Vasily Sergeevich Kalinnikov |

Vasily Kalinnikov

... Wani abin kauna, wanda aka saba da shi ya buge ni… A. Chekhov. "Gidan mezzanine"

V. Kalinnikov, ƙwararren mawakin Rasha, ya rayu kuma ya yi aiki a cikin 80s da 90s. Karni na XNUMX Lokaci ne mafi girma na al'adun Rasha, lokacin da P. Tchaikovsky ya kirkiro zane-zanensa na karshe, wasan kwaikwayo na N. Rimsky-Korsakov, ayyukan A. Glazunov, S. Taneyev, A. Lyadov ya bayyana daya bayan daya, da wuri. Ƙaddamar da S. Rachmaninov ya bayyana a sararin samaniya na kiɗa , A. Scriabin. Adabin Rasha na wancan lokacin sun haskaka da sunaye kamar L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, I. Bunin, A. Kuprin, L. Andreev, V. Veresaev, M. Gorky, A. Blok, K. Balmont, S. Nadson… Kuma a cikin wannan babban rafi ya yi sauti mai ladabi, amma abin mamaki mai ban sha'awa da murya mai tsabta na kiɗa na Kalinnikov, wanda nan da nan ya fada cikin ƙauna tare da mawaƙa da masu sauraro, wanda ya rinjaye shi ta hanyar gaskiya, ladabi, kyakkyawa mai ban sha'awa na Rasha. B. Asafiev da ake kira Kalinnikov "Ring Ring of Rasha Music".

Ƙaddara mai baƙin ciki ta sami wannan mawaki, wanda ya mutu a farkon ikonsa na halitta. “Shekara ta shida ina fama da cin abinci, amma ta ci ni, kuma a hankali ta karbe ragamar mulki. Kuma duk laifin tsinannun kudin ne! Kuma ya faru da ni na yi rashin lafiya daga waɗancan yanayin da ba za a iya yiwuwa ba wanda dole ne in zauna da karatu.

Kalinnikov aka haife shi a cikin matalauta, babban iyali na ma'aikacin kotu, wanda bukatun bambanta sharply daga mores na lardin lardin. Maimakon katunan, buguwa, tsegumi - aikin yau da kullun lafiya da kiɗa. Waƙar mawaƙa mai son son rai, tarihin waƙa na lardin Oryol su ne jami'o'i na farko na kiɗa na mawaƙi a nan gaba, da kyawawan yanayin yankin Oryol, wanda I. Turgenev ya rera cikin waƙa, ya ciyar da tunanin yaron da tunanin fasaha. Sa’ad da yake yaro, likita na zemstvo A. Evlanov ne ke kula da nazarin kiɗan Vasily, wanda ya koya masa tushen ilimin kiɗan kuma ya koya masa yin violin.

A 1884, Kalinnikov ya shiga Moscow Conservatory, amma bayan shekara guda, saboda rashin kudi don biyan karatunsa, ya koma makarantar Music da Drama na Philharmonic Society, inda zai iya karatu kyauta a cikin kayan aikin iska. Kalinnikov ya zaɓi bassoon, amma ya mai da hankali sosai ga darussan jituwa da S. Kruglikov, ƙwararren mawaki ya koyar. Har ila yau, ya halarci laccoci kan tarihi a Jami'ar Moscow, wanda aka yi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na opera na wajibi da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na philharmonic ga daliban makaranta. Na kuma yi tunani game da samun kudi. A kokarin ko ta yaya rage kudi halin da ake ciki na iyali Kalinnikov ƙi taimakon kudi daga gida, kuma domin kada ya mutu da yunwa, ya sami kudi ta kwafin bayanin kula, dinari darussa, wasa a cikin kungiyar makada. Tabbas, ya gaji, kuma wasiƙun mahaifinsa ne kawai ke tallafa masa a ɗabi'a. "Ku nutsar da kanku cikin duniyar kimiyyar kiɗa," mun karanta a ɗayansu, "aiki ... Ku sani cewa za ku fuskanci matsaloli da kasawa, amma kada ku raunana, ku yaƙe su ... kuma kada ku ja da baya."

