Giuseppe Tartini (Giuseppe Tartini) |

Giuseppe Tartini

Tartini. Sonata g-moll, “Tsarin Shaidan” →

Giuseppe Tartini yana daya daga cikin masu haskaka makarantar violin na Italiya na karni na XNUMX, wanda fasaharsa ta ci gaba da kasancewa da mahimmancin fasaha har zuwa yau. D. Oistrakh

Fitaccen mawakin Italiyanci, malami, virtuoso violinist da masanin kide-kide G. Tartini ya mamaye daya daga cikin wurare mafi mahimmanci a cikin al'adun violin na Italiya a farkon rabin karni na XNUMX. Al'adun da suka fito daga A. Corelli, A. Vivaldi, F. Veracini da sauran manyan magabata da mutanen zamani sun haɗu a cikin fasaharsa.

An haifi Tartini a cikin dangi na ajin daraja. Iyaye sun yi nufin ɗansu zuwa aikin limamin coci. Saboda haka, ya fara karatu a makarantar Ikklesiya a Pirano, sannan a Capo d'Istria. Can Tartini ya fara buga violin.

Rayuwar mawaƙi ta kasu kashi 2 lokuta masu adawa da juna. Mai iska, mai tsaka-tsaki ta yanayi, neman haɗari - irin wannan shi ne a cikin shekarun samartaka. Ƙaunar Tartini ta tilasta wa iyayensa su daina tunanin aika dansu a kan tafarkin ruhaniya. Ya je Padua ne don karatun lauya. Amma Tartini kuma ya fi son shinge a gare su, yana mafarkin aikin mai kula da shinge. A cikin layi daya tare da shinge, yana ci gaba da yin aiki da kida da manufa.

Aure a asirce da ɗalibinsa, ƙanwar babban limamin coci, ya canza sosai duk tsare-tsaren Tartini. Auren ya tayar da fushin dangin aristocratic na matarsa, Cardinal Cornaro ya tsananta wa Tartini kuma an tilasta masa ya ɓoye. Mafakarsa ita ce gidan sufi na tsiraru a Assisi.

Daga wannan lokacin ya fara zamani na biyu na rayuwar Tartini. Gidan sufi ba kawai ya ba wa matashin rake mafaka ba kuma ya zama mafakarsa a cikin shekarun hijira. A nan ne Tartini ya sake haifuwar ɗabi'a da ta ruhaniya, kuma a nan ya fara ci gabansa na gaskiya a matsayin mawaki. A cikin gidan sufi, ya yi nazarin ka'idar kiɗa da abun ciki a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mawallafin Czech kuma masanin ka'idar B. Chernogorsky; da kansa ya yi nazarin violin, ya kai ga kamala ta gaskiya wajen ƙware kayan aikin, wanda, a cewar masu zamani, har ma ya zarce wasan sanannen Corelli.

Tartini ya zauna a gidan sufi na tsawon shekaru 2, sannan ya sake yin wasa a gidan wasan opera a Ancona na tsawon shekaru 2. A can mawaƙin ya sadu da Veracini, wanda ke da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan aikinsa.

Tartini ya ƙare a gudun hijira a shekara ta 1716. Daga wannan lokacin har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa, in ban da ɗan hutu, ya zauna a Padua, yana jagorantar ƙungiyar makaɗa ta coci a Basilica na St. . A cikin 1723, Tartini ya sami gayyata don ziyarci Prague don shiga cikin bukukuwan kiɗa a lokacin bikin nadin sarauta na Charles VI. Wannan ziyarar, duk da haka, ta ci gaba har zuwa 1726: Tartini ya yarda da tayin don ɗaukar matsayi na mawaƙa a ɗakin sujada na Prague na Count F. Kinsky.

Komawa zuwa Padua (1727), mawaƙin ya shirya makarantar koyar da kiɗa a can, yana ba da ƙarfinsa sosai don koyarwa. Masu zamani suna kiransa "malam al'ummai." Daga cikin ɗaliban Tartini akwai irin waɗannan fitattun 'yan wasan violin na ƙarni na XNUMX kamar P. Nardini, G. Pugnani, D. Ferrari, I. Naumann, P. Lausse, F. Rust da sauransu.

