Boris Yoffe |

Boris Yoffe

Ayyukan mawaki, violinist, jagora da malami Boris Yoffe ya cancanci, ba shakka, kulawa ta musamman na masu sha'awar kiɗan ilimi, yana cikin mafi kyawun misalai na tunanin mawaƙa na zamani. Nasarar Joffe a matsayin mawaƙi ana iya tantance shi ta wanda ya yi da kuma nadar waƙarsa. Anan akwai jerin sanannun mawaƙa na kiɗan Yoffe: Hilliard Ensemble, Rosamunde Quartet, Patricia Kopachinskaya, Konstantin Lifshits, Ivan Sokolov, Kolya Lessing, Reto Bieri, Augustine Wiedemann da sauransu da yawa. Manfred Aicher ya fito akan tambarin sa na ECM Boris Yoffe's CD Song of Songs wanda Hilliard Ensemble da Rosamunde Quartet suka yi. Wolfgang Rihm ya sha yaba aikin Joffe kuma ya rubuta wani ɓangare na rubutun don ɗan littafin faifan Song of Songs. A cikin watan Yuli na wannan shekara, gidan wallafe-wallafen Wolke ya buga a cikin Jamusanci wani littafi na labarai da kuma rubutun Boris Joffe "Ma'anar Kiɗa" ("Musikalischer Sinn").

Da alama cewa Joffe za a iya la'akari da wani quite nasara mawaki, wanda zai iya tunanin cewa ya music sau da yawa ji da kuma sani ga mutane da yawa. Mu kalli yadda lamarin yake. Shin kiɗan Yoffe yana wasa da yawa a bukukuwan kiɗa na zamani? A'a, ba sauti ko kadan. Me ya sa, zan yi ƙoƙarin amsawa a ƙasa. Sau nawa yake kunna rediyo? Haka ne, wani lokacin a Turai - musamman "Song of Songs" - amma kusan babu wani shirye-shirye gaba daya sadaukar da aikin Boris Yoffe (ban da Isra'ila). Akwai shagali da yawa? Suna faruwa kuma suna faruwa a ƙasashe daban-daban - a Jamus, Switzerland, Faransa, Austria, Amurka, Isra'ila, Rasha - godiya ga waɗancan mawakan da suka sami damar jin daɗin kiɗan Yoffe. Duk da haka, waɗannan mawaƙa da kansu dole ne su yi aiki a matsayin "masu samarwa".

Kiɗa na Boris Yoffe ba a san shi ba tukuna kuma, watakila, kawai a kan hanyar zuwa shahara (wanda kawai ya yi bege kuma ya ce "wataƙila", saboda akwai misalai da yawa a cikin tarihin lokacin da har ma mafi kyawun lokacinsa ba a yaba da shi ba. ta masu zamani). Mawakan da suka yaba wa kidan Joffe da halayensa - musamman ƴan wasan violin Patricia Kopatchinskaya, ɗan wasan pian Konstantin Lifshitz da mawaƙa Augustin Wiedenman - suna da'awar kiɗan sa tare da fasaharsu a cikin kide-kide da rikodi, amma wannan raguwa ce kawai a cikin tekun na dubban kide-kide.

Ina so in yi ƙoƙarin amsa tambayar dalilin da yasa ba a taɓa jin kiɗan Boris Yoffe musamman a bukukuwan kiɗa na zamani.

Matsalar ita ce aikin Yoffe bai dace da kowane tsari da alkibla ba. A nan ya zama dole a ce nan da nan game da babban aiki da kuma m binciken Boris Yoffe - "Littafin Quartets". Tun daga tsakiyar 90s, ya kasance yana rubutu kullum daga guntun kwata-kwata wanda ya dace da takarda ɗaya na kiɗa ba tare da ɗan lokaci ba, mai ƙarfi ko alamun gogic. Za a iya bayyana nau'in waɗannan wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin "waka". Kamar waka, kowane yanki dole ne a karanta (wato, dole ne mawaƙin ya ƙayyade ɗan lokaci, ƙwararru, da kuzarin kiɗan), ba kawai kunnawa ba. Ban san wani abu ba a cikin kiɗan zamani (aleatoric baya ƙidaya), amma a cikin kiɗan daɗaɗɗen lokaci ne (a cikin Bach's Art of Fugue, babu ma alamomin kayan kida, ba a ma maganar ɗan lokaci da kuzari) . Bugu da ƙari, yana da wahala a "kore" kiɗan Yoffe cikin tsarin salo mara ma'ana. Wasu masu sukar sun rubuta game da hadisai na Reger da Schoenberg (marubuci na Ingilishi kuma masanin ilimin Paul Griffiths), wanda, ba shakka, yana da ban mamaki! - wasu suna tunawa da Cage da Feldman - na ƙarshe yana da mahimmanci musamman a cikin zargi na Amurka (Stephen Smolyar), wanda ke ganin wani abu kusa da sirri a Yoff. Ɗaya daga cikin masu sukar ya rubuta masu zuwa: "Wannan kiɗan duka biyu ne da kuma atonal" - irin waɗannan abubuwan da ba a saba da su ba da kuma abubuwan da ba daidai ba suna dandana ta masu sauraro. Wannan kiɗan yana da nisa daga "sabon sauƙi" da "talauci" na Pärt da Silvestrov kamar yadda yake daga Lachenman ko Fernyhow. Haka ke ga minimalism. Duk da haka, a cikin kiɗan Joffe ana iya ganin sauƙin sa, sabon sa, har ma da wani nau'in "minimalism". Da jin wannan kida sau ɗaya, ba za a iya rikita shi da wani ba; ya kebanta da irin halin mutum, murya da fuskar mutum.

