Pablo Casals |

Pablo Casals

Mutanen Espanya cellist, madugu, mawaki, kida da jama'a mutum. Dan gabobi. Ya yi karatu cello tare da X. Garcia a Barcelona Conservatory kuma tare da T. Breton da X. Monasteri a Madrid Conservatory (tun 1891). Ya fara ba da kide-kide a cikin 1890s a Barcelona, ​​​​inda kuma ya koyar a ɗakin karatu. A 1899 ya fara halarta a karon a Paris. Daga 1901 ya zagaya a kasashe da dama na duniya. A 1905-13, ya yi shekara-shekara a Rasha a matsayin soloist da kuma a cikin gungu tare da SV Rakhmaninov, AI Ziloti, da AB Goldenweiser.

Yawancin mawaƙa sun sadaukar da ayyukansu ga Casals, ciki har da AK Glazunov - wasan kwaikwayo-ballad, MP Gnesin - sonata-ballad, AA Kerin - waƙa. Har sai da ya tsufa sosai, Casals bai daina yin wasan soloist, madugu, da ɗan wasa ba (tun 1905 ya kasance memba na sanannun uku: A. Cortot - J. Thibaut - Casals).

Casals na ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mawaƙa na ƙarni na 20. A cikin tarihin fasaha na cello, sunansa yana nuna sabon zamani mai alaƙa da haɓakar haɓakar fasaha mai haske, bayyana fa'ida mai yawa na damar bayyanannun cello, da haɓakar repertoire. Wasansa ya bambanta da zurfin da wadata, ingantaccen yanayin haɓakawa na salo, zane-zane, da haɗin kai da tunani. Kyakkyawan sautin yanayi da cikakkiyar dabara sun yi aiki don haske da gaskiya na kayan kida.

Casals ya zama sananne musamman saboda zurfinsa da cikakkiyar fassarar ayyukan JS Bach, da kuma wasan kwaikwayon kiɗan L. Beethoven, R. Schumann, J. Brahms da A. Dvorak. Sana'ar Casals da ra'ayoyinsa na fasaha na ci gaba sun yi tasiri sosai a al'adun kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo na ƙarni na 20.

Shekaru da yawa ya tsunduma cikin ayyukan koyarwa: ya koyar a Barcelona Conservatory (daga cikin dalibansa - G. Casado), a Ecole Normal a Paris, bayan 1945 - a kwasa-kwasan kwarewa a Switzerland, Faransa, Amurka, da dai sauransu.

Casals wani mawaƙi ne mai ƙwazo da jama'a: ya shirya ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta farko a Barcelona (1920), wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin jagora (har zuwa 1936), Ƙungiyar Kiɗa ta Aiki (ya jagoranci ta a 1924-36), makarantar kiɗa. mujallar kiɗa da kide-kide na Lahadi don ma'aikata, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga ilimin kiɗa na Catalonia.

Waɗannan yunƙurin ilimi sun daina wanzuwa bayan tawayen fasikanci a Spain (1936). Dan kishin kasa kuma mai adawa da mulkin Fascist, Casals ya taimaka wa 'yan Republican sosai a lokacin yakin. Bayan faduwar Jamhuriyar Spain (1939) ya yi hijira ya zauna a kudancin Faransa, a Prades. Daga 1956 ya zauna a San Juan (Puerto Rico), inda ya kafa kade-kade na kade-kade (1959) da Conservatory (1960).

Casals ya dauki matakin shirya bukukuwa a Prada (1950-66; daga cikin masu magana akwai DF Oistrakh da sauran mawakan Soviet) da San Juan (tun 1957). Tun da 1957 gasa mai suna Casals (na farko a Paris) da "don girmama Casals" (a Budapest) an gudanar da su.

Casals ya nuna kansa a matsayin mai gwagwarmayar neman zaman lafiya. Shi ne marubucin oratorio El pesebre (1943, 1st yi 1960), babban ra'ayin abin da ke kunshe a cikin kalmomi na ƙarshe: "Salama ga dukan mutanen da ke da niyya mai kyau!" Bisa bukatar Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya U Thant, Casals ya rubuta waƙar "Waƙar Waƙar Aminci" (aiki mai kashi 3), wanda aka yi a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa a wani taron galala a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a 1971. An ba shi lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. . Har ila yau, ya rubuta wasu ayyukan ban dariya, mawaƙa da na kayan aiki, guda don cello solo da tarin cello. Ya ci gaba da wasa, gudanarwa da koyarwa har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa.

References: Borisyak A., Rubuce-rubuce a kan makarantar Pablo Casals, M., 1929; Ginzburg L., Pablo Casals, M., 1958, 1966; Corredor JM, Tattaunawa tare da Pablo Casals. Shiga labarin da sharhi daga LS Ginzburg, trans. daga Faransanci, L., 1960.

LS Ginzburg