Wilhelm Friedemann Bach |

Wilhelm Friedemann Bach

… ya yi magana da ni game da kiɗa da kuma game da wani babban organist mai suna WF Bach… Wannan mawaƙin yana da fitacciyar kyauta ga duk abin da na ji (ko zan iya tunanin), dangane da zurfin ilimin jituwa da ƙarfin aiki… G. van Swiegen - Yarima. Kaunitz Berlin, 1774

'Ya'yan JS Bach sun bar alamar haske a kan kiɗa na karni na XNUMX. Babban galaxy na mawaƙa guda huɗu na 'yan'uwa-mawaƙa daidai ne da babbansu Wilhelm Friedemann, wanda "Gallic" Bach ya yi wa lakabi a cikin tarihi. Babban ɗan fari kuma wanda aka fi so, da kuma ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban farko na babban ubansa, Wilhelm Friedemann ya gaji hadisai da aka yi masa a mafi girma. "Ga dana ƙaunataccena," Johann Sebastian ya saba cewa, bisa ga almara, "ƙaunata tana cikinsa." Ba daidai ba ne cewa marubucin tarihin tarihin JS Bach na farko, I. Forkel, ya yi imanin cewa "Wilhelm Friedemann, dangane da asalin waƙar, ya kasance kusa da mahaifinsa," kuma, bi da bi, masu tarihin ɗansa sun sanya shi a cikin " bayin karshe na al'adar gabobin baroque." Duk da haka, wata sifa ba ta da ƙanƙanta: "ƙauna tsakanin mashawartan Jamusanci na rococo na kiɗa." A gaskiya babu sabani a nan.

Wilhelm Friedemann ya kasance daidai daidai da ƙaƙƙarfan tunani da fantasy mara kyau, ƙwararrun hanyoyi da raɗaɗin waƙoƙi, fayyace fastoci da lasticity na raye-raye. Tun daga ƙuruciya, ilimin kiɗan mawaƙi ya kasance akan ƙwararru. A gare shi, JS Bach na farko ya fara rubuta "darussan" don clavier, wanda, tare da zaɓaɓɓun ayyukan da wasu mawallafa suka yi, an haɗa su a cikin shahararren "Littafin Clavier na WF Bach." Matsayin waɗannan darussa - a nan sharuɗɗa, ƙirƙira, raye-raye, shirye-shiryen ƙungiyar chorale, waɗanda suka zama makaranta ga dukan tsararraki masu zuwa - yana nuna saurin ci gaban Wilhelm Friedemann a matsayin mawaƙa. Ya ishe mu faɗi cewa jigo na I na Well-Tempered Clavier, waɗanda ke cikin ɗan littafin, an yi niyya ne don mawaƙin ɗan shekara goma sha biyu (!). A cikin 1726, an ƙara darussan violin tare da IG Braun zuwa karatun clavier, kuma a cikin 1723 Friedemann ya sauke karatu daga Leipzig Thomasschule, bayan ya sami ingantaccen ilimi na gama gari ga mawaƙi a Jami'ar Leipzig. A lokaci guda, shi mataimaki ne mai aiki ga Johann Sebastian (a wancan lokacin cantor na Church of St. Thomas), wanda ya jagoranci rehearsals da jadawalin jam'iyyun, sau da yawa ya maye gurbin mahaifinsa a sashin jiki. Mafi mahimmanci, Six Organ Sonatas ya bayyana a lokacin, wanda Bach ya rubuta, a cewar Forkel, "don babban ɗansa Wilhelm Friedemann, domin ya sa shi ya zama gwani na wasan gabobin, wanda daga baya ya zama." Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa tare da irin wannan shiri Wilhelm Friedemann brilliantly wuce gwajin ga post na organist a cikin Church of St. Sophia a Dresden (1733), inda, duk da haka, sun riga sun iya gane shi ta hanyar clavirabend da aka ba a baya a hade tare da. Johann Sebastian. Uba da dansa sun yi kide-kide biyu, wanda Bach Sr. ya shirya musamman don wannan lokacin. Shekaru 13 Dresden lokaci ne na haɓakar haɓakar ƙirƙira na mawaƙa, wanda ya sami sauƙaƙa sosai ta yanayi na ɗaya daga cikin fitattun cibiyoyin kiɗan a Turai. A cikin da'irar sababbin abokai na matashin Leipzigian, shugaban Dresden Opera shine shahararren I. Hasse da matarsa, mawaƙa F. Bordoni, da kuma mawaƙa na kayan aiki na kotu. Bi da bi, Dresdeners sun sami sha'awar fasaha na Wilhelm Friedemann, mawallafin mawaƙa kuma organist. Ya zama mai koyar da kayan ado.

