Olivier Messiaen (Olivier Messiaen) |

Olivier Messiaen

… sacrament, haskoki na haske a cikin dare Tunani na farin ciki Tsuntsaye na Shiru… O. Mesiya

Mawaƙin Faransa O. Messiaen da gaskiya ya mamaye ɗaya daga cikin wuraren girmamawa a tarihin al'adun kiɗa na ƙarni na 11. An haife shi a cikin iyali mai hankali. Mahaifinsa masanin harshe ne na Flemish, kuma mahaifiyarsa shahararriyar mawakiyar Faransa ce ta Kudu Cecile Sauvage. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 1930, Messiaen ya bar garinsu na haihuwa ya tafi karatu a Paris Conservatory - yana wasa da sashin jiki (M. Dupre), yana tsara (P. Dukas), tarihin kiɗa (M. Emmanuel). Bayan kammala karatu daga Conservatory (1936), Messiaen ya ɗauki matsayin organist na Parisian Church of Triniti Mai Tsarki. A cikin 39-1942. ya koyar a Ecole Normale de Musique, sa'an nan a Schola cantorum, tun 1966 yana koyarwa a Paris Conservatory (jituwa, kida analysis, musical aesthetics, musical psychology, tun 1936 farfesa na abun da ke ciki). A cikin 1940, Messiaen, tare da I. Baudrier, A. Jolivet da D. Lesure, sun kafa ƙungiyar matasa ta Faransa, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari don haɓaka al'adun ƙasa, don jin daɗi kai tsaye da kuma cikar kida. "Young Faransa" sun ƙi hanyoyin neoclassicism, dodecaphony, da kuma al'adu. Da barkewar yaƙi, Messiaen ya tafi a matsayin soja a gaba, a cikin 41-1941. ya kasance a sansanin POW na Jamus a Silesia; a can "Quartet for the End of Time" an haɗa shi don violin, cello, clarinet da piano (XNUMX) kuma aikin farko ya faru a can.

A lokacin yakin bayan yakin, Messiaen ya sami karbuwa a duniya a matsayin mawaki, yana yin aiki a matsayin organist kuma a matsayin pianist (sau da yawa tare da pianist Yvonne Loriot, ɗalibinsa da abokin rayuwa), ya rubuta ayyuka da yawa akan ka'idar kiɗa. Daga cikin ɗaliban Messiaen akwai P. Boulez, K. Stockhausen, J. Xenakis.

Kyawun Messiaen yana haɓaka ainihin ƙa'idar ƙungiyar "Young France", wacce ta yi kira ga komawa ga kiɗan gaggawar bayyana ji. Daga cikin stylistic kafofin na aikinsa, mawaki kansa sunayen, ban da Faransa Masters (C. Debussy), Gregorian rera waƙa, Rasha songs, music na gabas al'ada (musamman, India), birdsong. Rubuce-rubucen Messiaen sun cika da haske, haske mai ban mamaki, suna kyalkyali da haske na launukan sauti masu haske, bambance-bambancen sauki amma mai ladabi a cikin waƙar innation da shaharar “cosmic” mai kyalli, fashewar kuzari, muryoyin tsuntsaye masu daɗi, har ma da mawakan tsuntsaye. da shiru shiru na rai. A cikin duniyar Almasihu babu wani wuri na yau da kullum prosaism, tashin hankali da rikice-rikice na wasan kwaikwayo na ɗan adam; Hatta munanan hotuna masu ban tsoro na manyan yaƙe-yaƙe ba a taɓa kama su a cikin kiɗan Ƙarshen Lokaci Quartet ba. Yin watsi da ƙananan, gefen yau da kullum na gaskiya, Messiaen yana so ya tabbatar da dabi'un gargajiya na kyakkyawa da jituwa, al'adun ruhaniya masu girma waɗanda ke adawa da shi, kuma ba ta hanyar "mayar da" su ta hanyar wani nau'i na salo ba, amma da karimci ta amfani da fasahar zamani da dacewa. nufin harshen kiɗa. Messiaen yana tunani a cikin hotuna na "madawwami" na Katolika na ka'idodin ka'idodin ka'idodin ka'idodin ka'idodin ka'idoji da yanayin sararin samaniya. Da yake jayayya da maƙasudin ban mamaki na kiɗa a matsayin "aikin bangaskiya", Messiaen ya ba da lakabi na addini: "Hanyar Amin" don pianos guda biyu (1943), "Liturgies Uku zuwa Gaban Allahntaka" (1944), "Ra'ayoyi Ashirin" na Jariri Yesu” na piano (1944), “Mass at Fentikos” (1950), oratorio “The Transfiguration of Our Lord Jesus Christ” (1969), “Tea for Tashin Matattu” (1964, a kan cika shekaru 20) na karshen yakin duniya na biyu). Ko da tsuntsaye tare da rera waƙa - muryar yanayi - an fassara su ta hanyar Almasihu a cikin sufi, su "bayi ne na sassan da ba na kayan abu"; irin wannan shine ma'anar waƙar tsuntsaye a cikin abubuwan da aka tsara "Farkawa na Tsuntsaye" don piano da orchestra (1953); "Tsuntsaye masu tsattsauran ra'ayi" don piano, percussion da ƙungiyar mawaƙa (1956); "Kasidar Tsuntsaye" na piano (1956-58), "Blackbird" don sarewa da piano (1951). Salon “tsuntsu” na daɗaɗɗen rhythmically kuma ana samunsa a cikin wasu ƙagaggun.

Messiaen kuma sau da yawa yana da abubuwa na alamar lambobi. Don haka, “Triniti” ya ratsa cikin “Ƙananan Liturgie guda uku” – sassa 3 na zagayowar, kowane kashi uku, rukunin kayan aikin katako sau uku, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta unison mata wani lokaci ana kasu kashi uku.

