Saz: bayanin kayan aiki, tsari, ƙira, tarihi, yadda ake wasa, amfani

Daga cikin kayan kiɗan da suka samo asali daga Gabas, saz yana da matsayi mai mahimmanci. Ana samun nau'ikansa a kusan dukkanin ƙasashen Asiya - Turkiyya, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Iran, Afghanistan. A Rasha, baƙon gabas yana cikin al'adun Tatars, Bashkirs.

Menene saz

Sunan kayan aikin ya fito daga harshen Farisa. Mutanen Farisa ne, mai yiwuwa, shine wanda ya kera samfurin farko. Mahaliccin ya kasance ba a san shi ba, ana ɗaukar saz a matsayin ƙirƙirar jama'a.

A yau “saz” sunan gamayya ne na rukunin kayan kida waɗanda ke da fasali iri ɗaya:

• jiki mai siffar pear;
• tsayi madaidaiciya;
• wani kai sanye take da frets;
• daban-daban adadin kirtani.

Kayan yana da alaƙa da lute kuma na dangin tambour ne. Matsakaicin samfuran zamani shine kusan octaves 2. Sautin yana da taushi, ringi, mai daɗi.

Structure

Tsarin yana da sauƙi, a zahiri baya canzawa cikin ƙarni na wanzuwar wannan kayan kirtani:

• shasi. Itace, mai zurfi, mai siffar pear, tare da lebur gaba da madaidaicin baya.
• wuya (wuyansa). Bangaren da ke fitowa sama daga jiki, lebur ko zagaye. Ana ɗaure igiyoyi tare da shi. Yawan kirtani ya bambanta, dangane da nau'in kayan aiki: Armeniya yana sanye da igiyoyi 6-8, saz na Turkiyya - 6-7 kirtani, Dagestan - 2 kirtani. Akwai samfura masu kirtani 11, kirtani 4.
• Head. Tattara kusa da wuyansa. Bangaren gaba yana sanye da frets waɗanda ke aiki don daidaita kayan aikin. Yawan frets ya bambanta: akwai bambance-bambancen tare da 10, 13, 18 frets.

Samar

Tsarin samarwa ba shi da sauƙi, mai matuƙar wahala. Kowane daki-daki yana buƙatar amfani da nau'ikan itace daban-daban. Bambance-bambancen itace yana ba da damar samun cikakkiyar sauti, don samun kayan aiki na gaske wanda ya dace da al'adun gabas na da.

Masters suna amfani da itacen goro, itacen mulberry. An bushe kayan da kyau a gabani, kasancewar danshi ba zai yiwu ba. Jikin mai siffar pear ana ba da shi ƙasa da yawa ta hanyar tsagi, sau da yawa ta hanyar gluing, haɗa sassa ɗaya. Yana ɗaukar adadi mara kyau na rivets iri ɗaya (yawanci ana ɗaukar 9) don samun siffar da ake so, girman shari'ar.

An ɗora wuya zuwa kunkuntar gefen jiki. Ana sanya kai a wuyansa, wanda aka zazzage frets. Ya rage don zaren kirtani - yanzu kayan aikin yana shirye don yin sauti sosai.

Tarihin kayan aiki

An dauki Farisa ta dā a matsayin ƙasar mahaifa. Mawaki na zamanin da Abdulgadir Maragi ya kwatanta irin wannan kayan aiki mai suna tanbur a karni na XNUMX. Kayan aikin gabas ya fara kama da tsarin zamani na saz a cikin karni na XNUMX - wannan shine ƙarshen binciken da masanin fasahar Azerbaijan Mejun Karimov ya yi.

Saz na ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin kayan kida na al'ummar Turkawa. An yi amfani da shi don raka mawaƙa masu ba da labarin abubuwan tarihi, yin waƙoƙin soyayya, ballads.

Samar da samfuran kayan girki ya kasance kasuwanci mai tsayin gaske. Ƙoƙarin kawo itacen zuwa siffar da ta dace, kayan ya bushe shekaru da yawa.

Saz na Azerbaijan ya kasance mafi yaɗuwa. Ga mutanen nan, ya zama sifa mai mahimmanci na ashugs - mawaƙa na jama'a, masu ba da labari waɗanda suka raka waƙa, labaru game da cin gajiyar jarumai tare da sauti mai daɗi na kiɗa.

Samfuran saz na farko sun kasance ƙananan girman, suna da igiyoyi 2-3 da aka yi da zaren siliki, gashin doki. Daga bisani, samfurin ya karu da girman: jiki, wuyansa ya tsawaita, adadin frets da kirtani ya karu. Duk wani ɗan ƙasa ya nemi "daidaita" ƙirar don yin ayyukan kiɗan nasu. An baje sassa daban-daban, an shimfiɗa, gajere, an ba da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai. A yau akwai nau'ikan wannan kayan aiki da yawa.

An gabatar da Tatar Saz ga hankalin masu yawon bude ido a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi da Al'adun Tatar na Crimean (Birnin Simferopol). Tsohon samfurin ya kasance daga karni na XNUMX.

Yadda ake kunna saz

Ana kunna nau'ikan kirtani ta hanyoyi biyu:

• yin amfani da yatsun hannu biyu;
• amfani da, ban da hannu, na'urori na musamman.

Ƙwararrun mawaƙa suna samar da sauti tare da plectrum (zaɓi) da aka yi da nau'in itace na musamman. Cire kirtani tare da plectrum yana ba ku damar kunna dabarar tremolo. Akwai plectrums da aka yi daga itacen ceri.

Don kada mai yin wasan ya gaji da yin amfani da hannunsa, jiki an sanye shi da madaidaicin madauri: jefa a kan kafada, yana da sauƙin riƙe tsarin a cikin yankin kirji. Mawaƙin yana jin 'yanci, yana mai da hankali sosai kan tsarin yin wasa.

Amfani

Mawakan zamanin da sun yi amfani da saz kusan ko'ina:

• sun ɗaga ruhin soja na sojoji, suna jiran yaƙi;
• baƙi masu nishadi a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwa, bukukuwa;
• rakiyar wakoki, tatsuniyoyi na mawakan titi;
• ya kasance abokin makiyayan da babu makawa, bai bar su su gajiya ba yayin gudanar da ayyuka.

A yau shi ne ba makawa memba na Orchestras, ensembles yin jama'a music: Azerbaijan, Armenian, Tatar. Daidai hade tare da sarewa, kayan aikin iska, yana iya dacewa da babban waƙa ko solo. Ƙarfin sa na fasaha, fasaha yana iya isar da kowane nau'i na ji, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yawancin mawakan gabas ke rubuta kiɗa don sauti mai dadi.