Sauti da kaddarorin sa

Sauti al'amari ne na haƙiƙa na zahiri. Tushensa shine duk wani jiki na roba mai iya samarwa inji girgiza. A sakamakon haka, igiyoyin sauti suna tasowa da ke isa kunnen mutum ta iska. Yana tsinkayar raƙuman ruwa kuma yana mai da su su zama ƙwaƙƙwaran jijiyoyi waɗanda ake ɗauka zuwa kwakwalwa kuma ana sarrafa su ta hanyar hemispheres. A sakamakon haka, mutum ya san wani sauti na musamman.

Akwai nau'ikan sautuna guda uku:

1. m - suna da wani tsayi, girma, hatimi da sauran halaye; ana la'akari da mafi tsari, an bambanta su ta hanyar wadata mai ƙarfi da kuma hatimi Properties.
2. Surutu - sautunan da sautinsu ba shi da iyaka. Waɗannan sun haɗa da hayaniyar teku, busar iska, ƙara, dannawa da sauran su.
3. Sauti ba tare da mayar da hankali ba .

Don ƙirƙirar abubuwan ƙira, ana amfani da sautin kiɗa kawai, lokaci-lokaci - amo.

sauti

Wannan ba kasafai ba ne da murƙushe sauti a cikin na'urar roba, ko mai sarrafa sauti, matsakaici. Lokacin a inji jijjiga jiki ya faru, igiyar ruwa tana rarrabuwa ta hanyar matsakaiciyar sauti: iska, ruwa, gas, da ruwa iri-iri. Yadawa yana faruwa a wani nau'i daban-daban, wanda ya dogara da takamaiman matsakaici da kuma elasticity. A cikin iska, wannan alamar sautin sauti shine 330-340 m / s, cikin ruwa - 1450 m / s.

Muryar sauti ba ta iya gani, amma ana iya ji ga mutum, saboda tana shafar dodon kunnensa. Yana buƙatar matsakaici don yadawa. Masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa a cikin vacuum, wato, sararin samaniya ba tare da iska ba, igiyar sauti na iya tasowa, amma ba yadawa ba.

Masu karɓar sauti

Wannan shine sunan na'urorin da suke fahimtar makamashin sauti, suna auna sifofin igiyar sauti (matsi, ƙarfi, gudu, da sauransu) kuma su canza shi zuwa wani makamashi. Don karɓar sauti a wurare daban-daban, ana amfani da waɗannan masu zuwa:

• Microphones – don sararin samaniya ;
• geophones - don fahimtar sauti na ɓawon ƙasa;
• hydrophones – don karɓar sauti a cikin ruwa.

Akwai masu karɓar sauti na halitta - kayan jin mutane da dabbobi - da na fasaha. Lokacin da jiki na roba ya motsa, sakamakon raƙuman ruwa ya isa ga sassan ji bayan wani lokaci. Ƙunƙarar kunne tana girgiza a mitar da ta yi daidai da na tushen sauti. Ana watsa waɗannan rawar jiki zuwa jijiya mai ji, kuma tana aika kuzari zuwa kwakwalwa don ƙarin aiki. Don haka, wasu ji na sauti suna bayyana a cikin mutane da dabbobi.

Masu karɓar sauti na fasaha suna canza siginar sauti zuwa na lantarki. Godiya ga wannan, ana watsa sautin a nesa daban-daban, ana iya yin rikodin shi, haɓakawa, bincika, da sauransu.

Properties da halaye na sauti

Height

Wannan sifa ce ta sauti, dangane da mitar da jikin jiki ke rawar jiki. Ma'auninsa shine hertz ( Hz ): adadin girgizar sauti na lokaci-lokaci a cikin daƙiƙa 1. Dangane da mitar girgiza, ana rarrabe sautuna:

• low-mita - tare da ƙaramin adadin oscillations (ba sama da 300 ba Hz );
• tsakiyar -yawanci - sautunan motsi tare da mitar 300-3,000 Hz ;
• mita-yawa - tare da adadin oscillation da suka wuce 3,000 Hz .

duration

Don tantance wannan sifa ta sauti, ya zama dole a auna tsawon lokacin girgizar da ke fitar da sautin. Sautin kiɗan yana daga 0.015-0.02 s. har zuwa mintuna da yawa. Mafi tsayin sauti ana yin shi ta hanyar fedar gabobi.

Volume

A wata hanya kuma, ana kiran wannan sifa da ƙarfin sauti, wanda aka ƙaddara ta girman girman oscillations: mafi girma shi ne, ƙarar sauti da akasin haka. Ana auna ƙarar a cikin decibels (dB). A cikin ka'idar kiɗa, ana amfani da gradation don nuna ƙarfin sauti wanda ya zama dole don sake haifar da abun da ke ciki:

• mai ƙarfi;
• piano;
• mezzo forte;
• mezzo piano;
• fortissimo;
• pianissimo;
• forte-fortissimo;
• piano-pianissimo, da dai sauransu.

Wani sifa yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da ƙarar sauti a cikin aikin kiɗan - kuzari. Godiya ga inuwa mai tsauri, zaku iya ba da abun da ke ciki wani nau'i.

Ana samun su ta hanyar fasaha na mai yin wasan kwaikwayo, kayan sauti na ɗakin da kayan kida.

Sauran halaye

Girma

Wannan sifa ce da ke shafar ƙarar sautin. Girman shine rabin bambanci tsakanin matsakaicin matsakaici da mafi ƙarancin ƙima.

