Jihar Academic Chapel na St. Petersburg (Saint Petersburg Kotun Capella) |

Kotun Saint Petersburg Capella

Cibiyar Ilimi ta Jihar St. Petersburg ƙungiya ce ta wasan kwaikwayo a St. Yana da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kansa.

St. Petersburg Singing Chapel ita ce tsohuwar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Rasha. An kafa shi a cikin 1479 a Moscow a matsayin mawaƙa na maza na abin da ake kira. Ɗaliban mawaƙa na sarki don shiga cikin sabis na Cathedral na Assumption da kuma a cikin "wasan kwaikwayo na duniya" na gidan sarauta. A cikin 1701 an sake tsara shi a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa na kotu (maza da maza), a cikin 1703 ya koma St. Petersburg. A cikin 1717 ya yi tafiya tare da Peter I zuwa Poland, Jamus, Holland, Faransa, inda ya fara gabatar da waƙoƙin waƙoƙin Rasha ga masu sauraron kasashen waje.

A cikin 1763 an sake sanya wa ƙungiyar mawaƙa suna zuwa Kotun Kotu ta Singing Chapel (mutane 100 a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa). Tun 1742, mawaƙa da yawa sun kasance membobin ƙungiyar mawaƙa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Italiyanci, kuma tun tsakiyar karni na 18. Har ila yau, masu yin wasan kwaikwayo na solo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Rasha a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kotu. Tun daga 1774, ƙungiyar mawaƙa tana ba da kide kide da wake-wake a St. a karon farko, da wasu a duniya, ciki har da Beethoven's Solemn Mass, 1802). A cikin 50-1824, aikin kide-kide na ɗakin sujada ya faru ne musamman a zauren taron jama'ar kide-kide a ɗakin sujada.

Kasancewa cibiyar al'adun choral na Rasha, ɗakin sujada ya rinjayi ba kawai samar da al'adun choral a Rasha ba, har ma da salon rubutun mawaƙa ba tare da rakiya ba (cappella). Shahararrun mawakan zamani na Rasha da na Yamma (VV Stasov, AN Serov, A. Adan, G. Berlioz, F. Liszt, R. Schumann, da dai sauransu) sun lura da jituwa, babban gungu na musamman, fasaha mai kyau, mallaki mafi kyawun ingancin sauti na choral. da muryoyi masu ban sha'awa (musamman bass octavists).

Mawakan kida da mawaƙa sun jagoranci ɗakin sujada: MP Poltoratsky (1763-1795), DS Bortnyansky (1796-1825), FP Lvov (1825-36), AF Lvov (1837-61), NI Bakhmetev (1861-83), MA Balakirev (1883-94), AS Arensky (1895-1901), SV Smolensky (1901-03) da sauransu. ya MI Glinka.

Tun shekara ta 1816, shugabannin ɗakin sujada sun sami damar buga, gyara, da ba da izini don aiwatar da ayyukan mawaƙa masu tsarki na mawaƙa na Rasha. A cikin 1846-1917, ɗakin sujada yana da darussan cikakken lokaci da na lokaci-lokaci (tsari), kuma daga 1858 an buɗe azuzuwan kayan aiki a cikin fannoni daban-daban na ƙungiyar makaɗa, wanda ya shirya (bisa ga shirye-shiryen Conservatory) soloists da masu fasaha na ƙungiyar mawaƙa. ƙungiyar makaɗa na mafi girman cancanta.

Azuzuwan sun kai ga ci gaba na musamman a ƙarƙashin NA Rimsky-Korsakov (mataimakin manajan a 1883-94), wanda a cikin 1885 ya ƙirƙira ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta kade-kade daga ɗaliban ɗakin sujada, suna yin a ƙarƙashin sandar manyan masu gudanarwa. Malaman azuzuwan mawaka na kayan aiki sun kasance shahararrun madugu, mawaƙa, da mawaƙa.

A cikin 1905-17, ayyukan ɗakin sujada sun iyakance ga coci da al'amuran al'ada. Bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba na 1917, repertore na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ya haɗa da mafi kyawun misalan wasan kwaikwayo na duniya, ayyukan mawaƙa na Soviet, da waƙoƙin jama'a. A cikin 1918, an canza ɗakin sujada zuwa Kwalejin Choir na Jama'a, daga 1922 - Makarantar Ilimin Jiha (tun 1954 - mai suna MI Glinka). A cikin 1920, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta cika da muryoyin mata kuma ta zama gauraye.

A shekara ta 1922, an shirya makarantar mawaƙa da makarantar fasaha ta choral na rana a ɗakin sujada (tun daga 1925, an shirya makarantar mawaƙa ta yamma don manya). A cikin 1945, bisa tushen makarantar mawaƙa, an kafa Makarantar Choir a ƙungiyar mawaƙa (tun 1954 - mai suna bayan MI Glinka). A cikin 1955 Makarantar Choral ta zama ƙungiya mai zaman kanta.

Ƙungiyar ɗakin sujada tana gudanar da babban aikin kide-kide. Ta repertoire hada da na gargajiya da kuma na zamani da ba tare da mawaka, shirye-shirye daga ayyukan gida composers, jama'a songs (Rasha, Ukrainian, da dai sauransu.), kazalika da manyan ayyuka na cantata-oratorio Genre, da yawa daga abin da aka yi da sujada a cikin ɗakin sujada. USSR a karon farko. Daga cikin su: "Alexander Nevsky", "Mai gadi na Duniya", "Toast" na Prokofiev; "Waƙar dazuzzuka", "Rana ta haskaka ƙasarmu" ta Shostakovich; "A filin Kulikovo", "The Legend of the Battle for the Rasha Land" by Shaporin, "The goma sha biyu" by Salmanov, "Virineya" by Slonimsky, "Tale of Igor's Campaign" by Prigogine da kuma sauran ayyuka da Soviet da kuma sauran ayyukan. mawakan kasashen waje.

Bayan 1917, mashahuran mawaƙa na ƙungiyar Soviet sun jagoranci ɗakin sujada: MG Klimov (1917-35), HM Danilin (1936-37), AV Sveshnikov (1937-41), GA Dmitrevsky (1943-53), AI Anisimov (1955-65-). 1967), FM Kozlov (72-1974), tun 1928 - VA Chernushenko. A cikin 1952 ɗakin sujada ya zagaya Latvia, Jamus, Switzerland, Italiya, da kuma a cikin XNUMX GDR.

References: Muzalevsky VI, tsohuwar mawaƙa ta Rasha. (1713-1938), L.-M., 1938; (Gusin I., Tkachev D.), State Academy Chapel mai suna MI Glinka, L., 1957; Academic Chapel mai suna bayan MI Glinka, a cikin littafin: Musical Leningrad, L., 1958; Lokshin D., Ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa na Rasha masu ban mamaki da masu jagorancin su, M., 1963; Kazachkov S., Biyu styles - biyu hadisai, "SM", 1971, No 2.

DV Tkachev