Mutuwar mahaifinsa a 1888 ya kasance mai nauyi ga Kalinnikov. Ayyukan farko - 3 romances - sun fita daga bugawa a cikin 1887. Ɗaya daga cikinsu, "A kan tsohuwar tudun" (a tashar I. Nikitin), nan da nan ya zama sananne. A 1889, 2 symphonic debuts ya faru: a daya daga cikin Moscow kide-kide, Kalinnikov na farko kungiyar makada da aka samu nasarar yi - symphonic zanen "Nymphs" dangane da mãkirci na Turgenev ta "Poems in Prose", da kuma a gargajiya aiki a Philharmonic. Makarantar ya gudanar da Scherzo. Daga wannan lokacin, kiɗan orchestral yana samun babban abin sha'awa ga mawaki. An haife shi a kan waƙa da al'adun choral, ba tare da jin kayan aiki ɗaya ba har zuwa shekaru 12, Kalinnikov yana ƙara sha'awar kiɗan kiɗa a cikin shekaru. Ya yi imani da cewa “kiɗa…, a zahiri, harshen yanayi ne, wato, waɗancan yanayin ruhinmu waɗanda kusan ba za a iya bayyana su cikin kalmomi ba kuma ba za a iya kwatanta su ta wata hanya ba.” Ayyukan Orchestral suna bayyana daya bayan daya: Suite (1889), wanda ya sami amincewar Tchaikovsky; 2 symphonies (1895, 1897), symphonic zanen "Cedar da Palm Tree" (1898), Orchestral lambobin ga AK Tolstoy bala'i "Tsar Boris" (1898). Duk da haka, mawaki kuma ya juya zuwa wasu nau'o'in - ya rubuta romances, choirs, piano guda, kuma daga cikinsu akwai "Song Sad" ƙaunataccen kowa. Ya dauki abun da ke ciki na wasan opera "A 1812", wanda S. Mamontov ya ba da izini, kuma ya kammala gabatar da shi.

Mawaƙin ya shiga lokacin furanni mafi girma na sojojinsa na kirkire-kirkire, amma a wannan lokacin ne cutar tarin fuka ta buɗe ƴan shekaru da suka gabata ta fara ci gaba. Kalinnikov yayi tsayayya da cutar da ke cinye shi, haɓakar rundunonin ruhaniya yana daidai da faduwar ƙarfin jiki. "Saurari kiɗa na Kalinnikov. Ina alamar a cikinsa cewa waɗannan sautunan wakoki suna zubowa a cikin cikakkiyar sanin mutumin da ke mutuwa? Bayan haka, babu alamar nishi ko rashin lafiya. Wannan waƙar lafiya ce daga farkon zuwa ƙarshe, kiɗa na gaske, mai ɗorewa… ” ya rubuta mai sukar kiɗan kuma abokin Kalinnikov Kruglikov. "Ruhu mai Rana" - wannan shine yadda masu zamani suka yi magana game da mawaki. Madaidaicin kiɗan sa na jituwa da alama yana haskaka haske mai laushi mai laushi.

Musamman abin ban mamaki shine Symphony na Farko, wanda ke haifar da hurarrun shafukan Chekhov's lyrical-scappe prose, fyautar Turgenev tare da rayuwa, yanayi, da kyau. Tare da babban wahala, tare da taimakon abokai Kalinnikov ya iya cimma nasarar wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, amma da zaran an yi sauti a karo na farko a cikin wani kide-kide na reshen Kyiv na RMS a watan Maris 1897, ya yi nasara a cikin biranen. na Rasha da Turai sun fara. "Dear Vasily Sergeevich!" – Conductor A. Vinogradsky ya rubuta wa Kalinnikov bayan wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Vienna. “Taron ku kuma ya sami gagarumar nasara a jiya. Lallai, wannan wani nau'in wasan kwaikwayo ne na nasara. Duk inda na kunna shi, kowa yana son shi. Kuma mafi mahimmanci, duka mawaƙa da jama'a." Kyakkyawan nasara kuma ta faɗi ga yawancin Symphony na Biyu, aiki mai haske, mai tabbatar da rayuwa, wanda aka rubuta a ko'ina, akan babban sikeli.

A cikin Oktoba 1900, watanni 4 kafin mutuwar mawaki, mawallafin Jurgenson ne suka buga maki da clavier na Symphony na Farko, wanda ya kawo farin ciki ga mawaki. Mawallafin, duk da haka, bai biya marubucin komai ba. Kudin da ya samu shi ne yaudarar abokai, tare da Rachmaninov, sun tattara adadin da ake bukata ta hanyar biyan kuɗi. Gabaɗaya, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan Kalinnikov an tilasta wa wanzuwa kawai a kan gudummawar danginsa, wanda a gare shi, mai matukar damuwa a cikin al'amuran kuɗi, ya kasance mai wahala. Amma jin daɗin kerawa, bangaskiya cikin rayuwa, ƙauna ga mutane ko ta yaya ya ɗaga shi sama da ruɗani na rayuwar yau da kullun. Mutum mai tawali'u, mai tsayin daka, mai kirki, mawaƙa kuma mawaƙi a yanayi - wannan shine yadda ya shiga tarihin al'adun mu na kiɗa.

O. Averyanova