Tenor |
ital. tenore, daga lat. tensor - ci gaba da motsi, motsi iri ɗaya, tashin hankali na murya, daga teneo - kai tsaye, riƙe (hanya); Tenor na Faransa, Teneur, Taille, Haute contra, Jamusanci. tenor, turanci tenor
Kalma mai ban sha'awa, wanda aka riga aka sani a tsakiyar zamanai kuma na dogon lokaci ba shi da ma'anar kafa: ma'anarsa wani ɓangare ya zo daidai da ma'anar kalmomin tonus (sautin zabura, yanayin coci, duka sautin), modus, tropus (tsarin, yanayin yanayi). ), accentus (lafazin, damuwa, ɗaga muryar ku) kuma yana nuna tsayin numfashi ko tsawon lokacin sauti, a tsakanin masu ra'ayi na ƙarshen Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiya da Ambitus (girman girma) na yanayin. A tsawon lokaci, an ƙara ƙayyade ƙimar sa mai zuwa.
1) A cikin waƙar Gregorian, T. (daga baya kuma ana kiranta tuba (2), corda (Corda Faransanci, Spanish cuerda)) iri ɗaya ne da sakamako (2), wato ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin sauti na rera, wanda ya yi daidai da rinjaye da ma'anar tare da ƙarewa. sauti (finalis, mai kama da matsayi zuwa tonic) tsarin haɗin waƙar (duba hanyoyin zamani). A cikin decomp. nau'ikan zabura da waƙoƙin kusa da shi T. yana hidima ch. sautin karatun (sauti, wanda akan karanta wani muhimmin sashi na rubutun).
2) A Tsakiyar Zamani. polygonal music (kimanin a cikin 12th-16th ƙarni) sunan jam'iyyar, a cikin abin da manyan karin waƙa (cantus firmus). Wannan waƙar ya zama tushen tushe, farkon haɗakar manufa da yawa. abubuwan da aka tsara. Da farko, an yi amfani da kalmar a cikin wannan ma'anar dangane da nau'in treble (1) - nau'i na musamman, daidaitaccen nau'in kwayoyin halitta (a cikin farkon nau'in kwayoyin halitta, rawar da ta yi kama da T. ta kasance ta hanyar vox principalis - da babban murya); T. yana yin ayyuka iri ɗaya a cikin sauran polygons. nau'o'i: motte, taro, ballad, da sauransu. A cikin manufa biyu. abubuwan da aka tsara T. shine ƙaramar murya. Tare da ƙari na countertenor bassus (maganin ƙima a cikin ƙaramar murya), T. ya zama ɗaya daga cikin muryoyin tsakiya; sama da T. za a iya sanya countertenor altus. A wasu nau'o'in, muryar da ke sama da T. tana da suna daban: motetus a cikin motet, superius a cikin jumla; Ana kuma kiran manyan muryoyin duplum, triplum, quadruplum ko - discantus (duba Treble (2)), daga baya - soprano.
A cikin karni na 15th sunan "T." wani lokaci ana mika shi zuwa ga countertenor; manufar "T". ga wasu mawallafa (alal misali, Glarean) yana haɗuwa da manufar cantus firmus kuma tare da jigon gaba ɗaya (a matsayin waƙar mai kai ɗaya wanda aka sarrafa a cikin nau'i mai nau'i mai yawa); a Italiya a cikin karni na 15 da 16. suna "T." An yi amfani da waƙar goyon bayan rawa, wanda aka sanya a cikin tsakiyar murya, madaidaicin inda ya kafa babbar murya (superius) da ƙananan (countertenor).
G. de Macho. Kyrie daga Mas.
Bugu da kari, bayanin kula da ke ba da shawarar amfani a Op. c.-l. sanannen waƙar da aka bayar a cikin T. (German Tenorlied, Tenormesse, Italiyanci messa su tenore, Faransanci messe sur tenor).
3) Sunan ƙungiyar mawaƙa ko ƙungiyar da aka yi nufin aiwatar da T. (4). A cikin polygon harmonic ko polyphonic. sito, inda ake ɗaukar ƙungiyar mawaƙa a matsayin samfurin. gabatarwa (misali, a cikin ayyukan ilimi akan jituwa, polyphony), - murya (1), wanda ke tsakanin bass da alto.