Gudunmawar mawaƙi don haɓaka fasahar buga violin tana da kyau. Ya canza tsarin baka, ya tsawaita ta. Ƙwarewar gudanar da bakan Tartini da kansa, da ban mamaki na rera a kan violin ya fara zama abin koyi. Mawallafin ya ƙirƙiri ayyuka masu yawa. Daga cikin su akwai sonata uku masu yawa, kimanin 125 concertos, 175 sonatas na violin da cembalo. A cikin aikin Tartini ne na ƙarshe ya sami ƙarin nau'i da haɓaka mai salo.

Kyakkyawar hoto na tunanin kiɗan mawaƙi ya bayyana kansa a cikin sha'awar ba da fassarar shirye-shirye ga ayyukansa. Sonatas “Bandoned Dido” da “Trill Iblis” sun sami suna musamman. Mawallafin kiɗa na Rasha na ƙarshe V. Odoevsky yayi la'akari da farkon sabon zamani a cikin fasahar violin. Tare da waɗannan ayyukan, babban zagayowar "The Art of the Bow" yana da matukar muhimmanci. Ya ƙunshi bambance-bambancen 50 akan jigon Corelli's gavotte, nau'in tsari ne na fasaha wanda ba wai kawai ilimin koyarwa ba, har ma da ƙimar fasaha mai girma. Tartini ya kasance daya daga cikin mawaƙa masu zurfin tunani na karni na XNUMX, ra'ayoyinsa na ka'idar ya sami furci ba kawai a cikin litattafai daban-daban akan kiɗa ba, har ma a cikin rubutu tare da manyan masana kimiyyar kiɗa na wancan lokacin, kasancewa mafi mahimmancin takardu na zamaninsa.

I. Vetlitsyna

Tartini fitaccen ɗan wasan violin ne, malami, malami kuma mai zurfi, asali, mawaƙin asali; har yanzu wannan adadi ya yi nisa da a yaba masa saboda cancanta da kuma muhimmancinsa a tarihin waka. Zai yiwu cewa har yanzu za a "gano" don zamaninmu kuma abubuwan da ya halitta, mafi yawan abin da ke tara ƙura a cikin tarihin gidajen tarihi na Italiya, za a sake farfado da su. Yanzu, ɗalibai ne kawai ke wasa 2-3 na sonatas, kuma a cikin repertoire na manyan ƴan wasan kwaikwayo, shahararrun ayyukansa – “Shaidanun shaidan”, sonatas in A qananan da G qananan lokaci-lokaci suna haskakawa. Ya kasance ba a san abubuwan da ya faru na ban mamaki ba, wasu daga cikinsu za su iya ɗaukar wurin da ya dace kusa da kide-kide na Vivaldi da Bach.

A cikin al'adun violin na Italiya a farkon rabin karni na XNUMX, Tartini ya mamaye wani wuri na tsakiya, kamar dai yana haɗa manyan abubuwan salo na lokacinsa a cikin wasan kwaikwayon da kerawa. Sana'arsa ta mamaye, yana haɗuwa cikin salon monolithic, al'adun da suka fito daga Corelli, Vivaldi, Locatelli, Veracini, Geminiani da sauran manyan magabata da na zamani. Yana burgewa tare da juzu'in sa - mafi kyawun waƙoƙin taushi a cikin "Bandoned Dido" (wato sunan ɗayan violin sonatas), zafi mai zafi na waƙoƙin a cikin "Tsarin shaidan", ƙwaƙƙwaran wasan kide-kide a cikin A- dur fugue, babban baƙin ciki a cikin jinkirin Adagio, har yanzu yana riƙe da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsarin salon masanan zamanin Baroque na kiɗa.

Akwai sha'awar soyayya da yawa a cikin kiɗa da bayyanar Tartini: “Halayensa na fasaha. mafarkai masu sha'awar sha'awa da mafarkai, jefawa da gwagwarmaya, saurin hawa da sauka na yanayi na motsin rai, a cikin kalma, duk abin da Tartini ya yi, tare da Antonio Vivaldi, ɗaya daga cikin farkon masu sha'awar soyayya a cikin kiɗan Italiyanci, sun kasance halaye. Tartini ya bambanta ta hanyar jawo hankali ga shirye-shirye, don haka halayyar romantics, ƙauna mai girma ga Petrarch, mawaƙa mafi yawan lyrical na soyayya na Renaissance. "Ba daidaituwa ba ne cewa Tartini, wanda ya fi shahara a cikin sonatas na violin, ya riga ya sami cikakkiyar sunan soyayya" Shaidanun Shaidan ".

