Ilimin zamantakewa na kiɗa |

Ilimin zamantakewa na Faransa, lit. - rukunan al'umma, daga lat. al'umma - al'umma da kuma Girkanci. logos - kalma, rukunan

Kimiyyar mu'amalar kiɗa da al'umma da tasirin takamaiman nau'ikan kasancewarta na zamantakewa akan ƙirƙira kiɗan, aiki da jama'a.

S. m. nazarin gaba ɗaya alamu na ci gaban muses. al'adu da tarihinsu. typology, nau'ikan kiɗa. rayuwar al'umma, Dec. nau'ikan ayyukan kiɗa (ƙwararru da mai son, almara), fasalin kiɗan. sadarwa a cikin yanayi daban-daban na zamantakewa, samuwar muses. bukatu da bukatu sun bambanta. ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na al'umma, dokokin za su yi. fassarar kiɗa. samarwa, matsalolin samun dama da shaharar kiɗan. samfur. Ilimin zamantakewar Marxist, kimiyyar fasaha, gami da. S.m., ya tsunduma cikin nazarin hanyoyin samar da fasaha. dandana don warware sama da duk m. ayyuka na ado. tarbiyya a cikin al'ummar gurguzu.

S. m. An kafa shi ne a mahaɗin ilimin kiɗa, ilimin zamantakewa, ilimin halin ɗan adam da kuma aesthetics. A matsayin ɗaya daga cikin sassan, an haɗa shi a cikin ilimin zamantakewa na fasaha. Theoretical da methodological tushen Marxist S. m. tarihi ne. da yare. son abin duniya. S. m. yana buƙatar la'akari da kiɗa a matsayin yanayin yanayin zamantakewa, ciki har da nazarin yadda rayuwar al'umma da ra'ayin duniya na mawaƙi ke nunawa a cikin abubuwan da ke ciki da kuma siffarsa. Dabaru da dabara ka'idodin irin wannan la'akari (abin da ake kira ilimin zamantakewa, hanya) a cikin ilimin kiɗa ya fara ɗaukar hoto ko da a zamanin pre-Marxist, amma Marxism shine ainihin kimiyya. S. tushen m.

Ana iya bambanta kwatance uku a cikin S. m. Ka'idar S. m. ya tsunduma cikin nazarin tsarin mu'amala tsakanin waka da al'umma, nau'in muses. al'adu. Tarihin S. m. nazari da kuma bayyana gaskiyar tarihin muses. rayuwar al'umma. A cikin fagen empirical (kankare, mai amfani ko amfani) S. m. ya haɗa da nazari da tattara bayanan da suka shafi rawar kiɗa a cikin zamani. al'umma (nazarin kididdiga rahotanni game da halartar shagali, kan sayar da gramophone records, a kan aikin mai son wasan kwaikwayo, kai tsaye lura da music rayuwa, kowane irin zabe, tambayoyi, tambayoyi, da dai sauransu). Don haka, S.m. halitta kimiyya. tushen don tsara kiɗa. rayuwa, sarrafa shi.