4) Babban murya na maza (4), sunan wanda ya fito ne daga babban aikin da ya yi a farkon polygonal. kidan jam'iyyar T. (2). Kewayon T. a cikin sassan solo shine c - c2, a cikin choral c - a1. Sauti a cikin ƙara daga f zuwa f1 sune rajista na tsakiya, sautunan da ke ƙasa f suna cikin ƙananan rajista, sautunan da ke sama f1 suna cikin rajista na sama da na sama. Tunanin kewayon T. bai kasance canzawa ba: a cikin 15-16 ƙarni. T. in decomp. lokuta, an fassara shi a matsayin kusa da viola, ko, akasin haka, kamar yadda yake kwance a yankin baritone (tenorino, qunti-tenore); a cikin karni na 17 yawan adadin da aka saba da shi na T. yana cikin h – g 1. Har zuwa kwanan nan, an rubuta sassan T. a cikin maɓalli na tenor (misali, ɓangaren Sigmund a Wagner's Ring of the Nibelung; mace" na Tchaikovsky. ), a cikin tsohuwar mawaƙa. Yawancin lokaci suna cikin alto da baritone; a cikin wallafe-wallafen zamani jam'iyyar T. lura da violin. maɓalli, wanda ke nuna jujjuyawa zuwa ƙasa octave (kuma ana nuna shi
or
). Matsayin alama da na fassara na T. sun canza sosai a kan lokaci. A cikin oratorio (Handel's Samson) da kuma tsohuwar kiɗan tsarki, al'adar da ta dace don lokutan masu zuwa na fassara sashin solo tenor azaman labari-mai ban mamaki (Mai bishara a cikin sha'awa) ko ɗaukaka da gaske (Benedictus daga taron Bach a h-moll, sassa daban-daban a cikin " All-Night Vigil na Rachmaninov, tsakiyar sashi a cikin "Canticum sacrum" na Stravinsky). Kamar yadda wasan operas na Italiya a cikin karni na 17 ya kasance an ƙaddara matsayin tenor na matasa na jarumai da masoya; takamaiman ya bayyana kaɗan daga baya. wani bangare na T.-buffa. A cikin jerin opera na mata. muryoyin da muryoyin castrati sun maye gurbin muryar maza, kuma an ba T. amana da ƙananan ayyuka kawai. Akasin haka, a cikin wani tsarin dimokuradiyya na daban, yanayin wasan opera buffa, ɓangarorin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru. Akan fassarar T. a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 18-19 ƙarni. WA Mozart ya rinjayi shi ("Don Giovanni" - ɓangaren Don Ottavio, "Kowa ya yi shi" - Ferrando, "The Magic sarewa" - Tamino). Opera a cikin karni na 19 ya kafa manyan nau'ikan jam'iyyun tenor: lyric. T. (Italian tenore di grazia) an bambanta shi da katako mai haske, mai karfi na sama (wani lokaci har zuwa d2), haske da motsi (Almaviva a cikin Rossini's The Barber of Seville; Lensky); wasan kwaikwayo. T. (Italian tenore di forza) yana da launi na baritone da babban ƙarfin sauti tare da ƙaramin ƙarami (Jose, Herman); a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na waka. T. (Italian mezzo-carattere) ya haɗu da halayen nau'ikan nau'ikan biyu a hanyoyi daban-daban (Othello, Lohengrin). Wani nau'i na musamman shine halayyar T.; sunan ya kasance saboda gaskiyar cewa ana amfani da shi sau da yawa a matsayin hali (trike). Sa’ad da ake tantance ko muryar mawaƙi ta wani nau’i ne ko kuma wani, al’adun rera waƙa na ɗan ƙasa suna da muhimmanci. makarantu; iya, in Italian. mawaƙa bambanci tsakanin waƙa. da dram. T. dangi ne, an fi bayyana shi a fili a cikinsa. opera (misali, Max mara ƙarfi a cikin The Free Shooter da Sigmund mara girgiza a cikin The Valkyrie); a cikin kiɗan Rasha nau'in wasan kwaikwayo ne na waƙa na musamman. T. tare da rajista na sama da aka kori kuma mai ƙarfi ko da isar da sauti ya samo asali ne daga Glinka's Ivan Susanin (Ma'anar marubucin Sobinin - “halaye mai nisa” a zahiri yana ƙara zuwa bayyanar muryar jam’iyyar). Ƙaramar mahimmancin farawar timbre-launi a cikin kiɗan opera. 19- roqo. Karni na 20, haduwar opera da wasan kwaikwayo. gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma ƙarfafa rawar karatun (musamman a cikin operas na karni na 20) ya shafi amfani da timbres na musamman na tenor. Irin wannan shi ne, alal misali, kai ga e2 da kuma sauti kamar falsetto T.-altino (Astrologer). Canjawa girmamawa daga cantilena zuwa bayyanawa. furucin kalmar yana kwatanta irin wannan takamaiman. Matsayi, kamar Yurodivy da Shuisky a cikin Boris Godunov, Alexei a cikin The Gambler da Prince in Prokofiev's Love for Three Lemu, da sauransu.
