Saxophone: bayanin kayan aiki, abun da ke ciki, tarihi, iri, sauti, yadda ake wasa

Saxophone ba zai iya yin fahariya da tsohuwar asali ba, yana da ɗan ƙarami. Amma a cikin shekaru goma da rabi kacal da wanzuwarsa, sihiri, sautin sihiri na wannan kayan kida ya sami magoya baya a duniya.

Menene saxophone

Saxophone na cikin rukunin kayan aikin iska ne. Universal: dace da wasan kwaikwayo na solo, duets, wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar makaɗa (mafi sau da yawa - tagulla, sau da yawa - symphony). Ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin jazz, blues, kuma masu fasahar pop suna ƙaunarsa.

Wayar hannu ta fasaha ta fasaha, tare da babban dama ta fuskar yin ayyukan kiɗa. Yana sauti mai ƙarfi, mai bayyanawa, yana da timbre mai daɗi. Kewayon kayan aiki ya bambanta, dangane da nau'in saxophone (akwai 14 a cikin duka, 8 ana amfani da su sosai a halin yanzu).

Yadda ake gina saxophone

A waje, bututu ne mai lanƙwasa, yana faɗaɗa ƙasa. Abubuwan samarwa - gami da jan ƙarfe tare da ƙari na tin, zinc, nickel, bronze.

Ya ƙunshi manyan sassa uku:

• "Eska". Bututun, dake saman kayan aikin, yayi kama da harafin Latin “S” a cikin siffa mai lanƙwasa. A karshen shine bakin magana.
• Frame Madaidaici ne ko mai lankwasa. Yana da maɓalli da yawa, ramuka, bututu, bawuloli masu mahimmanci don cire sautin tsayin da ake so. Jimlar adadin waɗannan na'urori sun bambanta dangane da samfurin saxophone, daga 19 zuwa 25.
• Kaho. Bangaren wuta a ƙarshen saxophone.

Baya ga manyan abubuwa, abubuwa masu mahimmanci sune:

• Baki: an yi ɓangaren da ebonite ko ƙarfe. Yana da nau'i daban-daban, girman, dangane da irin waƙar da kuke buƙatar kunna.
• Ligature: wani lokacin karfe, fata. An yi amfani da shi don ɗaure sanda. Tare da matsi mai wuya, sautin daidai ne, tare da mai rauni - blur, girgiza. Zaɓin farko yana da kyau don yin kayan gargajiya, na biyu - jazz.
• Reed: Itace ko robobi da aka makala a bakin baki tare da ligature. Ya zo da girma dabam dabam dangane da ayyukan da aka ba shi. Mai alhakin samar da sauti. Ana kiran saxophone na katako saboda sandar da aka yi da itace.

Tarihin halitta

Tarihin saxophone yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da sunan maigidan Belgian Adolphe Sax. Wannan ƙwararren mai ƙirƙira shine uban ƙungiyar kayan kida duka, amma ya yanke shawarar ba saxophone suna mai baƙar fata tare da sunan mahaifinsa. Gaskiya, ba nan da nan ba - da farko mai ƙirƙira ya ba da kayan aikin sunan "mouthpiece ophicleid".

Adolphe Sax yayi gwaji tare da ophicleide, clarinet. Haɗa bakin clarinet tare da jikin ophicleid, ya haifar da sautunan da ba a saba gani ba. An kammala aikin inganta ƙira a cikin 1842 - sabon kayan kida na asali ya ga haske. Ya haɗu da abubuwa na oboe, clarinet, sabon abu shine siffar jiki mai lankwasa a cikin siffar harafin S. Mahaliccin ya sami takardar shaidar ƙirƙira bayan shekaru 4. A cikin 1987, an buɗe makarantar farko don masu sahihanci.

Wani sabon katako na saxophone ya bugi mawaƙa na ƙarni na XNUMX. Nan da nan aka haɗa sabon abu a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta mawaƙa, ayyukan kiɗa sun bayyana da sauri, suna ba da shawarar sassan saxophones. Mawaƙin farko da ya rubuta masa waƙa shine abokin A. Saks, G. Berlioz.

An yi barazanar bege mai haske a farkon rabin karni na XNUMX. Wasu kasashe sun haramta buga wayoyin hannu, daga cikinsu akwai USSR, Nazi Jamus. An rarraba kayan aiki a ɓoye, yana da tsada mai tsada.

Duk da yake a Turai an sami raguwar sha'awar ƙirƙira A. Sachs, a daya gefen Duniya, a cikin Amurka, ya bunƙasa. Saxophone ya sami shahara sosai tare da salon jazz. Ya fara kiransa "sarkin jazz", sun yi ƙoƙari su mallaki Play a ko'ina.

A tsakiyar karni na ashirin, kayan aikin da nasara ya koma ƙasarsa ta haihuwa, ya sake dawo da matsayinsa na farko. Soviet composers (S. Rachmaninov, D. Shostakovich, A. Khachaturian), bin sauran duniya, fara rayayye kasaftawa sassa ga saxophone a cikin rubuce-rubucen ayyukansu.

