Harp: bayanin kayan aiki, abun da ke ciki, sauti, tarihin halitta

Ana ɗaukar garaya alamar jituwa, alheri, kwanciyar hankali, waƙoƙi. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun kayan kida da ban mamaki, mai kama da babban reshe na malam buɗe ido, ya ba da sha'awar sha'awa da kiɗa na ƙarni tare da sautin soyayya mai laushi.

Menene garaya

Kayan kida wanda yayi kama da babban firam mai kusurwa uku wanda aka kafa kirtani akan rukunin zaren da aka tsige. Irin wannan nau'in kayan aiki ya zama dole a cikin kowane wasan kwaikwayo na ban dariya, kuma ana amfani da garaya don ƙirƙirar kiɗan solo da kaɗe-kaɗe ta nau'o'i daban-daban.

Ƙwaƙwalwar makaɗa yawanci tana da garayu ɗaya ko biyu, amma kuma ana samun sabani daga ƙa'idodin kiɗan. Saboda haka, a cikin opera na Rasha mawaki Rimsky-Korsakov "Mlada" da aka yi amfani da 3 kida, kuma a cikin aikin Richard Wagner "Gold na Rhine" - 6.

A mafi yawan lokuta, mawaƙan garaya suna raka sauran mawaƙa, amma akwai sassa na solo. Masu garaya solo, alal misali, a cikin The Nutcracker, Sleeping Beauty da Swan Lake na Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.

Menene sautin garaya?

Muryar garaya tana da daɗi, daraja, mai zurfi. Akwai wani abu mai ban sha'awa, na sama a cikinsa, mai sauraro yana da alaƙa da tsoffin gumakan Girka da Masar.

Muryar garaya tana da laushi, ba ƙara ba. Ba a bayyana rajistar ba, rabon timbre ba shi da tabbas:

• ƙananan rajista an soke;
• matsakaici - lokacin farin ciki da sonorous;
• high - bakin ciki da haske;
• mafi girma gajere ne, mai rauni.

A cikin sautin garaya, akwai ƴan inuwar hayaniyar hayaniyar ƙungiyar da aka tsiro. Ana fitar da sautuna ta hanyar zamewar motsin yatsun hannu biyu ba tare da amfani da kusoshi ba.

A cikin wasan garaya, ana amfani da tasirin glissando sau da yawa - saurin motsi na yatsu tare da igiyoyin, saboda abin da aka fitar da sauti mai ban mamaki.

Yiwuwar katako na garaya suna da ban mamaki. Its timbre yana ba ka damar yin koyi da guitar, lute, harpsichord. Don haka, a cikin Glinka's Spanish overture "Jota of Aragon", mai garaya yana yin ɓangaren guitar.

Yawan octave shine 5. Tsarin feda yana ba ka damar kunna sautuna daga contra-octave "re" zuwa octave na 4 "fa".

Na'urar kayan aiki

Kayan aikin triangular ya ƙunshi:

• akwatin resonant game da tsayin mita 1, yana faɗaɗa zuwa tushe;
• lebur bene, mafi sau da yawa sanya daga maple;
• kunkuntar dogo na katako, wanda aka haɗe zuwa tsakiyar allon sauti na tsawon tsayi, yana da ramuka don zaren zaren;
• babban wuyansa mai lankwasa a cikin babba na jiki;
• bangarori tare da turaku a wuyansa don gyarawa da daidaita igiyoyin;
• madaidaicin ginshiƙi na gaba wanda aka tsara don tsayayya da girgizar igiyoyin da aka shimfiɗa tsakanin allon yatsa da resonator.

Adadin kirtani na kayan kida daban-daban ba iri ɗaya bane. Sigar feda tana da kirtani 46, tare da igiyoyi 11 da aka yi da ƙarfe, 35 na kayan roba. Kuma a cikin ƙaramin garaya hagu 20-38 suka rayu.

Zaren garaya diatonic ne, wato filaye da kaifi ba sa fitowa fili. Kuma don ragewa ko ɗaga sauti, ana amfani da feda 7. Domin mai garaya ya yi sauri ya zagaya wurin zabar bayanin da ya dace, ana yin igiyoyi masu launuka iri-iri. Jijiyoyin da ke ba da bayanin "yi" sune ja, "fa" - blue.

Tarihin garaya

Lokacin da garaya ta bayyana ba a sani ba, amma tarihin asalinsa ya koma zamanin da. An yi imani da cewa kakanninsu na kayan aiki ne talakawa farauta baka. Wataƙila mafarauta na farko sun lura cewa igiyar baka da aka shimfiɗa tare da ƙarfi daban-daban ba ya sauti iri ɗaya. Sai daya daga cikin mafarauta ya yanke shawarar saka jijiyoyi da yawa a cikin baka don kwatanta sautin su a wani sabon salo.

