayyukan A. Pushkin, M. Lermontov, N. Gogol, ayyukan V. Belinsky, karanta labaran falsafa a cikin mujallu. Lokacin kyauta daga makarantar an keɓe don kiɗa. Borodin sau da yawa yakan halarci tarurrukan kade-kade, inda aka yi wasan kwaikwayo na A. Gurilev, A. Varlamov, K. Vilboa, wakokin gargajiya na Rasha, arias daga lokacin wasan opera na Italiyanci na gaye; ya ziyarci maraice na quartet akai-akai tare da mawaƙa mai son I. Gavrushkevich, sau da yawa yana shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na kayan kiɗa na ɗakin. A cikin shekarun nan, ya zama saba da ayyukan Glinka. Haƙiƙa, waƙar ƙasa mai zurfi ta kama matashin kuma ta burge shi, kuma tun daga lokacin ya zama babban abin sha'awa kuma mai bin babban mawaki. Duk wannan yana ƙarfafa shi ya zama mai kirkira. Borodin yana aiki da yawa da kansa don ƙwarewar fasaha na mawaki, yana rubuta waƙoƙin murya a cikin ruhin soyayya na yau da kullun na birni ("Me kuke da wuri, wayewar gari"; "Saurara, 'yan mata, ga waƙara"; "Kyakkyawan budurwa ta fadi daga ciki. soyayya"), kazalika da dama trios na biyu violins da cello (ciki har da a kan jigo na Rasha jama'a song "Yaya na bata ku"), kirtani Quintet, da dai sauransu. A cikin kayan aiki na wannan lokaci, tasirin samfurori. na kiɗan Yammacin Turai, musamman Mendelssohn, har yanzu ana iya gani. A cikin 1856, Borodin ya ci jarrabawar karshe da launuka masu tashi, kuma domin ya ci nasarar aikin likitancin dole sai aka ba shi horo a Asibitin Soja na biyu; a shekara ta 1858 ya yi nasarar kare kundin karatunsa na digiri na likitan likitanci, kuma bayan shekara guda makarantar kimiyya ta tura shi waje don inganta kimiyya.

Borodin ya zauna a Heidelberg, inda a lokacin da yawa matasa masana kimiyya na Rasha da dama sun taru, daga cikinsu akwai D. Mendeleev, I. Sechenov, E. Junge, A. Maikov, S. Eshevsky da sauransu, wanda ya zama abokan Borodin kuma ya yi. sama da abin da ake kira "Heidelberg Circle. Tare, sun tattauna ba kawai matsalolin kimiyya ba, har ma da batutuwan zamantakewa da siyasa, labarai na adabi da fasaha; An karanta Kolokol da Sovremennik a nan, an ji ra'ayoyin A. Herzen, N. Chernyshevsky, V. Belinsky, N. Dobrolyubov a nan.

Borodin ya shiga cikin ilimin kimiyya sosai. A cikin shekaru 3 na zamansa a kasar waje, ya yi ayyukan sinadarai na asali guda 8, wadanda suka kara masa farin jini sosai. Yana amfani da kowace dama don yawo a Turai. Matashin masanin kimiyya ya san rayuwa da al'adun mutanen Jamus, Italiya, Faransa da Switzerland. Amma kida na raka shi. Har yanzu yana kunna kiɗan a cikin da'irori na gida kuma bai rasa damar halartar wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, gidajen wasan opera ba, don haka ya zama masaniya da yawancin ayyukan da mawakan Yammacin Turai na zamani suka yi - KM Weber, R. Wagner, F. Liszt, G. Berlioz. A cikin 1861, a cikin Heidenberg, Bordodin ya sadu da matarsa ​​ta gaba, Pia Pianist da Connoisseur da waƙoƙin F. Conpin da R. Schumann. Sabbin ra'ayoyin kiɗa suna ƙarfafa haɓakar Borodin, taimaka masa ya gane kansa a matsayin mawaƙin Rasha. Ya ci gaba da neman nasa hanyoyin, hotunansa da ma'anar kida a cikin kiɗa, yana tsara tarin kayan aiki na ɗaki. A cikin mafi kyawun su - piano Quintet a cikin ƙananan ƙananan (1862) - wanda zai iya jin duka ikon almara da farin ciki, da kuma launin ƙasa mai haske. Wannan aikin, kamar yadda yake, yana taƙaita ci gaban fasaha na Borodin na baya.

A cikin kaka na 1862 ya koma Rasha, aka zabe shi a matsayin farfesa a Medico-Surgical Academy, inda ya yi lacca da kuma gudanar m azuzuwan tare da dalibai har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa; daga 1863 ya kuma koyar na wani lokaci a Forest Academy. Ya kuma fara sabon binciken kimiyya.