Tarihin shari'ar ya ƙunshi sunayen fitattun 'yan wasan T. da yawa. A Italiya, G. Rubini, G. Mario ya ji daɗin shahara sosai, a cikin ƙarni na 20. – E. Caruso, B. Gigli, M. Del Monaco, G. Di Stefano, a cikinsa. masu fasahar wasan opera (musamman, masu yin ayyukan Wagner) sun fice Czech. mawaki JA Tikhachek, Jamus. mawaƙa W. Windgassen, L. Zuthaus; tsakanin Rasha da mujiya. mawaƙa-T. - NN Figner, IA Alchevsky, DA Smirnov, LV Sobinov, IV Ershov, NK Pechkovsky, GM Nelepp, S. Ya. Lemeshev, I S. Kozlovsky.
5) Ruhin jan karfe mai fadi. kayan aiki (Flicorno na Italiyanci, tynor saxhorn na Faransa, Tenorhorn na Jamus). Yana nufin kayan aikin da aka yi a cikin B, an rubuta sashin T. akan b. babu wanda ya fi sautin gaske. Godiya ga yin amfani da injin bawul uku, yana da cikakken ma'auni na chromatic, ainihin kewayon E - h1. Wed da saman. T. rijistar suna da sauti mai laushi da cikakke; Ana haɗa iyawar melodic T. tare da fasaha. motsi. T. ya fara amfani a tsakiya. Karni na 19 (bh design na A. Saks). Tare da wasu kayan kida daga dangin saxhorn-cornet, baritone, da bass-T. sune tushen ruhi. ƙungiyar makaɗa, inda, dangane da abun da ke ciki, ƙungiyar T. ta kasu kashi 2 (a cikin ƙaramin jan karfe, wani lokaci a cikin ƙaramin gauraye) ko 3 (a cikin ƙaramin gauraye da manyan gauraye) sassa; 1st T. a lokaci guda suna da aikin jagora, melodic. muryoyi, na 2 da na 3 suna rakiyar, muryoyin rakiyar. T. ko baritone yawanci ana ba da amana ga launin gubar. murya a cikin jerin gwano. Abubuwan da ke da alhakin T. suna samuwa a cikin Symphony na Myaskovsky No. 19. Na'urar da ke da alaƙa ita ce ƙaho na Wagner (tenor) tuba (1).
6) Bayyana ma'anar a cikin decomp take. kayan kide-kide, masu nuni da ingancin sautinsu da kewayon su (sabanin sauran nau'ikan na dangi daya); misali: saxophone-T., Tenor trombone, domra-T., tenor viola (wanda ake kira viola da gamba da taille), da sauransu.
Adabi: 4) Timokhin V., Fitattun mawakan Italiya, M., 1962; nasa, Masters of vocal art na XX karni, a'a. 1, M., 1974; Lvov M., Daga tarihin fasahar murya, M., 1964; nasa, mawaƙa na Rasha, M., 1965; Rogal-Levitsky Dm., Mawaƙa na zamani, vol. 2, M., 1953; Gubarev I., Brass band, M., 1963; Chulaki M., Instruments na ƙungiyar mawaƙa, M.-L., 1950, M., 1972.
TS Kyuregyan
Babban muryar namiji. Babban kewayon daga to karami zuwa to farkon octave (wani lokaci har zuwa zo ko ma kafin haka F a Bellini). Akwai rawar waƙa da masu wasan kwaikwayo na ban mamaki. Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa na mawaƙan waƙa sune Nemorino, Faust, Lensky; Daga cikin sassan mai ban mamaki, mun lura da matsayin Manrico, Othello, Calaf da sauransu.
Na dogon lokaci a cikin wasan opera, ana amfani da tenor ne kawai a matsayin na biyu. Har zuwa karshen karni na 18 - farkon karni na 19, castrati ya mamaye matakin. Sai kawai a cikin aikin Mozart, sa'an nan kuma a cikin Rossini, tenor muryoyin sun dauki babban wuri (yafi a cikin buffa operas).
Daga cikin manyan mashahuran gidajen haya na karni na 20 akwai Caruso, Gigli, Björling, Del Monaco, Pavarotti, Domingo, Sobinov da sauransu. Duba kuma countertenor.
E. Tsodokov