Rayuwar Tartini ta kasu kashi biyu ne masu sabani da juna. Na farko shine shekarun samartaka kafin a keɓe a gidan sufi na Assisi, na biyu shine sauran rayuwa. Mai iska, mai wasa, mai zafi, mai tsaka-tsakin yanayi, neman hatsarori, mai ƙarfi, ƙwazo, ƙarfin hali - irin wannan shine a farkon lokacin rayuwarsa. A cikin na biyu, bayan zaman shekaru biyu a Assisi, wannan sabon mutum ne: kamewa, janyewa, wani lokacin baƙin ciki, ko da yaushe yana mai da hankali kan wani abu, mai lura, bincike, aiki mai zurfi, ya riga ya kwantar da hankali a cikin rayuwarsa ta sirri, amma duk da haka. ba tare da gajiyawa ba yana bincike a fagen fasaha, inda bugun yanayin yanayinsa mai zafi ke ci gaba da bugawa.

An haifi Giuseppe Tartini a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1692 a Pirano, wani ƙaramin gari da ke cikin Istria, yanki mai iyaka da Yugoslavia ta yau. Yawancin Slavs sun zauna a Istria, "ya gamu da tayar da hankali na matalauta - ƙananan manoma, masunta, masu sana'a, musamman daga ƙananan nau'o'in Slavic - a kan zalunci na Ingilishi da Italiyanci. Sha'awoyi sun yi zafi. Kusanci na Venice ya gabatar da al'adun gida ga ra'ayoyin Renaissance, kuma daga bisani zuwa wannan ci gaban fasaha, wanda ya kasance mai karfi wanda jamhuriyar anti-papist ta kasance a cikin karni na XNUMX.

Babu wani dalili da za a rarraba Tartini a cikin Slavs, duk da haka, bisa ga wasu bayanai daga masu bincike na kasashen waje, a zamanin da sunan mahaifinsa yana da ƙarshen Yugoslavia - Tartich.

Mahaifin Giuseppe - Giovanni Antonio, ɗan kasuwa, ɗan Florentine ta haihuwa, na cikin "nobile", wato, ajin "mai daraja". Uwa - nee Catarina Giangrandi daga Pirano, a fili, daga wuri ɗaya ne. Iyayensa sun yi nufin ɗansa don yin aiki na ruhaniya. Ya zama dan uwan ​​​​Francika a cikin 'yan tsiraru, kuma ya fara karatu a makarantar Ikklesiya a Pirano, sannan a Capo d'Istria, inda ake koyar da kiɗa a lokaci guda, amma a mafi girman nau'i. Anan matashin Giuseppe ya fara buga violin. Ba a san ainihin wane ne malaminsa ba. Da kyar ya zama babban mawaki. Kuma daga baya, Tartini ba dole ba ne ya koya daga ƙwararrun malamin violin ƙwararru. Ƙwarewarsa gaba ɗaya ya ci shi da kansa. Tartini ya kasance a cikin ainihin ma'anar kalmar da aka koyar da kai (autodidact).

Ƙaunar kai, ɗaurin yaron ya tilasta iyaye su watsar da ra'ayin jagorancin Giuseppe tare da hanyar ruhaniya. An yanke shawarar cewa zai je Padua ya karanta fannin shari'a. A Padua shi ne sanannen Jami'ar, inda Tartini ya shiga a 1710.

Ya bi da karatunsa a matsayin "slipshod" kuma ya gwammace ya jagoranci rayuwa mai ban tsoro, mai cike da al'adu iri-iri. Ya fifita shinge akan fikihu. An wajabta mallakar wannan fasaha ga kowane saurayi na asalin "mai daraja", amma ga Tartini ya zama sana'a. Ya shiga cikin duels da yawa kuma ya sami irin wannan fasaha a shingen shinge wanda ya riga ya yi mafarkin aikin mai takobi, sai kwatsam wani yanayi ya canza shirinsa. Gaskiyar ita ce, baya ga shinge, ya ci gaba da karatun kiɗa har ma ya ba da darussan kiɗa, yana aiki a kan ƙananan kuɗin da iyayensa suka aika masa.