Menene ba a cikin kiɗa na Boris Yoffe? Babu siyasa, babu "matsalolin batutuwa", babu wani abu jarida da ɗan lokaci. Babu hayaniya da yalwar triad a cikinsa. Irin wannan waƙar tana tsara tsarinta da tunaninta. Na sake maimaitawa: dole ne mawaƙin da ke buga waƙar Joffe ya iya karanta bayanin kula, ba kunna su ba, domin irin wannan kiɗan yana buƙatar haɗa kai. Amma kuma dole ne mai sauraro ya shiga. Ya bayyana irin wannan paradox: yana da alama cewa kiɗa ba a tilastawa da numfashi tare da bayanan al'ada ba, amma ya kamata ku saurari kiɗa musamman a hankali kuma kada ku damu - a kalla a cikin minti daya na quartet. Ba haka ba ne mai wahala: ba dole ba ne ka zama babban gwani, ba dole ba ne ka yi tunanin wata dabara ko ra'ayi. Don fahimta da son kiɗan Boris Yoffe, dole ne mutum ya iya sauraron kiɗan kai tsaye da hankali kuma ya ci gaba daga ciki.

Wani ya kwatanta waƙar Joffe da ruwa, wani kuma da burodi, da abin da ke da muhimmanci ga rayuwa. Yanzu akwai wuce gona da iri, kayan abinci da yawa, amma me ya sa kake jin ƙishirwa, me yasa kake jin kamar Saint-Exupery a cikin jeji? Littafin "Littafin Quartets", wanda ya ƙunshi dubban "wakoki", ba wai kawai cibiyar aikin Boris Yoffe ba ne, amma kuma tushen yawancin sauran ayyukansa - ƙungiyar makaɗa, ɗakin gida da murya.

Wasan opera guda biyu kuma sun bambanta: "Labarin Rabbi da Ɗansa" bisa Rabbi Nachman a Yiddish (shahararriyar mawaƙi kuma mai fassara Anri Volokhonsky ya shiga cikin rubuta libretto) da "Esther Racine" bisa asalin rubutun babban Faransanci. marubucin wasan kwaikwayo. Dukansu operas don tarin ɗaki. "Rabbi", wanda ba a taɓa yin shi ba (sai dai gabatarwa), ya haɗa kayan aikin zamani da na daɗaɗɗen - a cikin tuning daban-daban. An rubuta Esther don mawaƙa guda huɗu da ƙaramin rukunin baroque. An shirya shi a Basel a cikin 2006 kuma yakamata a ambaci shi daban.

