Vasily Alekseevich Pashkevich |

Vasily Pashkevich

An sani ga dukan haskaka duniya yadda da amfani da kuma, haka ma, funny wasan kwaikwayo qagaggun ... Wannan madubi ne wanda kowa da kowa zai iya gani a fili ga kansu ... miyagun ƙwayoyi, ba don haka mutunta, suna har abada gabatar a gidan wasan kwaikwayo domin moralizing da mu gyara. Kamus na ban mamaki 1787

An yi la'akari da karni na 1756 a matsayin zamanin wasan kwaikwayo, amma ko da a baya na sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo na nau'o'i da nau'o'i daban-daban, ƙaunar da ake yi wa wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha, wanda aka haifa a cikin uku na karshe na karni, yana mamaki da ƙarfinsa. kuma akai-akai. Abubuwan da suka fi muni, masu raɗaɗi na zamaninmu - bautar gumaka, bautar baƙi, ƴan kasuwa son zuciya, munanan halaye na har abada na ɗan adam - baƙar fata, kwaɗayi, kyama mai kyawu da ɓacin rai - irin wannan shine kewayon yuwuwar ƙware a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na farko na gida. wasan operas. Daga cikin masu kirkiro wannan nau'in, wani wuri mai mahimmanci na V. Pashkevich, mawaki, violin, jagora, mawaƙa da malami. Ayyukansa iri-iri sun bar muhimmiyar alama a kan kiɗan Rasha. Duk da haka, mun san kadan game da rayuwar marubucin har yau. Kusan babu abin da aka sani game da asalinsa da farkon shekarunsa. Bisa ga umarnin masanin tarihin kiɗa N. Findeisen, an yarda da cewa a cikin 1763 Pashkevich ya shiga hidimar kotu. An san cewa a cikin 1773 matashin mawaki ya kasance dan wasan violin a cikin kotun "ball" Orchestra. A cikin 74-XNUMX. Pashkevich ya koyar da waƙa a Academy of Arts, kuma daga baya a Kotun Singing Chapel. Ya bi da karatunsa da hankali, wanda aka lura a cikin bayanin mawaƙin da mai kula da Kwalejin: "... Mr. Pashkevich, malamin mawaƙa ... ya yi aikinsa da kyau kuma ya yi duk abin da zai yiwu don ba da gudummawa ga nasarar dalibansa ..." Amma babban filin da gwanintar mai zane ya bayyana shine - Wannan gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne.

A cikin 1779-83. Pashkevich ya haɗu tare da Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha na Kyauta, K. Knipper. Don wannan haɗin gwiwar, tare da haɗin gwiwar fitattun mawakan wasan kwaikwayo Y. Knyazhnin da M. Matinsky, mawallafin ya ƙirƙiri mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin 1783, Pashkevich ya zama wata ƙungiyar koli ta kotu, to, "Chaar Shugaban Chaan Kulawa na Ballroom", wani mai-kallo-renegitator a cikin gidan Catherine II. A wannan lokacin, mawaki ya riga ya zama mawaƙi mai iko wanda ya sami karbuwa sosai kuma har ma ya sami matsayin ma'aikacin koleji. A lokacin 3s da 80s. Sabbin ayyukan Pashkevich na gidan wasan kwaikwayo sun bayyana - operas bisa ga matani na Catherine II: saboda matsayi mai dogara a kotu, an tilasta wa mawaƙa ya yi magana da ƙananan rubutun fasaha da rubutun jama'a. Bayan mutuwar Catherine, mawaki nan da nan ya kori ba tare da fensho ba kuma ya mutu ba da daɗewa ba.