Daga cikin dalibansa akwai Elizabeth Premazzone, 'yar autan babban Bishop na Padua, Giorgio Cornaro. Wani matashi mai hazaka ya kamu da soyayya da matashin dalibin sa har suka yi aure a boye. Lokacin da auren ya zama sananne, bai faranta wa dangin matarsa ​​farin ciki ba. Cardinal Cornaro ya yi fushi musamman. Kuma Tartini ya tsananta masa.

Tartini ya kama shi a matsayin mahajjaci don kada a gane shi, Tartini ya gudu daga Padua ya nufi Roma. Amma, bayan ya yi yawo na ɗan lokaci, ya tsaya a wani gidan sufi na ’yan tsiraru a Assisi. Gidan sufi ya tanadi matashin rake, amma ya canza rayuwarsa sosai. Lokaci ya gudana a cikin jerin gwano, cike da ko dai sabis na coci ko kiɗa. Don haka godiya ga wani yanayi na bazuwar, Tartini ya zama mawaƙa.

A Assisi, ya yi sa'a a gare shi, ya rayu Padre Boemo, sanannen organist, coci mawaki kuma theorist, Czech ta kasa, kafin a tonsured wani sufi, wanda ya haifi sunan Bohuslav na Montenegro. A Padua ya kasance darektan mawaƙa a Cathedral na Sant'Antonio. Daga baya, a Prague, K.-V. kuskure. A karkashin jagorancin irin wannan mawaƙa mai ban mamaki, Tartini ya fara haɓaka cikin sauri, yana fahimtar fasahar ƙira. Duk da haka, ya zama mai sha'awar ba kawai a kimiyyar kida ba, har ma a cikin violin, kuma nan da nan ya sami damar yin wasa a lokacin hidimar tare da Padre Boemo. Mai yiyuwa ne wannan malami ya bunkasa a Tartini sha'awar bincike a fagen kiɗa.

Dogon zama a gidan sufi ya bar alama akan halin Tartini. Ya zama mai addini, ya karkata zuwa ga sufanci. Duk da haka, ra'ayinsa bai shafi aikinsa ba; Ayyukan Tartini sun tabbatar da cewa a cikinsa ya kasance mai himma, mai son abin duniya.

Tartini ya zauna a Assisi fiye da shekaru biyu. Ya koma Padua saboda wani yanayi na bazuwar, wanda A. Giller ya gaya game da haka: “Sa’ad da ya taɓa buga ’yan mawaƙa a lokacin hutu, iska mai ƙarfi ta ɗaga labulen da ke gaban ƙungiyar makaɗa. Don haka mutanen da suke cikin ikilisiya suka gan shi. Wani Padua, wanda yana cikin baƙi, ya gane shi kuma, ya koma gida, ya ci amanar inda Tartini yake. Nan take matarsa, da kuma Cardinal suka koyi wannan labarin. Fushinsu ya kwanta a wannan lokacin.

Tartini ya koma Padua kuma nan da nan ya zama sananne a matsayin ƙwararren mawaki. A cikin 1716, an gayyace shi don shiga cikin Cibiyar Nazarin Kiɗa, wani babban biki a Venice a fadar Donna Pisano Mocenigo don girmama Yariman Saxony. Bugu da ƙari, Tartini, ana sa ran wasan kwaikwayo na shahararren dan wasan violin Francesco Veracini.

Veracini ya ji daɗin shahara a duniya. Italiyanci sun kira salon wasansa "sabbin sabo" saboda dabarar nuances na tunani. Da gaske sabon abu ne idan aka kwatanta da salon wasan ban tausayi na ban mamaki wanda ya yi nasara a lokacin Corelli. Veracini shi ne mafarin ma'anar "preromantic" hankali. Tartini ya fuskanci irin wannan abokin hamayya mai hatsari.