Kowane tsohon mutane yana da kayan aiki na asali. Giya ta ji daɗin ƙauna ta musamman tsakanin Masarawa, waɗanda suka kira ta “kyakkyawa”, da karimci suka yi masa ado da zinariya da azurfa, ma’adanai masu daraja.

A Turai, ƙaƙƙarfan kakannin garaya na zamani ya bayyana a ƙarni na XNUMX. An yi amfani da shi ta hanyar masu fasahar tafiya. A cikin karni na XNUMX, garaya ta Turai ta fara kama da tsarin bene mai nauyi. Sufaye na zamanin da da masu hidimar haikali sun yi amfani da kayan aikin don rakiyar kiɗa na ibada.

A nan gaba, an gwada tsarin kayan aiki akai-akai, yana ƙoƙarin fadada kewayon. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1660, tsarin da ke ba ku damar canza filin wasa tare da taimakon tashin hankali da sakin kirtani tare da makullin bai dace ba. Sai kuma a shekara ta 1720, maigidan nan dan kasar Jamus Jacob Hochbrucker ya kirkiro wata na'urar feda wanda a cikinta ne takalmi suka danna ƙugiyoyin da suka ja igiyoyin.

A shekara ta 1810, a Faransa, mai sana'ar sana'a Sebastian Erard ya ba da izini ga nau'in garaya biyu da ke sake fitar da duk sautin. Dangane da wannan nau'in, ƙirƙirar kayan aikin zamani ya fara.

Giya ta zo Rasha a cikin karni na XNUMX kuma kusan nan da nan ya zama sananne. An kawo kayan aikin farko zuwa Cibiyar Smolny, inda aka kafa rukunin mawaƙa. Kuma farkon mawaƙa a ƙasar shine Glafira Alymova, wanda mai zanen Levitsky ya zana hotonsa.

iri

Akwai nau'ikan kayan aiki masu zuwa:

1. Andean (ko Peruvian) - babban ƙira tare da allon sauti mai ƙarfi wanda ke sa bass rajista da ƙarfi. Kayan aikin gargajiya na kabilun Indiya na Andes.
2. Celtic (aka Irish) - ƙaramin zane. Sai a yi mata wasa a durkushe.
3. Welsh - jere uku.
4. Leversnaya - iri-iri ba tare da fedals ba. Ana yin gyare-gyare ta hanyar levers a kan fegi.
5. Fedal - classic version. Ana daidaita tashin hankalin kirtani ta hanyar matsa lamba.
6. Saung kayan aiki ne na baka wanda mashahuran Burma da Myanmar suka yi.
7. Electroharp - wannan shine yadda aka fara kiran nau'ikan samfura na gargajiya tare da ginannen abubuwan ɗaukar hoto.

Sha'ani mai ban sha'awa

Gila tana da daɗaɗɗen asali; A cikin ƙarnuka masu yawa na wanzuwarsa, tatsuniyoyi da yawa masu ban sha'awa sun taru:

1. Celts sun gaskata cewa allahn wuta da wadata, Dagda, yana canza wani yanayi na shekara zuwa wani ta hanyar buga garaya.
2. Tun daga karni na XNUMX, garaya ta kasance wani ɓangare na alamun jihar Ireland. Kayan aiki yana kan rigar makamai, tuta, hatimin jiha da tsabar kudi.
3. Akwai kayan aikin da aka ƙera ta yadda mawaƙa biyu za su iya yin kida a lokaci ɗaya da hannu huɗu.
4. Wasa mafi dadewa da mawaƙin ya yi ya ɗauki sama da awanni 25. Mai riƙe rikodin ita ce Ba’amurke Carla Sita, wacce a lokacin rikodin (2010) tana da shekaru 17.
5. A cikin magungunan da ba na hukuma ba, akwai jagorar jiyya na garaya, wanda mabiyansa suka ɗauki sautin kayan kirtani a matsayin waraka.
6. Shahararren mawaƙin gaya shine Serf Praskovya Kovalev, wanda Count Nikolai Sheremetyev ya ƙaunaci juna kuma ya ɗauke ta a matsayin matarsa.
7. Kamfanin Leningrad mai suna Lunacharsky shine farkon wanda ya fara yin garaya a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a cikin 1948.

Tun daga zamanin da, har zuwa zamaninmu, garaya kayan aikin sihiri ne, sautinsa mai zurfi da ruhi, sihiri, sihiri, da warkarwa. Sautinta a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa ba za a iya kiransa da motsin rai, mai ƙarfi da mahimmanci ba, amma duka a cikin solo da kuma gabaɗaya tana haifar da yanayin aikin kiɗan.