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya koma ƙasarsa, a cikin gidan Farfesa S. Botkin, Borodin ya sadu da M. Balakirev, wanda, tare da fahimtar halinsa, nan da nan ya yaba da basirar Borodin kuma ya gaya wa matashin masanin kimiyya cewa kiɗa shine ainihin sana'arsa. Borodin ne memba na da'irar, wanda, ban da Balakirev, ya hada da C. Cui, M. Mussorgsky, N. Rimsky-Korsakov da art sukar V. Stasov. Don haka, an kammala ƙirƙirar al'ummar kirkire-kirkire na mawaƙa na Rasha, waɗanda aka sani a cikin tarihin kiɗan a ƙarƙashin sunan "Mabuwayi Hannu". A karkashin jagorancin Balakirev Borodin ya ci gaba don ƙirƙirar Symphony na farko. An kammala shi a shekara ta 1867, an yi nasarar yin nasara a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 1869 a wurin wasan kwaikwayo na RMS a St. Petersburg wanda Balakirev ya gudanar. A cikin wannan aikin, a ƙarshe an ƙaddamar da siffar m Borodin - ƙarfin jaruntaka, makamashi, jituwa na gargajiya na nau'i, haske, sabo na karin waƙa, wadatar launuka, ainihin hotuna. Fitowar wannan wasan kwaikwayo ya nuna farkon balagaggen mawaƙi da kuma haifuwar wani sabon yanayi a cikin kiɗan kiɗan na Rasha.

A cikin rabi na biyu na 60s. Borodin ya haifar da adadin soyayya da yawa daban-daban a cikin batun batun da yanayin yanayin kiɗan - "Gimbiya Barci", "Waƙar Duhun Dajin", "Gimbiya Teku", "Labaran Ƙarya", "Waƙoƙina Suna Cike da Guba", "Teku". Yawancin su an rubuta su a cikin rubutun nasu.

A karshen 60s. Borodin ya fara hada Symphony na biyu da opera Prince Igor. Stasov ya ba Borodin wani abin tunawa mai ban mamaki na tsohon adabin Rasha, The Tale of Igor's Campaign, a matsayin shirin wasan opera. “Ina matukar son wannan labarin. Shin zai kasance cikin ikonmu ne kawai? .. "Zan gwada," in ji Borodin Stasov. Tunanin kishin ƙasa na Lay da ruhinsa sun kasance kusa da Borodin. Makircin wasan opera ya yi daidai da abubuwan gwanintarsa, da sha'awarsa ta gabas, hotuna na almara da kuma sha'awarsa ga Gabas. An halicci wasan opera akan kayan tarihi na gaske, kuma yana da matukar muhimmanci ga Borodin don cimma halittar gaskiya, masu gaskiya. Yana nazarin tushe da yawa masu alaƙa da “Kalmar” da wancan zamanin. Waɗannan su ne tarihin tarihi, da labarun tarihi, nazarin game da "Kalmar", waƙoƙin almara na Rasha, waƙoƙin gabas. Borodin ya rubuta libretto don wasan opera da kansa.

Koyaya, rubutun ya ci gaba a hankali. Babban dalili shine aikin aikin kimiyya, ilmantarwa da ayyukan zamantakewa. Ya kasance daga cikin initiators da kuma kafa na Rasha Chemical Society, yi aiki a cikin Society of Rasha Doctors, a cikin Society for kare lafiyar jama'a, ya dauki bangare a cikin buga mujallar "Ilimi", shi ne memba na darektocin. RMO, sun shiga cikin aikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa da ƙungiyar mawaƙa na St. Medical-Surgical Academy.

A cikin 1872, an buɗe darussan likitancin mata mafi girma a St. Petersburg. Borodin yana daya daga cikin masu shiryawa da malamai na wannan babbar makarantar mata ta farko, ya ba shi lokaci mai yawa da ƙoƙari. An kammala abun da ke cikin Symphony na biyu ne kawai a cikin 1876. An kirkiro wasan kwaikwayo a layi daya tare da wasan kwaikwayo na opera "Prince Igor" kuma yana kusa da shi a cikin abubuwan akida, yanayin hotunan kiɗa. A cikin kiɗa na wasan kwaikwayo, Borodin ya sami launi mai haske, daidaitaccen hotuna na kiɗa. A cewar Stasov, ya so ya zana tarin jarumawan Rasha a karfe 1, a Andante (3pm) - siffar Bayan, a karshe - wurin da aka yi bikin jarumi. Sunan "Bogatyrskaya", wanda Stasov ya ba wa wasan kwaikwayo, ya kasance da ƙarfi a ciki. An fara gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo a wurin kade-kade na RMS a St. Petersburg a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 1877, wanda E. Napravnik ya gudanar.

