Dabarun lyre: bayanin kayan aiki, abun da ke ciki, sauti, tarihi, amfani

Gurdy mai sauri kayan kida ne daga tsakiyar zamanai. Ya kasance cikin nau'in kirtani, gogayya. “Yan uwa” na kusa su ne organist, nikelharpa.

Na'urar

Kayan aikin yayi kama da sabon abu, daga cikin manyan abubuwan da aka gyara shi sune masu zuwa:

• Frame An yi shi da itace, mai siffa kamar lamba 8. Ya ƙunshi benaye 2 masu lebur waɗanda aka ɗaure tare da harsashi mai faɗi. A saman, jikin yana sanye da akwatin peg da ramuka waɗanda ke aiki azaman resonators.
• Dabarun. An samo shi a cikin jiki: an dasa shi a kan axis, wanda, ta hanyar wucewar harsashi, an haɗa shi da rikewa mai juyawa. Wani ɓangare na gefen ƙafar ƙafafun yana fitowa daga bene na sama ta wurin ramin musamman.
• Tsarin allon madannai. Located a saman bene. Akwatin ya ƙunshi maɓallai 9-13. Kowane maɓalli yana da maɓalli: idan an danna shi, fiɗaɗɗen suna taɓa zaren - haka ne ake samar da sauti. Ana iya juya tsinkaya ta motsi hagu da dama, don haka canza ma'auni.
• igiyoyi. Adadin farko shine guda 3. Daya na melodic, biyu bourdon. Zaren tsakiya yana cikin akwatin, sauran suna waje. Dukkan igiyoyin suna haɗe da dabaran: juyawa, yana fitar da sauti daga gare su. Ana kunna babban waƙar ta latsa maɓallai: ta hanyar taɓa zaren a wurare daban-daban, protrusion yana canza tsayinsa, kuma a lokaci guda filin wasa.

Da farko, kayan kirtani sun kasance jijiyoyi na dabba, a cikin samfurori na zamani an yi su da karfe, nailan, lambar su ya bambanta da samfurori na zamani (a cikin babbar hanya).

Menene sautin gurbi mai sauri?

Sautin na'urar ya dogara da ingancin dabaran: daidaiton tsakiya, santsin saman. Don jituwa, tsarkin waƙar, an shafe saman ƙafafun da rosin kafin yin wasa, an nannade igiyoyin a cikin ulu a wurin haɗuwa da dabaran.

Daidaitaccen sauti na hurdy-gurdy yana baƙin ciki, ɗan hanci, mai ɗaci, amma mai ƙarfi.

Tarihi

Wanda ya riga ya fara hurdy-gurdy shi ne organistrum, kayan aiki mai girma da nauyi, kayan aiki marasa dacewa wanda mawaƙa biyu ne kawai suke iya ɗauka. A cikin ƙarni na X-XIII, organistrum ya kasance a kusan kowane haikali, gidan sufi - an yi kida mai tsarki a kai. Hoton mafi dadewa na kwayoyin halitta akan karamin karamin Ingilishi ya koma 1175.

Guguwar gaggawa ta bazu ko'ina cikin Turai. Karamin sigar ta zama sananne a tsakanin ’yan iska, makafi, da maroka masu yin kade-kade don jama’a su ci abinci.

Wani sabon zagaye na shahararrun ya mamaye kayan aiki a cikin karni na XNUMX: masu mulkin mallaka sun jawo hankali ga tsohon sha'awar kuma sun sake amfani da shi.

Layar ta bayyana a Rasha a cikin karni na XNUMX. Mai yiwuwa, an shigo da shi daga Ukraine, inda ya shahara sosai. Akwai na musamman ilimi cibiyoyin da suka koya wa Ukrainians yi wasa da kayan aiki.

A cikin USSR, gurdy mai sauri ya inganta: an ƙara yawan adadin kirtani, haɓaka sauti, an shigar da tef ɗin watsawa maimakon dabaran, kuma an ƙara na'urar da ta canza matsa lamba akan kirtani.

Don saduwa a yau wannan kayan aikin ba abin mamaki ba ne. Ko da yake har yanzu yana jin nasara a cikin kungiyar Orchestra ta Belarus.