Raba tunani game da dangantakar kiɗa da al'ummomi. rayuka sun riga sun kasance a cikin rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata. masana falsafa, musamman Plato da Aristotle. Sun yi la'akari da ayyukan zamantakewa na kiɗa, zai kawo. rawar, dangantakarsa da masu sauraro, ya lura da rawar da waƙa ke takawa a cikin gudanarwar jihar, a cikin ƙungiyoyin al'umma. rayuwa da ci gaban ɗabi'a. halayen mutum. Aristotle ya gabatar da ra'ayin aikace-aikace a cikin al'ummomi. rayuwar kiɗa ("Siyasa") da kuma Plato ("Dokoki") sun tabo batun nau'in nau'in jama'a. A cikin ayyukan tsakiyar zamanai. Marubutan sun ba da rarrabuwa na nau'ikan kiɗan. art-va, ci gaba daga ayyukan zamantakewa da yanayin wanzuwar kiɗa (Johannes de Groheo, ƙarshen 13th - farkon ƙarni na 14). A cikin Renaissance, yanayin al'umma. Amfani da kiɗa ya faɗaɗa sosai, kiɗan ya zama mai zaman kanta. kara. A cikin 15-16 ƙarni. a cikin ayyukan ɗan ƙasar Holland J. Tinktoris, Italiyanci B. Castiglione, C. Bartoli, E. Botrigari, an yi la'akari da takamaiman nau'ikan wanzuwar kiɗa. Spain. mawaki kuma masanin ka'idar F. Salinas ya bayyana Dec. nau'ikan jama'a. da kiɗan gida, rhythmic. siffofin da marubucin ya danganta su da manufar rayuwarsu. Al'adar kwatancen al'ummomi. rayuwar kiɗa ta ci gaba a cikin ƙarni na 17. Masanin ilimin Jamus M. Pretorius, wanda ya lura, musamman, cewa alamun decomp. nau'ikan kiɗan sun dogara da aikace-aikacen su. A cikin 17-18 ƙarni. tare da ci gaban al'ummomin kiɗa. rayuwa, bude wuraren kide kide da wake-wake na jama'a da t-tsalle, matsayi na zamantakewa da yanayin ayyukan masu yin wasan kwaikwayo da mawaƙa sun zama abin lura. Bayani game da wannan yana kunshe ne a cikin ayyukan mawaƙa da dama (I. Kunau, B. Marcello, C. Burney, da sauransu). An ba jama'a wuri na musamman. Don haka, E. Arteaga ya bayyana nau'ikan zamantakewa na masu sauraro da masu kallo. Ƙididdiga na Jamus. da Haskakawa Faransanci I. Scheibe, D'Alembert, A. Gretry ya rubuta game da ayyukan zamantakewa na kiɗa. Karkashin tasirin babban juyin juya halin Faransa da kuma sakamakon amincewar dan jari hujja. gini a Yamma. Turai in con. Ƙarni na 18-19th dangantaka tsakanin kiɗa da al'umma sun sami sabon hali. A gefe guda kuma, an yi tsarin dimokuradiyya na muses. rayuwa: da'irar masu sauraro ta faɗaɗa, a gefe guda kuma, dogaro da mawaƙa ga 'yan kasuwa da masu buga littattafai da ke bin manufofin kasuwanci zalla ya ƙaru sosai, rikici tsakanin ƙara da buƙatun bourgeoisie ya tsananta. jama'a. A cikin labaran ETA Hoffmann, KM Weber, R. Schumann, an nuna dangantakar da ke tsakanin mawaƙa da jama'a, an yi la'akari da matsayin da ba a ba da izini ba, wulakanci na mawaƙa a cikin bourgeoisie. al'umma. F. Liszt da G. Berlioz sun ba da kulawa ta musamman ga wannan batu.

A cikin con. 19- roqo. Rayuwar kiɗan ƙarni na 20 Dec. Zamani da mutane sun zama batun tsarin tsari. karatu. Littattafai sun bayyana. "Tambayoyin Kiɗa na Epoch" ("Musikalische Zeitfragen", 1903) na G. Kretschmar, "Rayuwar Kiɗa ta Jamus. Kwarewar la'akari da kida da zamantakewa … “(“Das deutsche Musikleben…”, 1916) P. Becker, “Matsalolin kiɗa na zamaninmu da ƙudurinsu” (“Die musikalischen Probleme der Gegenwart und ihre Lösung”, 1920) K. Blessinger , to-rye BV Asafiev da ake kira "wani irin propylaea a cikin matsalolin kiɗa da zamantakewa", da kuma littattafan X. Moser, J. Combarier. Daga cikin mafi muni. masanin kida. ayyuka na farkon karni na 20, wanda ya zayyana ilimin zamantakewa. kusanci ga kiɗa, - maƙalar "Symphony daga Beethoven zuwa Mahler" ("Die Sinfonie von Beethoven bis Mahler", 1918) na Becker.