Koyaya, yanayin hoton kiɗan na Messiaen, ƙwarewar Faransanci na halayen kiɗan sa, sau da yawa "kaifi, zafi", lissafin fasaha na mawaƙi na zamani wanda ya kafa tsarin kida mai cin gashin kansa na aikinsa - duk wannan yana shiga cikin wani sabani. tare da orthodoxy na lakabi na abun da ke ciki. Bugu da ƙari, batutuwan addini ana samun su ne kawai a cikin wasu ayyukan Almasihu (shi da kansa ya sami canjin kiɗan “tsarki, na duniya da tauhidi” a cikin kansa). An kama wasu sassa na duniyar tamaninsa a cikin irin waɗannan abubuwan kamar wasan kwaikwayo na "Turangaila" na piano da raƙuman ruwa na Martenot da ƙungiyar makaɗa ("Waƙar Soyayya, Waƙar Yabo ga Murnar Lokaci, Motsi, Rhythm, Rayuwa da Mutuwa", 1946-48 ); "Chronochromia" don ƙungiyar makaɗa (1960); "Daga Gorge zuwa Taurari" don piano, ƙaho da ƙungiyar makaɗa (1974); "Haiku Bakwai" don piano da ƙungiyar makaɗa (1962); Etudes Rhythmic huɗu (1949) da Preludes takwas (1929) don piano; Jigo da Bambance-bambance na Violin da Piano (1932); sake zagayowar murya "Yaravi" (1945, a cikin tarihin Peruvian, yaravi shine waƙar ƙauna wanda ya ƙare kawai tare da mutuwar masoya); "Bikin Kyawawan Ruwa" (1937) da "Biyu monodies a cikin kwata-kwata" (1938) don raƙuman ruwa na Martenot; "Mawaƙa biyu game da Joan na Arc" (1941); Kanteyojaya, nazarin rhythmic don piano (1948); "Timbres-lokaci" (kankare kida, 1952), opera "Saint Francis na Assisi" (1984).

A matsayinsa na masanin kide-kide, Messiaen ya dogara ne akan aikinsa, amma kuma a kan aikin wasu mawaƙa (ciki har da Rashawa, musamman, I. Stravinsky), akan waƙar Gregorian, tarihin Rasha, da kuma ra'ayoyin masanin ka'idar Indiya. 1944th karni. Sharngadevs. A cikin littafin "The Technique of My Musical Language" (XNUMX), ya bayyana ka'idar modal halaye na ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsari, mai mahimmanci ga kiɗa na zamani. Kiɗa na Messiaen a zahiri yana aiwatar da haɗin kai na lokuta (har zuwa tsakiyar zamanai) da haɗar al'adun Yamma da Gabas.

Y. Kholopov

Abubuwan da aka tsara:

don mawaƙa - Ƙananan liturgies guda uku na kasancewar allahntaka (Trois petites liturgies de la gaban allahntaka, don ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta mata, solo piano, raƙuman ruwa na Martenot, kirtani, orc., da percussion, 1944), Reshans biyar (Cinq rechants, 1949), Triniti Taro na Ranar (La Messe de la Pentecote, 1950), oratorio Canjin Ubangijinmu (La transfiguration du Notre Seigneur, don mawaƙa, ƙungiyar mawaƙa da kayan kidan solo, 1969); don makada – Hadayun da aka manta (Les offrandes oubliees, 1930), Anthem (1932), Hawan Yesu zuwa Hawan Yesu sama (L' hawan hawan, 4 wasan kwaikwayo na simphonic, 1934), Chronochromia (1960); ga kayan kida da makada - Turangaila Symphony (fp., raƙuman ruwa na Martenot, 1948), farkawa na Tsuntsaye (La reveil des oiseaux, fp., 1953), Tsuntsaye masu tsattsauran ra'ayi (Les oiseaux exotiques, fp., percussion da ƙungiyar mawaƙa, 1956), Bakwai Haiku (Satumba Hap-kap, fp., 1963); ga bandeji na tagulla da percussion – Ina shan shayi don tashin matattu (Et expecto riseem mortuorum, 1965, wanda gwamnatin Faransa ta ba da izini a ranar cika shekaru 20 na ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu); dakin kayan aiki ensembles - Jigo tare da bambance-bambance (na skr. da fp., 1932), Quartet na ƙarshen zamani (Quatuor pour la fin du temps, don skr., clarinet, vlch., fp., 1941), Blackbird (Le merle noir, ga sarewa i fp., 1950); don piano - zagayowar ra'ayi Ashirin na jaririn Yesu (Vingt game da sur l'enfant Jesus, 19444), nazarin rhythmic (Quatre etudes de rythme, 1949-50), Catalog na tsuntsaye (Catalogue d'oiseaux, litattafan rubutu 7, 1956-59 ); don 2 pianos – Wahayi na Amin (Vision de l'Amen, 1943); ga gabobi - Saduwa ta sama (Le banquet celeste, 1928), suites na gabobin jiki, gami da. Ranar Kirsimeti (La nativite du Seigneur, 1935), Album Organ (Livre d'Orgue, 1951); don murya da piano - Waƙoƙin ƙasa da sama (Chants de terre et de ciel, 1938), Haravi (1945), da sauransu.

Littattafan karatu da bita: Darussa 20 a cikin solfeges na zamani, P., 1933; Darasi Ashirin A Cikin Harmony, P., 1939; Dabarar yaren kiɗa na, c. 1-2, P., 1944; Magani akan Rhythm, aya 1-2, P., 1948.

Ayyukan adabi: Taron Brussels, P., 1960.