Gina a cikin kiɗa |

1) Tsarin ma'aunin sauti da ake amfani da shi a cikin kiɗa. Ya wanzu a cikin nau'i na ra'ayoyin sauraren ra'ayi game da tsayin kowane matakai na sikelin; waɗannan wakilcin suna ƙarƙashin duk kiɗan. ayyuka (watau. e. abubuwan ƙirƙira, wasan kwaikwayo da tsinkayen kiɗa) kuma galibi ana yin rikodin su a cikin bayanan kiɗa, da sauransu. ta alamu. Siffofin bayyanar S. a music saboda nat. asali na kiɗa. al'adu, fasali na ci gaban ladoharmonic. tsarin, abubuwan da ake buƙata don kiɗa. na ji Domin samuwar kida. C. yana nufin. tasirin sauti. music Properties. sauti (misali, abin mamaki na sikelin halitta); music C. yana nuna mafi yawan hanyoyin haɗin filaye don tsarin modal mai rinjaye, kodayake baya haɗa da tsarin aiki, jituwa. dangantaka tsakanin sautuka. A wani mataki a cikin ci gaban kiɗa. al'ada S. zai iya zama tushen tushen sabon tsarin tsarin. An san su ne 5-mataki da 7-mataki (a cikin octave) zafin C. a Indonesia, tsarin 17- da 24-mataki a cikin kiɗan mutanen ƙasashen Larabawa, 22-mataki S. a Indiya, da sauransu. A Turai, a lokacin ci gaban monophony, an yi amfani da tsarin 7-mataki (daga baya 12-mataki) tsarin Pythagorean. A cikin tsarin haɓaka ƙungiyar mawaƙa. polyphony, akwai bukatar tsantsar S., to-ry aka gabatar da muses. theorist na karni na 16. (L. Folyanyi, J. Tsarlino - Italiya). Ƙarin ci gaba na tsarin tonal - karuwa a yawan maɓallan da aka yi amfani da su, bayyanar daɗaɗɗen ƙira, gyare-gyare - ya haifar da rashin daidaituwa (ƙarni na 16), sa'an nan kuma zuwa yanayin yanayi na 12-mataki, wanda ya aiwatar da enharmonic. daidaiton sauti (cf. Enharmonism) kuma an kafa shi a duniya a cikin karni na 18. C. a cikin kiɗa ana iya bayyana shi ta jerin lambobi (misali, ta hanyar jerin sassa masu sauƙi); irin wannan lissafin jeri yana nuna ƙimar mitar sautunan sau nawa - sau nawa mitar sautin babba a cikin tazara ya fi mitar na ƙasa, ko kuma yadda ake daidaita hanyoyin sauti, wanda ke samar da wannan ko wancan tazara a lokacin. girgiza: semitone, sautin duka, sautin da rabi, da sauransu. da dai sauransu. Alal misali, a cikin tsarki S. waɗannan za su zama lambobi masu zuwa, bi da bi: 16/15, 9/8, 6/5, a cikin 12-mataki daidai hali - 21/12, 22/12, 23/12). C. za a iya bayyana shi azaman jerin mitoci masu dacewa da kowane mataki na ma'auni a cikin C. Alal misali, a cikin tsarki S. daga a1 u440d 1 hertz, sautin b469,28 zai kasance daidai da 1 hertz, h495 - 2, c528 - 12, a cikin yanayin mataki 440 waɗannan sautuna iri ɗaya zasu sami wasu dabi'u: 466; 16, 493; 88, 523; 25, XNUMX hertz. Masanin lissafi. C. a cikin kiɗa ana amfani da shi wajen kera kiɗan. kayan aiki (ƙayyade tsawon bututu ko kambi na kayan aikin iska, wurin hakowa a kansu, saita frets akan fretboard na kirtani tara kayan kida, da sauransu). da dai sauransu), lokacin da ake daidaita su, don sarrafa daidaiton aiki a cikin gungu (ƙwaƙwal ko kayan aiki), a cikin tsarin ilmantar da ji. T. baba, mathematician C. yana nuna mahimmancin hali don daidaitawa, daidaitaccen daidaitawar sautin sauti, kuma ta haka ya juya zuwa bayanin al'ada na waɗannan dangantaka. Daidai S. za a iya haɗa shi kawai akan kayan kida tare da kafaffen farar (gashi, piano, electromusic. kayan aiki, da dai sauransu. P.). A cikin waƙa, lokacin kunna wasu kayan kida (violin, sarewa, ƙaho, da sauransu) da sauransu), kamar yadda binciken N. A. Garbuzov, tasowa abin da ake kira. Mr. yankin C. (cm. Zone), wanda ya dace da wani yanayi - sha'awar masu yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fasaha. domin a ko da yaushe bambanta kowane daga cikin matakai na sikelin, watau e. tare da taimakon inuwar innation mai sauti (daidai da yanayin ci gaba a cikin kiɗa. prod.) don ƙarfafa ko raunana modal nauyi, don ƙirƙirar dandano na musamman na sauti. A cikin lissafin S. kowane matakan sikelin ba zai iya bambanta ba, watau e. wakilta da tsayi ɗaya kawai (mita) ƙimar. Wannan yanayin koyaushe yana haifar da yunƙurin ƙirƙira sababbi, ƙarin cikakkun kayan tarihi. C. Na 19 in. ya bayyana tsarin 40-mataki P. Thompson, 32-gudun G. Helmholtz, 36-gudun G. Appuna da X. Engel, 53-gudun R. AP Bosanqueta, S. Tanaki et al. A cikin USSR, yanayin 17- da 29-mataki sun ba da A. C. Ogolevets, tsarin matakai 22 P. AP Baranovskogo, E. E. Yutsevich, 72-mataki tsarin E. A. Murzina, tsarin 84-mataki D. TO. Guzenko et al.

