Waƙar Symphonic |
Kiɗan Symphonic kiɗa ne da aka yi niyya don wasan kwaikwayo na karimci. ƙungiyar makaɗa; mafi mahimmanci da wadata yankin instr. kiɗa, wanda ke rufe duka manyan ayyuka masu ɓangarori da yawa, cike da hadadden abun ciki na akida da motsin rai, da ƙananan kiɗa. yin wasa. Alama. Ƙungiyar mawaƙa, wadda ta haɗu da kayan aiki iri-iri, tana ba da mahaliccin kiɗa tare da mafi kyawun palette na launuka masu sauti, ya bayyana. kudade, damar fasaha don maganganun fasaha. ra'ayoyi.
Ayyukan kiɗa. samfur. babban instr. ensembles da Orchestras yi duka a zamanin da da kuma a tsakiyar zamanai, amma kawai a karshen Renaissance instr. kiɗa ya zama daidai da murya. A hankali, an haɓaka ƙungiyar mawaƙa mai zaman kanta. polyphony wani salon kayan aiki ne na musamman (semble-Orchestral). Kiɗa don ƙungiyar makaɗa ta haɓaka ta cikin hulɗa akai-akai tare da sauran nau'ikan kiɗan. art-va - tare da ɗakin kiɗa, gabo, mawaƙa, opera. Siffofin halaye 17 – 1st bene. Karni na 18: rawa. suite, concert - gungu-mawaƙa (duba Concerto grosso), daga baya solo (duba Concerto), overture (symphony) na nau'in opera (na farko a matsayin gabatarwar opera, ballet, sannan mai zaman kanta). Iri-iri na suite na karni na 18: karkatarwa, serenade, nocturne, cassation. Ƙarfin tashin hankali na wasan kwaikwayo yana da alaƙa da ci gaban wasan kwaikwayo, haɓakarsa a matsayin cyclic. sonata tsari da inganta na gargajiya. nau'in alama. makada. Dangane da haka, makarantar Mannheim da musamman makarantar gargajiya ta Viennese sun taka muhimmiyar rawa. A cikin aikin gargajiya na Viennese, ƙarewa ya faru. shakatawa tsakanin S.m. da kuma kiɗa na ɗakin-tarin, akwai na gargajiya. tinas of a symphony (zagaye mai kashi hudu), concerto (zagayen zagayowar kashi uku), overture (opus mai kashi ɗaya cikin sigar sonata). A cikin karni na 19 yuwuwar wasan kwaikwayo ta faɗaɗa. ƙungiyar makaɗa; abun da ke ciki ya karu, an inganta tsoffin kayan aiki, an gabatar da sababbi. Sakamakon rikitarwa na Orc. maki, rawar madugu ya karu (duba Gudanarwa). Sau da yawa an fara gabatar da mawaƙa da woks a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da sauran nau'ikan kayan kida. zabe. A gefe guda kuma, wasan kwaikwayo ya tsananta. fara a wok.-orc. Ƙaddamarwa (cantata, oratori), opera da ballet. Symphony ya sami babban mahimmanci. kiɗan shirin: conc. wuce gona da iri, simphony, sanye take da haske. shirye-shirye, waka na ban mamaki da nau'o'in da ke da alaƙa da shi (hoton simphonic, fantasy na ban mamaki, da sauransu), nau'in nau'in shirye-shirye, sau da yawa ya ƙunshi lambobi na wasan kwaikwayo (ciki har da ballet, opera) kiɗa, amma sau da yawa masu zaman kansu. Salon S.m. Hakanan sun haɗa da symphonietta, symphony. bambance-bambance, fantasy (kuma overture) akan nar. jigogi, rhapsody, almara, capriccio, scherzo, potpourri, Maris, decomp. raye-raye (ciki har da a cikin nau'i na zagayowar - raye-rayen symphonic), decomp. miniatures, da dai sauransu A cikin conc. alama. repertoire kuma ya haɗa da orc. gutsure daga operas, ballets, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo, fina-finai.