Abun da ke ciki

Bakan shine rarraba igiyar sauti a ciki mita m cikin jijjiga masu jituwa. Kunnen mutum yana ganin sauti ya danganta da mitocin da ke haɗa sautin kalaman. Suna ƙayyade farar: ƙananan mitoci suna ba da sauti mai girma kuma akasin haka. Sautin kiɗa yana da sautuna da yawa:

1. Tushen – sautin da ya dace da ƙaramar mitar daga jimlar mitar da aka saita don takamaiman sauti.
2. An wuce gona da iri sautin ne wanda ya dace da duk sauran mitoci . Akwai jita-jita masu jituwa tare da mitoci Waɗancan nau'ikan mitar mahimmanci ne.

Sautunan kiɗan da suke da sautin asali iri ɗaya ana bambanta su hatimi . An ƙaddara ta amplitudes da mitoci na overtones, kazalika da karuwa a cikin girma a farkon da ƙarshen sauti.

Intensity

Wannan shine sunan da aka ba wa makamashin da ke jujjuyawa ta hanyar igiyar sauti na wani lokaci ta kowace ƙasa. Wani halayyar kai tsaye ya dogara da ƙarfin - ƙara. Ana ƙaddara ta girman oscillation a cikin kalaman sauti. Game da tsinkayen sassan jikin mutum na ji, an bambanta bakin kofa - mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin da ke akwai don fahimtar ɗan adam. Iyakar abin da kunne ba zai iya gane tsananin sautin muryar ba tare da ciwo ana kiran shi bakin zafi.

Hakanan ya dogara da mitar sauti.

Girma

In ba haka ba an kira shi canza launi. The hatimi yana rinjayar abubuwa da yawa: na'urar tushen sauti, abu, girma da siffar. Da timbre canje-canje saboda tasirin kiɗa iri-iri. A cikin aikin kiɗa, wannan dukiya yana rinjayar bayyanar aikin. Da timbre yana ba waƙar sautin siffa.

Game da sautunan da ba za a ji ba

Game da hasashe ta kunnen ɗan adam, duban dan tayi (tare da mitar sama da 20,000 Hz ) da infrasounds (kasa da 16 kHz) an bambanta. Ana kiran su da ba za a ji ba, domin gabobin jin mutane ba sa gane su. Ultrasounds da infrasounds ana jin su ga wasu dabbobi; an rubuta su da kayan aiki.

Siffar igiyar ruwa ta infrasonic ita ce ikon wucewa ta wata matsakaici ta daban, tun da yanayi, ruwa ko ɓawon ƙasa suna shanye shi da kyau. Saboda haka, yana bazuwa a kan nesa mai nisa. Tushen raƙuman ruwa a yanayi sune girgizar ƙasa, iska mai ƙarfi, fashewar volcanic. Godiya ga na'urori na musamman waɗanda ke ɗaukar irin waɗannan raƙuman ruwa, yana yiwuwa a yi hasashen bayyanar tsunami da kuma tantance inda girgizar ƙasa ta kasance. Akwai kuma tushen infrasound da ɗan adam ya yi: injin turbines, injuna, fashe fashe a ƙasa da ƙasa, harbin bindiga.

Raƙuman ruwa na Ultrasonic suna da ƙayyadaddun dukiya: suna samar da hasken wuta kamar haske. Ana gudanar da su da kyau ta hanyar ruwa da daskararru, rashin iskar gas. Mafi girman mitar na duban dan tayi , mafi tsananin yaduwa. A cikin yanayi, yana bayyana a lokacin tsawa, a cikin hayaniyar ruwa, ruwan sama, iska.

Wasu dabbobi suna haifuwa da kansu - jemagu, whales, dolphins da rodents.

Sauti a cikin rayuwar mutum

Kunnen mutum yana da matukar damuwa saboda lallausan kunne. Kololuwar tsinkayen sauraron sauraron mutane ya faɗi akan shekarun matasa, lokacin da wannan sifa ta sashin jiki bai riga ya ɓace ba kuma mutum ya ji sautuna tare da mitar 20 kHz. A lokacin tsufa, mutane, ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba, suna ganin raƙuman sauti mafi muni: suna jin kawai mita fiye da 12-14 kHz.

Sha'ani mai ban sha'awa

1. Idan matakin sama na mitoci da kunnen ɗan adam ya gane shine 20,000 Hz , to na kasa 16 ne Hz . Infrasounds, wanda a ciki mita ne kasa da 16 Hz , da kuma duban dan tayi (sama da 20,000 Hz ), sassan jikin mutum ba sa ganewa.
2. WHO ta tabbatar da cewa mutum zai iya sauraron duk wani sauti cikin aminci a ƙarar da bai wuce 85 dB ba har tsawon sa'o'i 8.
3. Don fahimtar sauti ta kunnen ɗan adam, ya zama dole cewa yana ɗaukar akalla 0.015 seconds.
4. Ba za a iya jin Ultrasound ba, amma ana iya jin shi. Idan ka sanya hannunka a cikin wani ruwa wanda ke gudanar da duban dan tayi, to za a sami ciwo mai tsanani. Bugu da kari, duban dan tayi yana iya lalata karfe, tsarkake iska, da lalata kwayoyin halitta.

Maimakon fitarwa

Sauti shine tushen kowane yanki na kiɗa. Abubuwan da ke cikin sauti, halayensa suna ba da damar ƙirƙirar abubuwa daban-daban. Dangane da farar, tsawon lokaci, ƙara, girma ko hatimi , akwai sauti iri-iri. Don ƙirƙirar ayyuka, galibi ana amfani da sautunan kiɗa, waɗanda aka ƙayyade fitin.