A wannan lokacin, yawancin abubuwan lura da zamantakewar zamantakewa sun taru da Rus. tunani game da kiɗa. Saboda haka, AN Serov a cikin aikin "Music. Bita na halin yanzu na fasaha na kiɗa a Rasha da kasashen waje "(1858) ya tada tambayoyi da suka shafi ayyukan kiɗa a cikin al'umma. rayuwar yau da kullun da tasirin yanayin rayuwa akan abun ciki da salon kiɗan. ƙirƙira, ya juya zuwa matsalar tasirin tasirin juna na nau'i da salon kiɗan. samfur. VV Stasov da PI Tchaikovsky a cikin mahimmanci. aiki bar live zanen muses. rayuwa Dec. tsarin jama'a. Babban wuri a cikin waƙoƙin kiɗa na Rasha an shagaltar da su tare da fahimtar kiɗan da jama'a ke yi. A cikin con. 19- roqo. Karni na 20 ya fara ci gaban wasu ilimin kida-sociological. matsaloli a cikin ka'idar shirin.

A cikin 1921, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa bourgeoisie ya buga littafi. S.m., wanda aka fassara yana nufin. tasiri a kan ci gaban Western-Turai. Ilimin zamantakewa na al'adu, - M. Weber "Tsarin tushen kida da ilimin zamantakewa." Kamar yadda AV Lunacharsky ya lura ("A kan tsarin zamantakewar al'umma a cikin tarihi da ka'idar kiɗa", 1925), aikin Weber ya kasance "kawai tude, tsarin kula da iyakokin gaba ɗaya." Ta ja hankalin masu kudi a gaskiya. abu, amma a lokaci guda ya sha wahala daga taɓawar ilimin zamantakewa da rashin kuskure. ka'idoji (neo-Kantianism). In Zap. A Turai, an haɓaka ra'ayoyin Weber tun daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 60, lokacin da ayyuka da yawa akan S. m. Yawancin Yammacin Turai. masana kimiyya sun ki fassara S. m. a matsayin mai zaman kansa. kimiyya da la'akari da shi a matsayin reshe na musicology, empiric. ilimin zamantakewa ko kiɗa. kayan ado. Don haka, K. Blaukopf (Austria) ya fassara kiɗan kiɗa a matsayin koyaswar matsalolin zamantakewa na tarihi da ka'idar kiɗa, wanda ya kamata ya dace da al'adun gargajiya. yankunan ilimin kida. A. Zilberman, G. Engel (Jamus) suna nazarin rarrabawa da amfani da kiɗa a cikin al'umma da kuma halin da ake ciki game da shi. al'ummomi. masu sauraro yadudduka. Sun tara ainihin abubuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. matsayi na mawaƙa a decomp. zamanin ("Music and Society" G. Engel, 1960, da dai sauransu), amma watsi da ka'idar. generalizations empirical. abu. A cikin ayyukan T. Adorno (Jamus), S. m. samu yafi ka'idar. haske a cikin al'adunsa. tunanin falsafa game da kiɗa da gaske narkar da a cikin kiɗa. kayan ado. A cikin littattafansa "Philosophy of New Music" ("Philosophie der Neuen Musik", 1958), "Gabatarwa ga Sociology of Music" (1962) Adorno yayi la'akari da ayyukan zamantakewa na kiɗa, nau'in masu sauraro, matsalolin zamani. rayuwar kiɗa, tambayoyi na tunani a cikin kiɗa na tsarin aji na al'umma, ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da ke ciki da tarihin, juyin halitta na sashen. nau'o'i, na ƙasa yanayin kiɗan. kerawa. Ya ba da kulawa ta musamman ga sukar Burgeoi. "al'adar taro". Duk da haka, Adorno ya soki shi sosai daga mahangar mai kare manyan fasahohin fasaha.