Babban ɓangaren abubuwan kirkire-kirkire na mawaƙin shine wasan operas, kodayake kwanan nan an ƙirƙira waƙoƙin waƙoƙin waƙar da aka ƙirƙira don Kotun Waƙoƙin Chapel - Mass da kide-kide 5 na ƙungiyar mawaƙa mai kashi huɗu. Duk da haka, irin wannan fadada nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i))) ba zai canza ainihin ma'anar ba: Pashkevich shine mawallafin wasan kwaikwayo na farko, mai ban mamaki mai ban mamaki da gwaninta na ingantacciyar mafita mai ban mamaki. 2 nau'in wasan kwaikwayo na Pashkevich an bambanta sosai a fili: a daya hannun, waɗannan su ne wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na tsarin demokraɗiyya, a gefe guda kuma suna aiki don gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kotu ("Fevey" - 1786, "Fedul tare da yara" - 1791 , tare da V. Martin-i-Soler; kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayon "Gudanar da Farko na Oleg" - 1790, tare da C. Canobbio da J. Sarti). Saboda tsananin rashin hankali na libertto, waɗannan opuses sun zama marasa ƙarfi, ko da yake sun ƙunshi abubuwan da aka samo na kiɗa da yawa da kuma ware fage masu haske. An bambanta wasan kwaikwayo a kotun da kayan alatu da ba a taɓa gani ba. Wani da ya yi mamaki ya rubuta game da wasan opera na Fevey: “Ban taɓa ganin wani abin kallo da ya bambanta kuma ya fi kyau ba, akwai mutane sama da ɗari biyar a kan dandalin! Duk da haka, a cikin dakin taro ... dukkanmu tare ba mu da 'yan kallo kasa da hamsin: Sarauniyar ba ta da wuyar shiga game da samun damar shiga Hermitage. A bayyane yake cewa waɗannan operas ba su bar wata alama ba a cikin tarihin kiɗan Rasha. Wata makoma ta daban tana jiran wasan kwaikwayo na ban dariya 4 - "Masifu daga Karusa" (1779, lib. Y. Knyazhnina), "The Miser" (c. 1780, lib. Y. Knyazhnin bayan JB Molière), "Tunisiya Pasha" (music. ba a kiyaye shi ba, libre ta M. Matinsky), "Kamar yadda kuke raye, don haka za a san ku, ko St. . Duk da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci na makirci da nau'in nau'i, duk wasan kwaikwayo na wasan barkwanci na mawaƙin suna da alamar haɗin kai na tuhumi. Suna wakiltar ɗabi'a da al'adu waɗanda manyan marubutan Rasha na ƙarni na 1 suka soki lamirin. Mawaki kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo A. Sumarokov ya rubuta:

Ka yi tunanin magatakarda marar rai a cikin tsari, Alƙali wanda bai fahimci abin da aka rubuta a cikin dokar Nuna mani dandy wanda ya ɗaga hancinsa Abin da dukan karni ke tunani game da kyawun gashi. Nuna mini abin alfahari mai kumbura kamar kwaɗo Bakin da aka shirya a dunƙule na rabi.

Mawaƙin ya canza hoton hotunan irin waɗannan fuskoki zuwa matakin wasan kwaikwayo, da farin ciki ya canza munanan abubuwan rayuwa zuwa duniyar kyawawan hotuna masu ban sha'awa da fa'ida tare da ikon kiɗa. Dariya ga abin da ya cancanci ba'a, mai sauraro a lokaci guda yana sha'awar jituwa na matakin kiɗa gaba ɗaya.

Mawaƙin ya iya bayyana sifofi na musamman na mutum ta hanyar kiɗa, don isar da ci gaban ji, mafi ƙarancin motsin rai. Wasan operas ɗin sa na ban dariya suna jan hankali tare da ingantaccen gaskiya da amincin matakin kowane dalla-dalla, kowane na'urar kiɗa. Sun nuna ƙwaƙƙwaran gwanintar mawaƙin na mawaƙa da rubuce-rubucen murya, kyakkyawan kyakkyawan aiki, da kuma kayan aiki na tunani. A gaskiya na zamantakewa-psychological halaye na jarumawa, m embodied a cikin music, kullawa Pashkevich daukaka na Dargomyzhsky XVIII karni. Fasaharsa daidai tana cikin mafi girman misalan al'adun Rasha na zamanin classicism.

N. Zabolotnaya