A lokaci guda kuma, organist na cocin Furotesta, wanda Wilhelm Friedemann ya kasance da aminci sosai bisa ga umarnin mahaifinsa, ba zai iya taimakawa ba, sai dai ya fuskanci ɓacin rai a cikin Katolika Dresden, wanda mai yiwuwa ya zama abin ƙarfafawa don ƙaura zuwa filin da ya fi daraja a ciki. Protestant duniya. A cikin 1746, Wilhelm Friedemann (ba tare da gwaji ba!) ya ɗauki matsayi mai girma na organist a Liebfrauenkirche a Halle, ya zama magajin cancanta ga F. Tsakhov (malam GF Handel) da S. Scheidt, waɗanda suka taɓa ɗaukaka Ikklesiyarsu.

Don dacewa da magabata na ban mamaki, Wilhelm Friedemann ya jawo hankalin garken tare da ingantattun sa. “Gallic” Bach kuma ya zama darektan kade-kade na birnin, wanda ayyukansa suka hada da gudanar da bukukuwan biki da na coci, inda mawaka da makada na manyan majami’u uku na birnin suka halarta. Kar a manta Wilhelm Friedemann da ɗan ƙasarsa Leipzig.

Lokacin Gallic, wanda ya ɗauki kusan shekaru 20, bai kasance mara gajimare ba. "Mafi girman daraja da ilimi Mista Wilhelm Friedemann," kamar yadda aka kira shi a lokacinsa a cikin gayyata Gallic, ya sami suna, abin ƙyama ga ubanni na birnin, na mutum mai tunani mai 'yanci wanda ba ya so ya cika ba tare da shakka ba. “himmanci ga rayuwa mai nagarta da abin koyi” da aka kayyade a cikin kwangilar. Har ila yau, don rashin jin daɗin mahukuntan cocin, sau da yawa ya tafi don neman wurin da ya fi dacewa. A ƙarshe, a cikin 1762, gaba ɗaya ya watsar da matsayin mawaƙin "a cikin sabis", ya zama, watakila, ɗan wasa na farko na kyauta a tarihin kiɗa.

Wilhelm Friedemann, duk da haka, bai daina kula da fuskarsa ba. Saboda haka, bayan dogon lokaci da'awar, a 1767 ya samu lakabi na Darmstadt kotu Kapellmeister, ragewa, duk da haka, da tayin daukar wannan wuri ba nominally, amma a gaskiya. Zama a Halle, da kyar ya yi rayuwa a matsayinsa na malami da organist, wanda har yanzu ya ba wa masu tunani mamaki da tsananin zafin tunaninsa. A cikin 1770, talauci ya kora (an sayar da dukiyar matarsa ​​a ƙarƙashin guduma), Wilhelm Friedemann da iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa Braunschweig. Masana tarihin rayuwa sun lura lokacin Brunswick a matsayin mai cutarwa musamman ga mawaki, wanda ke ciyar da kansa ba tare da nuna bambanci ba a cikin kashe karatun akai-akai. Rashin kulawa na Wilhelm Friedemann ya yi tasiri mai ban tausayi akan ajiyar takardun mahaifinsa. Magaji ga autographs Bach masu tsada, ya shirya don rabuwa da su cikin sauƙi. Sai bayan shekaru 4 kawai ya tuna, alal misali, manufarsa mai zuwa: “… Tashi na daga Braunschweig na yi gaggawar harhada jerin bayanana da littattafan da na bari a wurin; game da The Art of Fugue na mahaifina… Har yanzu ina tunawa, amma sauran abubuwan da aka tsara na ecclesiastical da na shekara-shekara…. Ranka ya dade… sun yi alkawarin mayar da ni kudi a wani gwanjo tare da hannun wasu mawakan da suka fahimci irin wannan adabi.

An riga an aiko da wannan wasiƙar daga Berlin, inda Wilhelm Friedemann ya sami kyakkyawar tarba a kotun Gimbiya Anna Amalia, 'yar'uwar Frederick Great, babban masoyin kiɗa kuma majiɓincin fasaha, wanda ya yi farin ciki da haɓakar sashin jiki na maigidan. Anna Amalia ta zama ɗalibarsa, haka kuma Sarah Levy (kakar F. Mendelssohn) da I. Kirnberger (mawaƙin kotu, ɗalibin Johann Sebastian, wanda majiɓincin Wilhelm Friedemann ne a Berlin). Maimakon godiya, sabon malamin da aka sani yana da ra'ayi game da wurin Kirnberger, amma tip na makircin ya juya masa: Anna-Amalia ta hana Wilhelm Friedemann alherinta.

Shekaru goma na ƙarshe a cikin rayuwar mawaƙin suna da alamar kaɗaici da rashin jin daɗi. Yin kida a cikin kunkuntar da'irar masana ("Lokacin da ya yi wasa, an kama ni da tsattsauran ra'ayi," in ji Forkel, "komai yana da girma kuma mai girma...") shine kawai abin da ya haskaka ranaku mara kyau. A 1784, Wilhelm Friedemann ya mutu, ya bar matarsa ​​da 'yarsa ba tare da abin rayuwa ba. An san cewa tarin daga aikin Handel's Messiah na Berlin a cikin 1785 an ba da gudummawa don amfanin su. Irin wannan shine ƙarshen bakin ciki na farkon kwayar halittar Jamus, a cewar labarin mutuwar.