S. m. Karni na 19 ya ƙunshi babbar duniyar tunani da motsin rai. Ya samo bayanin jigogi na al'umma gaba ɗaya. sautuna, mafi zurfi abubuwan, hotuna na yanayi, rayuwar yau da kullum da kuma fantasy, nat. haruffa, hotunan zane-zane na sararin samaniya, wakoki, almara. SM karni na 20, wanda ya haɓaka abubuwa da yawa na kiɗa na baya, ya gabatar da wani sabon abu a cikin abun ciki da tsarin aikin, kuma ya nuna ka'idodin Dec. motsi na ado (impressionism, expressionism, da dai sauransu). Mafi kyawun misalin S.m. 20 karni - classic na sabon lokaci. Alamar gargajiya. ƙungiyar makaɗa ta adana a cikin kiɗa na karni na 20. darajar al'ada, amma sauran ork. hadaddun - an faɗaɗa zuwa babban ƙungiyar mawaƙa, an rage shi zuwa rukunin ɗaki, tsaka-tsakin abubuwan da ba su cika ba. An wadata ƙungiyar makaɗa da sabbin timbres (musamman, kayan aikin lantarki), waɗanda suka ci gaba a matsayin masu zaman kansu. tara a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa da busa. kayan aiki. A daidai ƙafa tare da kayan kida a cikin ɗimbin waƙoƙin karimci. samfur. wakar solo da mawaka suka fara kunna. zabe. Dabarun haɓakawa na S. m. An yi watsi da su a cikin jazz (abin da ake kira jazz symphonic). Ana sake haɓaka wasu nau'ikan kiɗan farko, misali. concerto ga makada. Sabbin sha'awa S. m. ya ba muses. al'adun mutanen da ba na Turai ba.
A cikin karni na 19 da 20 a cikin kasashen Turai da Amurka sun ci gaba da yawan nat. Makarantun S. na m., to-rye sun sami darajar duniya. Babban nasarorin alama Rus. na gargajiya da owls. S.m., wanda ke da matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin kiɗan duniya. al'ada. Mujiya. S. m. rufe kerawa. ayyukan mawaƙa na dukan ƙungiyar da marubuci. jumhuriya. A cikin owls da yawa A cikin jumhuriyar kawai bayan 1917 ne masanan S. m. bayyana. nau'ikan mujiya. S. m. ya nuna hotuna da ra'ayoyin zamani, hanyoyin juyin juya hali. canji na al'umma. Girman jin daɗin jin daɗi ya shafi ci gaban wasan opera da wasan ballet, kuma ya haifar da haɓakar wok-symphony. nau'o'i, zuwa wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa don ruhu. kayan aikin kade-kade da makada. Mafi arziƙi na tarihin Tarayyar Soviet ya ba da kerawa. shagwaba S.m. kuma ya haifar da fitowar sabbin nau'ikansa (misali, mugham symphonic); tasiri mai amfani na al'adun kasa kuma a cikin S. m. na sauran kasashe.
References: Glebov Igor (Asafiev BV), Rasha symphonic music for 10 shekaru, "Kiɗa da Juyin Juyin Halitta", 1927, No 11; Soviet symphonic music. Sat. Art., M., 1955; Sollertinsky I., Nau'in Tarihi na wasan kwaikwayo na symphonic, a cikin littafinsa: Nazarin kiɗa da tarihi, L., 1956; Stupel A., Tattaunawa game da kiɗan kiɗa, L., 1961; Popova T., Waƙar Symphonic, Moscow, 1963; Ga masu sauraron kide-kide na kade-kade. Taƙaitaccen jagora, M.-L., 1965, L., 1967; Konen V., Gidan wasan kwaikwayo da Symphony…, M., 1968, 1975; Bobrovsky V., kiɗan Symphonic, a cikin littafin: Kiɗa na karni na XX, sashi na 1, littafi. 1, M., 1976.
VS Steinpress