A ƙarshen 70s - farkon 80s. Borodin ya ƙirƙira 2 kirtani quartets, zama, tare da P. Tchaikovsky, wanda ya kafa na gargajiya dakin Rasha music kayan aiki. Musamman shahararru ita ce Quartet ta Biyu, wacce waƙarta da ƙarfin gaske da sha'awarta ke isar da ɗimbin duniyar abubuwan jin daɗi, ta fallasa ɓangaren waƙa mai haske na gwanintar Borodin.

Koyaya, babban abin damuwa shine opera. Duk da kasancewa cikin shagaltuwa da kowane nau'i na ayyuka da aiwatar da ra'ayoyin sauran abubuwan da aka tsara, Prince Igor ya kasance a tsakiyar abubuwan da mawaƙan ke so. A lokacin 70s. An halicci abubuwa da dama na asali, wasu daga cikinsu an yi su a cikin kide kide da wake-wake na Free Music School wanda Rimsky-Korsakov ya gudanar kuma ya sami amsa mai dadi daga masu sauraro. Ayyukan kiɗa na Polovtsian raye-raye tare da mawaƙa, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ("Glory", da dai sauransu), da lambobi na solo (waƙar Vladimir Galitsky, cavatina Vladimir Igorevich, Konchak's Aria, Makoki Yaroslavna) ya ba da mamaki sosai. An cim ma abubuwa da yawa a ƙarshen 70s da farkon 80s. Abokai sun kasance suna sa ran kammala aikin opera kuma sun yi iya ƙoƙarinsu don ba da gudummawa ga wannan.

A farkon 80s. Borodin ya rubuta alamar nuna alama "A Tsakiyar Asiya", sabbin lambobi da yawa don wasan opera da kuma yawan romances, daga cikinsu akwai ƙwararru akan Art. A. Pushkin "Don bakin tekun na gida mai nisa." A cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, ya yi aiki a kan Symphony na Uku (abin takaici, ba a gama ba), ya rubuta Petite Suite da Scherzo don piano, kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a kan opera.

Canje-canje a cikin yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa a Rasha a cikin 80s. – farkon mafi munin dauki, da zalunci na ci-gaba al'adu, da yaɗuwar rashin adalci na hukuma, rufe kwasa-kwasan likitancin mata - ya yi tasiri mai yawa a kan mawaki. Ya zama mafi wahala don yaƙar masu amsawa a cikin makarantar, aikin ya ƙaru, kuma lafiyar ta fara raguwa. Borodin da mutuwar mutane kusa da shi, Zinin, Mussorgsky, sun fuskanci wahala. A lokaci guda, sadarwa tare da matasa - dalibai da abokan aiki - ya kawo masa farin ciki mai girma; da'irar m m kuma fadada muhimmanci: ya yarda ya halarci "Belyaev Jumma'a", ya san A. Glazunov, A. Lyadov da sauran matasa mawaƙa a hankali. Ya ji daɗin tarurrukan da ya yi da F. Liszt (1877, 1881, 1885), wanda ya yaba da aikin Borodin kuma ya haɓaka ayyukansa.

Daga farkon 80s. shaharar Borodin mawaƙin yana girma. Ayyukansa ana yin su sau da yawa kuma ana gane su ba kawai a Rasha ba, har ma a kasashen waje: a Jamus, Austria, Faransa, Norway, da Amurka. Ayyukansa sun sami nasara mai nasara a Belgium (1885, 1886). Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun kuma mashahuran mawakan Rasha a Turai a ƙarshen ƙarni na XNUMX da farkon ƙarni na XNUMX.

Nan da nan bayan mutuwar Borodin na kwatsam, Rimsky-Korsakov da Glazunov sun yanke shawarar shirya ayyukan da ba a gama ba don bugawa. Sun kammala aiki a kan opera: Glazunov ya sake haifar da overture daga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (kamar yadda Borodin ya tsara) kuma ya tsara kiɗa don Dokar III bisa ga zane-zane na marubucin, Rimsky-Korsakov ya yi amfani da mafi yawan lambobin opera. Oktoba 23, 1890 Prince Igor aka shirya a Mariinsky Theater. Wasan ya sami kyakkyawar tarba daga masu sauraro. "Opera Igor ta hanyoyi da yawa 'yar'uwar gaske ce ta babban opera na Glinka Ruslan," in ji Stasov. - "Yana da iko iri ɗaya na waƙoƙin almara, girman girman al'amuran jama'a da zane-zane, zane mai ban mamaki iri ɗaya na haruffa da halaye, iri ɗaya na dukkan bayyanar kuma, a ƙarshe, irin wannan wasan kwaikwayo na jama'a (Skula da Eroshka) wanda ya zarce. har da wasan barkwanci na Farlaf”.

Ayyukan Borodin ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummomi da yawa na mawaƙa na Rasha da na waje (ciki har da Glazunov, Lyadov, S. Prokofiev, Yu. Shaporin, K. Debussy, M. Ravel, da sauransu). Abin alfahari ne na kiɗan gargajiya na Rasha.

A. Kuznetsova

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