A Yammacin Turai. ƙasashe da Amurka sun haɓaka tambayoyi da yawa S. m, gami da. hanya da haɗin kai na kafofin watsa labarun tare da sauran fannoni - T. Adorno, A. Zilberman, T. Kneif, H. Eggebrecht (Jamus); ayyukan zamantakewa na kiɗa a zamanin mulkin mallaka da kimiyya da fasaha. juyin juya hali - T. Adorno, G. Engel, K. Fellerer, K. Maling (Jamus), B. Brook (Amurka); tsarin kiɗa. al'adun jari-hujja. kasashe, al'ummomi, tattalin arziki. da zamantakewa-psychological. matsayin mawaƙa da mawaƙa masu yin kida - A. Zilberman, G. Engel, Z. Borris, V. Viora (Jamus), J. Muller (Amurka); tsari da halayen jama'a, yanayin zamantakewar kiɗa. dandana - A. Zilberman, T. Adorno (Jamus), P. Farnsworth (Amurka) da J. Leclerc (Belgium); dangantakar da ke tsakanin kiɗa da kafofin watsa labaru (bincike yana gudanar da bincike ta Cibiyar Sadarwar Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin) da Ci gaban Al'adu a Vienna, mashawarcin kimiyya - K. Blaukopf; rayuwa music Dec. sassan al'umma - K. Dahlhaus (Jamus), P. Willis (Birtaniya), P. Bodo (Faransa); matsalolin kiɗan zamantakewa. tatsuniyoyi - V. Viora (Jamus), A. Merriam, A. Lomax (Amurka), D. Carpitelli (Italiya). A yawancin waɗannan ayyukan akwai wadataccen abu na gaskiya, amma yawancinsu sun dogara ne akan hanyoyin falsafar eclectic.

S. m. a cikin USSR da sauran gurguzu. kasashe. A cikin Sov. Ƙungiyar 20s. ya zama farkon ci gaban S. m. Mahimman rawar da aka taka a cikin wannan ta hanyar tafiyar matakai da suka faru a cikin al'ummomi. rayuwa. Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci da Tarayyar Soviet daga farkon kwanakin juyin juya halin Oktoba na 1917 sun gabatar da taken: "Art ga mutane!". Duk ikon fasaha. an tattara masu hankali don aiwatar da manufofin Leniyanci na juyin juya halin al'adu. A cikin owls muz.-sociological. aiki na 20s. matsalolin gama gari game da al'ummomi an gabatar da su a gaba. yanayin kiɗan da kuma dokokin tarihinta. ci gaba. Na musamman darajar su ne ayyukan AV Lunacharsky. Dangane da yanayin aiki na fasaha. tunani, ya yi la'akari da abun ciki na muses. zane-zane sakamakon mu'amalar daidaitattun mawaƙa da yanayin zamantakewa. A cikin labarin "The Social Origins of Musical Art" (1929), Lunacharsky kuma ya jaddada cewa art ne hanyar sadarwa a cikin al'umma. A cikin articles "Daya daga cikin canje-canje a cikin art tarihi" (1926), "The zamantakewa Asalin m art" (1929), "New hanyoyin opera da rawa" (1930), ya kayyade babban. ayyuka na kiɗa a cikin al'umma, ciki har da kayan ado da ilimi. Lunacharsky ya jaddada ikon kiɗa, da kuma fasaha a gaba ɗaya, don samar da kuma canza tunanin al'umma, ya jaddada cewa kiɗa a kowane zamani shine hanyar sadarwa. BL Yavorsky ya ba da muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga haɗin kai tsakanin kerawa da al'umma. fahimta. Yana nufin ma fiye. wurin matsalolin S. m. a cikin ayyukan BV Asafiev. A cikin labarin "A kan Ayyukan gaggawa na Ilimin zamantakewa na Music" (gabatarwa ga littafin "Music of the Medieval City" na G. Moser, wanda aka fassara daga Jamusanci, 1927), Asafiev ya fara bayyana wasu batutuwa da S. m. kamata yayi mu'amala da su, kuma daga cikinsu - al'ummomi. ayyukan kiɗa, kiɗan taro. al'adu (ciki har da kiɗa na yau da kullum), hulɗar birni da karkara, tsarin fahimtar kiɗa da haɓaka kiɗa. "tattalin arziki" da "samarwa" (yi, kayan aiki, wasan kwaikwayo da kungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo, da dai sauransu), wurin kiɗa a cikin rayuwar al'ummomi daban-daban. kungiyoyi, juyin halittar wasan kwaikwayo. nau'ikan ya danganta da yanayin kasancewar kiɗan. A cikin labarai da yawa na 20s. Asafiev ya tabo yanayin zamantakewa na wanzuwar kiɗa a lokuta daban-daban, yanayin al'ada da sababbin nau'o'in gida a cikin birni da karkara. Littafin "Musical Form as a Process" na Asafiev (1930) ya ƙunshi tunani mai ma'ana game da dangantakar dake tsakanin kerawa da fahimta a cikin tsari na rashin fahimta, ya nuna yadda ayyukan al'ummomi. yin kiɗa na iya rinjayar ƙirƙira. A cikin muqalar littafinsa. "Kiɗa na Rasha daga farkon karni na 1930" (XNUMX) Asafiev yayi nazari akan nau'ikan nau'ikan kide-kide na halayen zamantakewa da tattalin arziki daban-daban. samuwar.