"Esther Racina" ita ce girmamawa (girmamawa) ga Rameau, amma a lokaci guda opera ba salo ba ne kuma an rubuta shi a cikin hanyar da za a iya ganewa. Da alama babu wani abu makamancin haka da ya faru tun lokacin da Stravinsky's Oedipus Rex, wanda za a iya kwatanta Esther da shi. Kamar Stravinsky's opera-oratorio, Esther ba ta iyakance ga zamanin kiɗa ɗaya ba - ba abin sha'awa ba ne. A cikin lokuta biyu, marubutan, kyawun su da ra'ayin kiɗan suna da cikakkiyar ganewa. Duk da haka, a nan ne bambance-bambancen suka fara. Wasan opera na Stravinsky gabaɗaya yana ɗaukar ɗan lissafin kiɗan da ba Stravinsky ba; Abin da ya fi ban sha'awa a cikinsa shi ne abin da yake daga jituwarsa da salonsa fiye da fahimtar nau'in al'adar baroque. Maimakon haka, Stravinsky yana amfani da clichés, "kasusuwan burbushin halittu" na nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'i da nau'i ta yadda za a iya karya su kuma a gina su daga waɗannan guntu (kamar yadda Picasso ya yi a zanen). Boris Yoffe ba ya karya wani abu, domin a gare shi wadannan nau'o'in da nau'o'in kiɗa na baroque ba burbushin halittu ba ne, kuma sauraron kiɗansa, za mu iya tabbatar da cewa al'adar kiɗa yana da rai. Shin wannan baya tunatar da ku… mu'ujizar tashin matattu? Kawai, kamar yadda kake gani, ra'ayi (har ma fiye da haka) na mu'ujiza yana waje da yanayin rayuwar mutum na zamani. Mu'ujiza da aka kama a cikin bayanan Horowitz yanzu an same shi a matsayin ɓatanci, kuma mu'ujizar Chagall ba su da tushe. Kuma duk da komai: Schubert yana rayuwa a cikin rubuce-rubucen Horowitz, kuma haske ya cika cocin St. Stephen ta gilashin gilashin Chagall. Ruhin Yahudawa da kiɗan Turai suna wanzu duk da komai a cikin fasahar Joffe. “Esther” gaba ɗaya ba ta da wani tasiri na halin waje ko kuma “mai kyalli” kyakkyawa. Kamar ayar Racine, kiɗan yana da daɗi kuma yana da kyau, amma a cikin wannan kyakkyawan yanayi, ana ba da yanci ga kewayon maganganu da haruffa. Yankunan muryar Esther ba za su iya kasancewa na kyakkyawar uwargida ba, kafadunta masu taushi da ban sha'awa… Kamar Mandelstam: “... Kowa yana rera waƙar mata masu albarka da kafadu masu tsayi…” A lokaci guda, a cikin waɗannan lanƙwasa muna jin zafi, rawar jiki, duka ikon tawali'u, imani da soyayya yaudara, girman kai da ƙiyayya. Wataƙila ba haka ba ne a rayuwa, amma aƙalla a cikin fasaha za mu gani kuma mu ji shi. Kuma wannan ba yaudara ba ce, ba kuɓuta daga gaskiya ba: tawali'u, bangaskiya, ƙauna - wannan shine abin da mutum yake, mafi kyawun abin da ke cikin mu, mutane. Duk mai son fasaha yana so ya gani a cikinta kawai mafi daraja da tsabta, kuma akwai wadataccen datti da jaridu a duniya ta wata hanya. Kuma ba kome ko wannan abu mai kima ana kiransa tawali’u, ko ƙarfi, ko wataƙila duka biyun a lokaci ɗaya. Boris Yoffe, tare da art, kai tsaye bayyana ra'ayinsa na kyakkyawa a cikin monologue Esther daga 3rd yi. Ba daidai ba ne cewa kayan ado da kayan kida na monologue sun fito ne daga "Littafin Quartets", babban aikin mawallafin, inda ya yi kawai abin da ya ga ya dace da kansa.

Boris Yoffe aka haife kan Disamba 21, 1968 a Birnin Leningrad a cikin iyali na injiniyoyi. Art shagaltar da wani muhimmin wuri a cikin rayuwar Yoffe iyali, kuma kadan Boris iya shiga wallafe-wallafe da kuma music da wuri (ta rikodin). Yana da shekaru 9, ya fara buga violin da kansa, yana halartar makarantar kiɗa, yana ɗan shekara 11, ya shirya kwatancinsa na farko, yana ɗaukar mintuna 40, wanda waƙarsa ta ba masu sauraro mamaki da ma'ana. Bayan 8th grade Boris Yoffe shiga cikin music makaranta a cikin violin aji (ped. Zaitsev). Kusan lokaci guda, wani muhimmin taro na Joffe ya faru: ya fara ɗaukar darussan sirri a cikin ka'idar Adam Stratievsky. Stratievsky ya kawo matashin mawaƙin zuwa sabon matakin fahimtar kiɗa kuma ya koya masa abubuwa masu amfani da yawa. Joffe da kansa ya kasance a shirye don wannan taron ta hanyar kiɗan kiɗan sa (mai cikakken kunnen kunne, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, kuma, mafi mahimmanci, ƙauna marar ƙarewa ga kiɗa, tunani tare da kiɗa).

Sa'an nan kuma akwai sabis a cikin sojojin Soviet da ƙaura zuwa Isra'ila a 1990. A Tel Aviv, Boris Yoffe ya shiga Kwalejin kiɗa. Rubin kuma ya ci gaba da karatu tare da A. Stratievsky. A cikin 1995, an rubuta guntu na farko na Littafin Quartets. An fayyace kyawun su a cikin ɗan gajeren yanki don igiya guda uku, wanda aka rubuta yayin da suke cikin soja. Bayan 'yan shekaru, an rubuta diski na farko tare da quartets. A 1997, Boris Joffe ya koma Karlsruhe tare da matarsa ​​da 'yarsa ta farko. A can ya yi karatu da Wolfgang Rihm, an rubuta operas guda biyu a wurin kuma an sake fitar da wasu fayafai guda huɗu. Joffe yana zaune kuma yana aiki a Karlsruhe har wa yau.