Jin wasan Veracini, Tartini ya gigice. Ya ƙi yin magana, ya aika matarsa ​​zuwa ga ɗan’uwansa a Pirano, shi da kansa ya bar Venice ya zauna a gidan sufi a Ancona. A cikin keɓancewa, nesa da bustle da jaraba, ya yanke shawarar cimma nasarar Veracini ta hanyar karatu mai zurfi. Ya zauna a Ancona tsawon shekaru 4. A nan ne aka kafa wani ɗan wasan violin mai zurfi, mai hazaka, wanda Italiyanci suka kira "II maestro del la Nazioni" ("Maestro na Duniya"), yana mai da hankali ga rashin saninsa. Tartini ya koma Padua a 1721.

Rayuwar Tartini ta gaba ta kasance a cikin Padua, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai soloist na violin kuma mai rakiya a ɗakin sujada na haikalin Sant'Antonio. Wannan ɗakin ibada ya ƙunshi mawaƙa 16 da mawaƙa 24 kuma an ɗauke shi ɗayan mafi kyau a Italiya.

Sau ɗaya kawai Tartini ya shafe shekaru uku a wajen Padua. A 1723 an gayyace shi zuwa Prague don nadin sarautar Charles VI. A can ya ji ta bakin wani babban masoyin kiɗa, mai ba da taimako Count Kinsky, kuma ya rinjaye shi ya ci gaba da hidimarsa. Tartini ya yi aiki a ɗakin sujada na Kinsky har zuwa 1726, sa'an nan kuma rashin gida ya tilasta masa komawa. Bai sake barin Padua ba, duk da cewa manyan masoyan waka sun yi ta kiransa zuwa wurinsa. An san cewa Count Middleton ya ba shi fam 3000 a shekara, a wancan lokacin kuɗi mai ban mamaki, amma Tartini ya ƙi duk irin wannan tayin.

Bayan ya zauna a Padua, Tartini ya buɗe a nan a cikin 1728 Babban Makarantar Wasan Violin. Fitattun 'yan wasan violin na Faransa, Ingila, Jamus, Italiya sun yi tururuwa zuwa gare ta, suna sha'awar yin karatu tare da fitaccen maestro. Nardini, Pasqualino Vini, Albergi, Domenico Ferrari, Carminati, shahararren dan wasan violin Sirmen Lombardini, Faransawa Pazhen da Lagusset da dai sauransu sun yi karatu tare da shi.

A cikin rayuwar yau da kullun, Tartini ya kasance mutum mai girman kai. De Brosse ya rubuta: “Tartini yana da ladabi, mai son zuciya, ba tare da girman kai da son rai ba; yana magana kamar mala'ika kuma ba tare da nuna bambanci ba game da cancantar kiɗan Faransanci da Italiyanci. Na ji daɗin wasan kwaikwayonsa da hirarsa.”

Wasikarsa (Maris 31, 1731) zuwa ga sanannen mawaƙin-masanin kimiya Padre Martini an kiyaye shi, wanda daga cikinta ya bayyana sarai yadda yake da mahimmanci ga tantance rubutunsa akan sautin haɗin kai, la'akari da ƙari. Wannan wasiƙar ta ba da shaida ga tsananin kunya na Tartini: “Ba zan iya yarda a gabatar da ni a gaban masana kimiyya da haziƙan mutane a matsayin mutum mai riya, cike da bincike da inganta salon kiɗan zamani ba. Allah ya kubutar dani daga wannan, ina kokarin koyi da wasu ne kawai!

“Tartini ya kasance mai kirki, ya taimaki talakawa da yawa, ya yi aiki kyauta tare da ’ya’yan talakawa masu hazaka. A rayuwar iyali, bai ji daɗi ba, saboda mugun halin matarsa. Wadanda suka san dangin Tartini sun yi iƙirarin cewa ita ce ainihin Xanthippe, kuma yana da kirki kamar Socrates. Wadannan yanayi na rayuwar iyali sun kara taimakawa ga gaskiyar cewa ya shiga fasaha gaba daya. Har ya tsufa sosai, ya taka leda a Basilica na Sant'Antonio. Suna cewa maestro, wanda ya riga ya tsufa, ya tafi kowace Lahadi zuwa babban coci a Padua don buga Adagio daga sonata "The Emperor".