A cikin 1920s a cikin Sov. Union, tare da ka'idar bayyana kankare zamantakewa. binciken kiɗa. al'ada. A karkashin Cibiyar Tarihin Art a Leningrad, a karon farko a cikin aikin duniya, an kafa majalisar ministocin Nazarin Muses. rayuwa (KIMB). RI Gruber ya taka rawa sosai a cikin ƙungiyarsa da aikinsa. Duk da nasarorin, a cikin ayyuka da dama, owls. Masana kide-kide na shekarun 1920 akwai dabi'un saukaka hadaddun matsaloli, yin watsi da takamaiman fasahar kere-kere. ƙirƙira, ɗan fahimta mai sauƙi na dogara ga babban tsarin tattalin arziki. tushe, watau abin da a lokacin ake kira vulgar sociology.

Don S.m., Asafiev's theory of the intonation dictionary of the era's "asiri" na shahararsa da kuma al'ummomi sun sami babban muhimmanci. yuwuwar samarwa, da kuma hasashe na “crises intonation”, wanda aka gabatar a cikin littafinsa. “Siffar kiɗa azaman tsari. Littafi na biyu. "Intonation" (1947). Tambayar dangantakar da ke tsakanin kerawa na mawaki da "asusun nau'i" na zamanin an haɓaka a cikin 30s. AA Alshvang. Ya bayyana ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa game da "gabatarwa ta hanyar nau'in", wanda aka ƙara haɓaka a cikin littafinsa na PI Tchaikovsky (1959). Tambayar "nau'i" a matsayin mai kida da zamantakewa. SS Skrebkov kuma ya haɓaka nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in kiɗan (lalacewar "Matsalar Salon Kiɗa da Gaskiya", 1952).

