Viola: bayanin kayan aiki, abun da ke ciki, tarihi, sauti, iri, amfani

Mawallafi na violin da cello, mashahurin wakilin al'adun kiɗa na Renaissance da Baroque, kayan kida na kide-kide, wanda aka fassara sunan shi daga Italiyanci a matsayin "furan violet" shine viola. Yana bayyana a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX, har yanzu shine babban mai shiga cikin kide-kide na ɗakin baroque a yau.

Tsarin viola

Kamar duk wakilan ƙungiyar violin, kayan aiki yana da jiki tare da siffofi masu tsalle-tsalle, "ƙugu" mai faɗi, da kusurwoyi masu ɓoye. Akwatin fegi mai kambi mai fadi yana da siffar katantanwa. Tukulan suna juye-juye. Resonator ramukan a cikin nau'i na harafin "C" suna samuwa a bangarorin biyu na kirtani. Tsayin zai iya zama lebur ko a tsaye. Viola yana da kirtani 5-7.

Suna kunna maƙarƙashiya yayin da suke zaune, suna kwantar da bango ɗaya a ƙafa ko sanya kayan aiki a tsaye tare da girmamawa a ƙasa. Girman jiki na iya bambanta dangane da nau'in. Mafi girma tenor viola. A cikin rukunin, tana taka rawar bass. Violetta - viola yana da ƙaramin girma.

sauti

Duk da cewa a zahiri kayan aikin yana kama da dangin violin, sautinsa ya bambanta sosai. Ba kamar violin ba, yana da laushi, matte, timbre velvety, tsari mai ƙarfi mai santsi, da sauti ba tare da yin nauyi ba. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa viola ya ƙaunaci masu sana'a na kiɗan salon, manyan mutane waɗanda suka faranta kunnuwansu da kaɗe-kaɗe.

A lokaci guda kuma, violin ya daɗe ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin "kishiya ta titi", hayaniyarsa, tana jujjuya sautin ƙara, ba zai iya yin gasa tare da ma'auni, sautunan velvety na viola. Wani muhimmin bambanci shine ikon iya bambanta, don aiwatar da mafi kyawun sautin nuances, yin amfani da dabaru daban-daban.

Tarihi

Iyalin viols sun fara farawa a cikin karni na XNUMX. A lokacin, an yi amfani da kayan kida na kirtani, aro daga ƙasashen Larabawa, a Turai, bayan da suka shiga cikin Spain tare da masu nasara. Sai aka ɗora ɗan tawayen a kafaɗa, ya kwanta a haɓɓaka, aka ɗora garaya a gwiwoyi. An sanya Viola a kasa tsakanin gwiwowinta. Wannan hanya ta kasance saboda girman girman waƙar. The Play was called da gamba.

A cikin Turai na ƙarni na XV-XVII, zamanin viola a cikin al'adun kiɗa yana faruwa. Yana sauti a cikin ensembles, a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa. An fi son ta wakilai na duniya aristocratic. Ana koyar da kiɗa ga yara a cikin iyalan manyan mutane. Shahararren dan wasan kwaikwayo William Shakespeare yakan ambace ta a cikin ayyukansa, shahararren mai zanen Ingilishi Thomas Gainsborough ya sami kwarin gwiwa a gare ta kuma galibi yana yin ritaya don jin daɗin kiɗan kiɗa.

Viola tana kan gaba a maki operatic. Bach, Puccini, Charpentier, Massenet rubuta mata. Amma violin da tabbaci yana gasa da babbar 'yar'uwar. A ƙarshen karni na XNUMX, ya kore shi gaba ɗaya daga matakin wasan kwaikwayo na ƙwararru, yana barin wurin kawai ga masu son kiɗan farko don kiɗan ɗakin. Mawaƙin ƙarshe da aka sadaukar da wannan kayan aikin shine Carl Friedrich Abel.

Za a farfado da makarantar mai yin aiki ne kawai a farkon karni na XNUMX. Mafarin zai kasance Agusta Wenzinger. Viola za ta koma mataki na ƙwararru kuma ta ɗauki matsayinta a cikin azuzuwan masu rahusa a Turai, Amurka, Rasha, godiya ga Christian Debereiner da Paul Grummer.

Viola iri

A cikin tarihin al'adun musika, mafi yawan tartsatsin wakilci na iyali. Sau da yawa ta kasance tana shiga cikin ensembles da a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa, tana yin aikin bass. Akwai kuma wasu nau'ikan:

• babba;
• bass;
• rawar jiki.

Kayan aiki sun bambanta da girman, adadin kirtani, da daidaitawa.

Amfani

Mafi sau da yawa ana amfani dashi a cikin aikin ɗakin. A farkon karni na karshe, viola ya sami sabon ci gaba. Tsohuwar kayan aikin ta sake yin sauti daga mataki, koyon yin wasa ya zama sananne a wuraren ajiyar kayayyaki. Sauti a ɗakin kide kide da wake-wake a cikin ƙananan zauren, masu son aikin Renaissance da Baroque suna zuwa don sauraron kiɗa. Hakanan zaka iya jin waƙar chordophone a cikin majami'u, inda viola ke tare da waƙoƙin yabo yayin hidimar.

Yawancin gidajen tarihi a duniya suna tattara dukan baje kolin da aka gabatar da tsofaffin samfurori. Akwai irin wannan zauren a cikin Sheremetiev Palace a St. Petersburg, a cikin Glinka Museum a Moscow. Tarin mafi mahimmanci yana cikin New York.

Daga cikin mutanen zamaninsa, mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo shine ɗan ƙasar Italiya Paolo Pandolfo. A 1980 ya rubuta sonata na Philipp Emmanuel Bach, kuma a 2000 ya gabatar da duniya ga cello sonatas na Johann Sebastian Bach. Pandolfo yana tsara kida don viola, yana ba da kide-kide a cikin fitattun manyan dakunan duniya, yana tattara cikakkun dakunan mashahuran kida na Baroque. Musamman mashahuri tsakanin masu sauraro shine abun da ke ciki "Violatango", wanda mawaƙin yakan yi a matsayin abin ƙarfafawa.

A cikin Tarayyar Soviet Vadim Borisovsky ya ba da hankali sosai ga farfado da kida na gaske. Godiya sosai gare shi, tsohuwar viola ta yi sauti a cikin ɗakunan kide kide da wake-wake na Moscow Conservatories.