2) Saitin mitar (tsawo) na sautin ma'auni. A cikin USSR, daidai da OST-7710, an saita 1 hertz don a440.

3) Kalmar "S." dangane da kida. kayan aiki yana nufin fasalulluka na kunnawa ko ƙira (na biyar C. violin, na huɗu - domra, chromatic - maɓalli accordion, na halitta - ƙaho, da dai sauransu) ko alaƙar da ke tsakanin ainihin sautin kayan aikin da bayanin kida don shi ( ƙaho a cikin B, ƙaho a cikin F, clarinet a cikin A, da sauransu).

4) Choral S., watau daidaito tsakanin mawakan mawakan game da daidaiton sautin sauti; mafi mahimmancin halayen mawaƙa. sauti. Bambance ban dariya. kuma masu jituwa. choral S. Lokacin yin waƙar waƙa, akwai ɗabi'ar kaifafan waƙoƙin Pythagorean S.; a lokacin aiwatar da kide-kide - don yin laushi mai laushi na S.; gabaɗaya, sautin mawaƙa yana da alaƙa da zone C. A cikin 19 - farkon. Karni na 20 manufar "choral S." yana nufin al'adar kunna mawaƙa (a cikin al'adar rera cappella), wanda ya wanzu kafin amincewa da ma'auni guda ɗaya; a baya choral S. idan aka kwatanta da instr. waƙar ta ɗan rage kaɗan.

5) S., ko sautin, - daidai da tonality, yanayin, ladotonality, karkata (wanda ba ya ƙare); misali, "kusa da sautunan harmonic C." (II Dubovsky).

References: Chesnokov PG, Mawaƙa da Gudanarwa, M.-L., 1940, M., 1961; Garbuzov HA, Yanayin yanki na sauraron sauti, M.-L., 1948; nasa, Intrazonal intonation saurare da hanyoyin ci gabanta, M.-L., 1951; Ayyukan kiɗa, M., 1954; Baranovsky PP, Yutsevich EE, Binciken Pitch na tsarin kiɗa na kyauta, K., 1956; Pigrov KK, Jagorancin ƙungiyar mawaƙa, M., 1964; Sherman NS, Samar da tsarin yanayin yanayi na uniform, M., 1964; Pereverzev NK, Matsalolin kiɗan kiɗa, M., 1966; Pargs Yu. H., A kan ƙa'idar fasaha ta innation mai tsafta a cikin aikin waƙar, M., 1971 (abstract of diss.); Helmholtz H., Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen…, Braunschweig, 1863, Hildesheim, 1968 Riemann H., Katechismus der Akustik, Lpz., 1875, B., 1891 (Fassarar Rashanci - Riemann G. Kimiyyar Kiɗa, M., 1921.

Farashin YH