A matsayin mai zaman kansa. ilimin kimiyya na S. m. tun daga 60s. ya fara tasowa a cikin ayyukan AN Sohor. A cikin rubuce-rubucensa masu yawa kuma musamman a cikin littafin. "Sociology da al'adun kiɗa" (1975) ya bayyana batun zamani. Kade-kade na Marxist, yana bayyana ayyukansa, tsarinsa, da hanyoyinsa, yana bayyana tsarin ayyukan zamantakewa na kiɗa, yana tabbatar da tsarin rubutu na jama'a na kiɗan zamani. A kan yunƙurin na Sohor, da dama na duk-Union da kuma na kasa da kasa taro kan matsalolin S. m. Ƙungiyar muses sun nuna babban aiki a fagen S. m. ilimin zamantakewa Moscow. sassan CK RSFSR, nazarin kiɗa. dandana na matasa na Moscow (GL Golovinsky, EE Alekseev). A cikin littafi. "Kiɗa da Mai Sauraro" na VS Tsukerman (1972) ya taƙaita bayanai daga takamaiman nazarin kiɗa. rayuwar Urals, an yi ƙoƙari don ayyana irin waɗannan ra'ayoyi kamar muses. al'adun al'umma, kiɗa. bukatun jama'a. Tambayoyi game da ayyukan zamantakewa na kiɗa da canje-canje a cikin kiɗan zamani suna tasowa. yanayi, nau'in kungiyoyin dalibai, rarrabawa da ilimin zamantakewa. rawar da kiɗan da aka watsa akan rediyo da talabijin (GL Golovinsky, EE Alekseev, Yu. V. Malyshev, AL Klotin, AA Zolotov, G. Sh. Ordzhonikidze, LI Levin). Matsalolin kiɗan zamantakewa. An yi la'akari da labarun labarun a cikin ayyukan II Zemtsovsky, VL Goshovsky da sauransu. da zamantakewa-psychological. E. Ya. Burliva, EV Nazaykinsky da sauransu suna aiki akan matsalolin fahimtar kiɗa. aiki a cikin tsarin watsa labarai na watsa labarai na rarraba kiɗa an tattauna a cikin labaran LA Barenboim, GM Kogan, NP Korykhalova, Yu. V. Kapustin da sauransu. na gargajiya da owls. Kimiyyar kiɗa al'ada ce ta nazarin nau'ikan kiɗan dangane da mahimman manufarsu da yanayin aiki. Ana magance wadannan matsalolin ta fuskar zamani, da kuma ta tarihi. Daga cikin ayyukan irin wannan, ayyukan AN Sohor, MG Aranovsky, LA Mazel, VA Tsukkerman sun fito fili.

Nasarorin da aka samu a fagen S. m. Masana kimiyya na sauran masu ra'ayin gurguzu sun cimma nasara. kasashe. E. Pavlov (Bulgaria), K. Niemann (GDR), da sauransu sun ɓullo da wata hanya don nazarin jama'a da dangantakarta da gargajiya da sababbin hanyoyin rarraba kiɗa. Ayyukan I. Vitania (Hungary) sun keɓe ga kiɗa. rayuwar matasa, J. Urbansky (Poland) - zuwa matsalolin kiɗa akan rediyo da talabijin. A cikin Romania (K. Brailoiu da makarantarsa) an haɓaka hanyoyin zamantakewa. karatun kiɗa. labarin almara. Daga cikin ayyukan ka'idoji - "Gabatarwa ga ilimin zamantakewa na kiɗa" na I. Supicic (Yugoslavia, 1964), wanda ke rufe matsalolin da yawa na wannan kimiyyar, ciki har da ƙayyadaddun ta, hanyoyin, dangantaka da gargajiya. ilimin kida. A karkashin editan Supicic, an buga mujallu tun 1970. "Bita na kasa da kasa na Aesthetics da Sociology of Music", Zagreb. Wasu al'amurran yau da kullum na S. m. masana kimiyya L. Mokri, I. Kresanek, I. Fukach, M. Cerny. Z. Lissa (Poland) ya ba da gudummawar hanyoyi. gudummawa ga ci gaban irin waɗannan matsalolin kamar yanayin zamantakewa da tarihi. bambancin kiɗa. fahimta, al'umma. kimanta kida, kida da al'adu. J. Uyfalushshi da J. Maroti (Hungary) suna nazarin yanayin zamantakewar masu sauraro.

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AH Coxop, Yu. V. Kapustin