Nazarin gadon Friedemann ya fi wahala. Na farko, a cewar Forkel, "ya inganta fiye da yadda ya rubuta." Bugu da ƙari, yawancin rubutun hannu ba za a iya ganowa da kwanan wata ba. Friedemann's apocrypha ba a bayyana cikakke ba ko dai, yiwuwar wanzuwar wanda ba a nuna shi ta hanyar maye gurbinsu gaba ɗaya waɗanda aka gano a lokacin rayuwar mawaki: a wani yanayi, ya rufe ayyukan mahaifinsa tare da sa hannun sa, a wani, akasin haka, yana gani. Abin da sha'awar gadon rubutun na Johann Sebastian ya taso, ya ƙara masa wasu abubuwan da ya dace. Har ila yau Wilhelm Friedemann ya daɗe yana danganta ƙungiyar Concerto a cikin ƙaramar D, wanda ya sauko mana a cikin kwafin Bach. Kamar yadda ya fito, marubucin na A. Vivaldi ne, kuma JS Bach ya yi kwafin a cikin shekarun Weimar, lokacin da Friedemann yana yaro. Domin duk wannan, aikin Wilhelm Friedemann yana da yawa, ana iya raba shi cikin yanayi 4. A Leipzig (kafin 1733) an rubuta da yawa musamman clavier guda. A Dresden (1733-46), an ƙirƙiri mafi yawan kayan kide-kide (concert, sonatas, symphonies). A cikin Halle (1746-70), tare da kiɗan kayan aiki, dozin 2 cantatas sun bayyana - mafi ƙarancin ɓangaren gadon Friedemann.

Slavically bin diddigin Johann Sebastian, sau da yawa ya hada da abubuwan da ya yi daga parodies na mahaifinsa da nasa na farko ayyukan. Jerin ayyukan vocal an ƙara su da dama cantatas masu zaman kansu, Mass na Jamusanci, arias na mutum, da kuma wasan opera Lausus da Lydia (1778-79, sun ɓace), an riga an haife su a Berlin. A cikin Braunschweig da Berlin (1771-84) Friedemann ya iyakance kansa ga kaɗe-kaɗe da kade-kade daban-daban. Yana da mahimmanci cewa gada kuma mai rai da rai ya bar kusan babu gadon gaɓa. Mai fasaha mai haɓakawa, alas, ba zai iya (kuma watakila bai yi ƙoƙari ba), yana yin hukunci da abin da Forkel ya riga ya ambata, don gyara ra'ayoyin kiɗansa akan takarda.

Jerin nau'ikan, duk da haka, ba ya ba da dalilai don lura da juyin halittar salon maigidan. Fugue "tsohuwar" da "sabon" sonata, symphony da dada ba su maye gurbin juna ba a cikin tsarin lokaci. Don haka, an rubuta "pre-romantic" 12 polonaises a Halle, yayin da fugues 8, waɗanda suka ci amanar rubutun hannun ɗan ubansu na gaskiya, an halicce su a Berlin tare da sadaukarwa ga Princess Amalia.

"Tsohon" da "sabon" ba su samar da wannan nau'in "gauraye" na kwayoyin halitta ba, wanda shine na al'ada, misali, ga Philipp Emanuel Bach. Wilhelm Friedemann an fi saninsa da yawan canzawa tsakanin "tsohuwar" da "sabo" wani lokaci a cikin tsarin tsari ɗaya. Misali, a cikin sanannun Concerto na cembalos guda biyu, sonata na gargajiya a cikin motsi 1 ana amsawa ta hanyar wasan kide-kide na Baroque na wasan karshe.

Mai matukar shakku a cikin yanayi shine fantasy don haka halayen Wilhelm Friedemann. A gefe guda, wannan ci gaba ne, ko kuma ɗaya daga cikin kololuwa a cikin ci gaban al'adar baroque na asali. Tare da rafukan da ba a iyakance ba, dakatarwa kyauta, karantawa mai ma'ana, Wilhelm Friedemann da alama yana fashe saman "mai laushi". A gefe guda, kamar yadda, alal misali, a cikin Sonata don viola da clavier, a cikin 12 polonaises, a yawancin clavier sonatas, m thematism, ban mamaki ƙarfin hali da jikewa na jituwa, sophistication na manyan-kananan chiaroscuro, kaifi rhythmic kasawa, tsarin asali. kama da wasu Mozart, Beethoven, da kuma wani lokacin ma Schubert da Schumann shafukan. Wannan gefen dabi'ar Friedemann ita ce hanya mafi kyau don isar da wannan gefen na dabi'ar Friedemann, ta hanyar, a zahiri na soyayya a cikin ruhi, abin lura da masanin tarihin Jamus F. Rochlitz: “Fr. Bach, ya rabu da komai, ba kayan aiki ba kuma ba shi da komai sai maɗaukaki, fantasy na sama, ya yi yawo, yana gano duk abin da aka kusantar da shi a cikin zurfin fasaharsa.

T. Frumkis