Tartini ya rayu har zuwa shekaru 78 kuma ya mutu daga scurbut ko ciwon daji a 1770 a hannun dalibin da ya fi so, Pietro Nardini.

An kiyaye sake dubawa da yawa game da wasan Tartini, haka ma, dauke da wasu sabani. A shekara ta 1723, sanannen mashawarcin Jamus Quantz ya ji shi a ɗakin sujada na Count Kinsky. Ga abin da ya rubuta: “A lokacin da na zauna a Prague, na kuma ji shahararren ɗan wasan violin ɗan Italiya Tartini, wanda yake hidima a wurin. Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan violinists. Ya fitar da sauti mai kyau sosai daga kayan aikin sa. Yatsunsa da bakansa daidai suke da shi. Ya yi manyan matsaloli ba tare da wahala ba. Trill, ko da na biyu, ya doke da dukkan yatsu daidai da kyau kuma ya taka leda da son rai a manyan mukamai. Duk da haka, aikinsa ba ya taɓawa kuma ɗanɗanonsa ba shi da daraja kuma sau da yawa yakan yi karo da kyakkyawar salon waƙa.

Ana iya bayyana wannan bita ta gaskiyar cewa bayan Ancona Tartini, a fili, har yanzu yana jin daɗin matsalolin fasaha, ya yi aiki na dogon lokaci don inganta kayan aikin sa.

A kowane hali, wasu sake dubawa sun ce in ba haka ba. Grosley, alal misali, ya rubuta cewa wasan Tartini ba shi da haske, ba zai iya jurewa ba. Sa’ad da ’yan Italiyan violin suka zo don nuna masa fasaharsu, ya saurare shi cikin sanyin jiki ya ce: “Abin farin ciki ne, yana da rai, yana da ƙarfi sosai, amma,” ya ƙara da ɗaga hannunsa a zuciyarsa, “bai gaya mani komai ba.”

Wani babban ra'ayi na musamman game da wasan Tartini ya bayyana ta Viotti, kuma mawallafin Hanyar violin na Conservatory na Paris (1802) Bayot, Rode, Kreutzer sun lura da jituwa, tausayi, da alheri a tsakanin halaye na musamman na wasansa.

Daga cikin m al'adun Tartini, kawai karamin sashi samu daraja. Bisa ga nisa daga cikakken bayanai, ya rubuta 140 violin concertos tare da quartet ko string quintet, 20 concerto grosso, 150 sonatas, 50 trios; An buga 60 sonatas, game da 200 qagaggun ne saura a cikin archives na Chapel na St. Antonio a Padua.

Daga cikin sonatas akwai shahararrun "Tsarin Shaidan". Akwai labari game da ita, wanda ake zargin Tartini da kansa ya fada. “Wani dare (a cikin 1713) na yi mafarki cewa na sayar da raina ga shaidan kuma yana cikin hidimata. Duk abin da aka yi bisa ga umarnina - sabon bawana ya yi tsammanin kowane buri na. Da zarar tunanin ya fado mini in ba shi violin na in ga ko zai iya buga wani abu mai kyau. Amma menene mamakina lokacin da na ji sonata mai ban mamaki da ban sha'awa kuma na taka rawar gani sosai da fasaha wanda ko da mafi girman tunanin ba zai iya tunanin wani abu makamancinsa ba. An tafi da ni, na yi murna da sha'awa har ya dauke numfashina. Na farka daga wannan babban gwaninta kuma na kama violin don kiyaye aƙalla wasu sautunan da na ji, amma a banza. Sonata da na yi a lokacin, wanda na kira "Sonata Iblis", shine aikina mafi kyau, amma bambanci da wanda ya faranta min rai yana da girma sosai ta yadda in kawai zan iya hana kaina daga jin dadin da violin ya ba ni. Nan da nan da na karya kayana, in rabu da kiɗa har abada.