Dabarun wasa

Mai yin wasan yana sanya tsarin a gwiwoyinsa. Wasu kayan aikin suna sanye da madauri don mafi dacewa - an jefa su a kan kafadu. Wani muhimmin batu shine matsayi na jiki: akwatin peg yana a hannun hagu na mawaƙa, dan kadan ya karkata zuwa gefe don kada maɓallan su danna kan kirtani.

Tare da hannun dama, mai yin wasan yana juya hannun a hankali, yana saita ƙafar motsi. Hannun hagu yana aiki tare da maɓallai.

Wasu mawakan suna yin wakoki yayin da suke tsaye. Wannan matsayi yayin wasan yana buƙatar ƙarin ƙwarewa.

Wasu lakabi

Gurdy mai gaggawa shine na zamani, sunan kayan aiki na hukuma. A wasu ƙasashe, sunanta yana sauti dabam:

• Drehleier. Daya daga cikin sunayen Jamus. Har ila yau, ana kiran kayan aikin a Jamus "betterleier", "leier", "bauernleier".
• Ryla. Sunan Ukrainian don lira, wanda ya sami shahararsa mai ban sha'awa a tsakanin mazauna gida a farkon karni na XNUMX-XNUMXth.
• Vielle. Faransanci "sunan" na leda, kuma nesa da ɗaya kawai. Ana kuma kiran ta "vierelete", "sambuca", "chifonie".
• Hurdy-gurdy. Sunan Ingilishi da masu wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha ke amfani da shi yana kama da "hardy-hardy".
• Ghironda. Bambancin Italiyanci. Har ila yau, a cikin wannan ƙasa, kalmomin "rotata", "lira tedesca", "sinfonia" suna aiki ga lira.
• Tekero. A karkashin wannan sunan, mazaunan Hungary sun san lira.
• Lira korbowa. Wannan shine sunan kayan aiki a cikin Yaren mutanen Poland.
• Ninera. A karkashin wannan sunan akwai lira a Jamhuriyar Czech.

Amfani da kayan aiki

Babban aikin kayan aikin shine rakiyar. Suna rawa da sautin tono, suna rera waƙoƙi, suna ba da tatsuniya. Masu wasan kwaikwayo na zamani sun fadada wannan jerin. Duk da cewa a yau shaharar Hurdy-gurdy ba ta da girma kamar yadda yake a tsakiyar zamanai, mawaƙa na jama'a, makada na rock, jazz ensembles sun haɗa da shi a cikin arsenal.

A cikin mutanen zamaninmu, mashahuran masu zuwa sun yi amfani da ingantacciyar leda:

• R. Blackmore – Baturen guitarist, shugaban ƙungiyar Deep Purple (aikin dare na Blacrmore).
• D. Page, R. Shuka - mambobi ne na kungiyar "Led Zeppelin" (aikin "Babu Quarter. Unledded").
• "A Extremo" sanannen rukunin ƙarfe ne na jama'ar Jamus (waƙar "Captus Est").
• N. Eaton ɗan ƙasar Ingila ne mai niƙa gaɓoɓin jiki wanda kuma ke buga wasan hurdy-gurdy.
• "Pesnyary" wani sauti ne da kayan aiki na zamanin Soviet, ciki har da mawaƙa na Rashanci, asalin Belarushiyanci.
• Y. Vysokov - soloist na rukunin rock na Rasha "Asibitin".
• B. McCreery mawaƙin Ba'amurke ne, ya rubuta waƙoƙin sauti don jerin shirye-shiryen TV ɗin Black Sails, The Walking Dead tare da sa hannu na hurdy-gurdy.
• V. Luferov mawaƙin Rasha ne wanda ke buga ayyukan solo akan wannan kayan aikin.
• Kaulakau mawaƙan jazz ne na Mutanen Espanya guda huɗu.
• Eluveitie ƙungiyar ƙarfe ce ta mutanen Swiss.
• "Omnia" wani rukuni ne na kiɗa tare da abun da ke ciki na Dutch-Belgian, yana tsara ayyuka a cikin salon jama'a.