Ina so in yi imani da wannan labari, idan ba don kwanan wata ba - 1713 (!). Don rubuta irin wannan balagagge maƙala a Ancona, yana da shekaru 21?! Ya rage a ɗauka cewa ko dai kwanan wata ya ruɗe, ko kuma gabaɗayan labarin ya kasance na adadin ƙididdiga. An yi asarar tarihin sonata. An fara buga shi a cikin 1793 ta Jean-Baptiste Cartier a cikin tarin The Art of the Violin, tare da taƙaitaccen almara da bayanin kula daga mawallafin: “Wannan yanki yana da wuyar gaske, Ina binta ga Bayo. Sha'awar wannan na ƙarshe don kyawawan abubuwan halitta na Tartini ya rinjaye shi ya ba da wannan sonata a gare ni.

Dangane da salo, abubuwan da Tartini ya yi sune, kamar yadda ake ce, hanyar haɗin kai tsakanin pre-classical (ko kuma “pre-classical”) nau'ikan kiɗa da farkon classicism. Ya rayu a cikin wani lokacin tsaka-tsaki, a mahaɗin zamani biyu, kuma da alama ya rufe juyin halittar fasahar violin na Italiya wanda ya rigaya ya wuce zamanin classicism. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ya tsara suna da fassarar shirye-shirye, kuma rashin rubuce-rubucen autograph yana gabatar da daidaitaccen adadin ruɗani a cikin ma'anarsu. Don haka, Moser ya yi imanin cewa "The abandoned Dido" sonata Op. 1 No. 10, inda Zellner, na farko edita, ya hada da Largo daga sonata a cikin E qananan (Op. 1 No. 5), transposing shi a cikin G kananan. Masanin binciken Faransa Charles Bouvet ya yi iƙirarin cewa Tartini da kansa, yana so ya jaddada haɗin kai tsakanin sonatas a cikin ƙananan E, wanda ake kira "Abandoned Dido", da G major, ya ba da sunan karshen "Inconsolable Dido", yana sanya Largo iri ɗaya a cikin duka.

Har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 50, bambance-bambancen XNUMX akan jigon Corelli, wanda Tartini ya kira "The Art of the Bow", sun shahara sosai. Wannan aikin yana da maƙasudin koyarwa, kodayake a cikin fitowar Fritz Kreisler, wanda ya fitar da bambance-bambance da yawa, sun zama wasan kwaikwayo.

Tartini ya rubuta ayyukan ka'idoji da yawa. Daga cikin su akwai Treatise on Jewelry, wanda a cikinta ya yi ƙoƙari ya fahimci ma'anar fasaha na ma'anar melismas na fasaha na zamani; "Maganin Kiɗa", wanda ke ɗauke da bincike a fagen wasan kwaikwayo na violin. Ya sadaukar da shekarunsa na ƙarshe don aiki mai girma shida akan nazarin yanayin sautin kiɗa. An ba da gadon aikin ga Farfesa Padua Colombo don gyarawa da bugawa, amma ya ɓace. Ya zuwa yanzu dai ba a gano ko ina ba.

Daga cikin ayyukan koyarwa na Tartini, takarda ɗaya tana da matuƙar mahimmanci - darasi-wasiƙa zuwa tsohuwar ɗalibarsa Magdalena Sirmen-Lombardini, inda ya ba da umarni masu mahimmanci kan yadda ake yin aikin violin.

Tartini ya gabatar da wasu gyare-gyare ga ƙirar baka na violin. Magaji na gaskiya ga al'adun gargajiya na Italiyanci, ya ba da mahimmanci ga cantilena - "waƙa" a kan violin. Yana da sha'awar wadatar da cantilena cewa tsayin baka na Tartini yana haɗuwa. A lokaci guda, don dacewa da riƙewa, ya yi tsagi na tsaye a kan sandar (abin da ake kira "fluting"). Daga baya, an maye gurbin sarewa da iska. A lokaci guda kuma, salon "gallant" wanda ya ci gaba a zamanin Tartini ya buƙaci haɓaka ƙananan ƙananan haske na kyawawan dabi'un rawa. Don aikinsu, Tartini ya ba da shawarar gajeriyar baka.

Mawaƙi-mawaƙi, mai tunani mai zurfin tunani, babban malami - mahaliccin makarantar violin wanda ya yada shahararsa zuwa duk ƙasashen Turai a wancan lokacin - irin wannan shine Tartini. Halin duniya na yanayinsa ba tare da son rai ba yana kawo tunawa da adadi na Renaissance, wanda shine magada na gaskiya.

L. Rabin, 1967