A yau, saxophone na ɗaya daga cikin manyan kayan kida guda goma, yana da magoya baya a duniya, kuma masu yin nau'o'i daban-daban suna amfani da su, tun daga na gargajiya zuwa na rock.

Nau'in saxophones

Daban-daban na saxophones sun bambanta:

• girma;
• katako;
• samuwar;
• tsayin sauti.

A. Sachs ya sami nasarar ƙirƙira nau'ikan kayan aiki guda 14, a yau 8 ya kasance cikin buƙata:

1. Sopranino, sopranissimo. Ƙananan saxophones masu iya yin sauti mafi girma. Timbre yana da haske, m, taushi. Kyakkyawan haifuwa na karin waƙa. Suna da tsarin jiki madaidaici, ba tare da tanƙwara a ƙasa ba, a saman.
2. Soprano. Siffofin jiki madaidaiciya, masu lankwasa suna yiwuwa. Nauyi, girman - ƙarami, sauti mai huda, babba. Iyalin aikace-aikacen shine aikin gargajiya, ayyukan kiɗan pop.
3. Alto. Karami, matsakaicin girman, yana da ingantacciyar hanyar madannai. Timbre mai arziki yana ba da damar solo. An ba da shawarar ga masu farawa waɗanda ke son koyon wasan. Shahararren tare da ƙwararru.
4. Tenor. Yana sauti ƙasa da viola, mafi wahalar "busa". Girman suna da ban sha'awa, nauyin yana da kyau. Masu sana'a sun haɗa da: yuwuwar aikin solo, rakiyar. Aikace-aikace: ilimi, pop music, soja makada.
5. Bariton. Yana kama da ban sha'awa: jiki yana da karfi mai lankwasa, kusan ninki biyu cikin rikitarwa. Sautin yana da ƙasa, mai ƙarfi, zurfi. Ana lura da sauti masu tsafta lokacin amfani da ƙasa, rajista na tsakiya. Rijista na sama tana yin bayanin kula tare da tsawa. Ya kasance cikin nau'in kayan aikin da ake buƙata a rukunin sojoji.
6. Bass, contrabass. Ƙarfi, samfura masu nauyi. Ana amfani da su da wuya, suna buƙatar babban mataki na shirye-shiryen, haɓakar numfashi mai kyau. Na'urar tana kama da baritone - jiki mai lankwasa sosai, tsarin maɓalli mai rikitarwa. Sautin shine mafi ƙasƙanci.

Baya ga waɗannan nau'ikan, saxophones sune:

• dalibi;
• masu sana'a.

Fasahar Saxophone

Ba shi da sauƙi don sarrafa kayan aiki: kuna buƙatar aikin filigree na harshe, horar da numfashi, saurin yatsu, da na'urar leɓe mai sassauƙa.

Dabarun da mawakan zamani ke amfani da su a lokacin Wasa sun bambanta. Mafi shahara sune:

• glissando - zamewa sauyawa daga sauti zuwa sauti;
• vibrato - yana sa sautin "rayuwa", motsin rai;
• staccato - aikin sautuna ba zato ba tsammani, suna motsawa daga juna;
• legato - girmamawa a kan sauti na farko, sauƙi mai sauƙi zuwa sauran, an yi a cikin numfashi ɗaya;
• trills, tremolo – saurin maimaita sautuna 2.

Zaɓin Saxophone

Kayan aiki yana da tsada sosai, zabar samfurin, kuna buƙatar kula da waɗannan abubuwan:

• Kayan aiki. Baya ga kayan aikin, saitin ya haɗa da harsashi, bakin baki, ligature, redi, mai mai, gaitan, da kuma kyalle na musamman don gogewa.
• sauti. Sautin kayan aiki zai bayyana yadda fasaha wannan samfurin yake da inganci. Ana bada shawara don duba sautin kowane rajista, motsi na bawuloli, madaidaicin timbre.
• Manufar sayayya. Babu ma'ana ga mawaƙa masu novice su sayi ƙwararrun kayan aiki masu tsada. Samfuran ɗalibai sun fi sauƙi don amfani, mai rahusa.

Kulawar Kayan aiki

Kayan aiki zai šauki tsawon lokaci tare da kulawa mai kyau. Dole ne a aiwatar da wasu hanyoyin kafin fara azuzuwan, wasu kuma bayan an gama wasan.

Ana kula da abin togi a kan "esque" tare da maiko kafin fara wasan.

Bayan darajoji, tabbatar da cire condensate ta hanyar shafa kayan aiki tare da yadudduka masu sha (ciki, waje). Suna kuma wankewa, suna goge bakin baki, ciyawar. Daga ciki, an shafe akwati ta amfani da kayan aiki na musamman, hanyoyin da aka inganta (buroshi, igiya tare da kaya).

Wajibi ne a bi da hanyoyin kayan aiki tare da man fetur na musamman. Ya isa ya aiwatar da hanya sau ɗaya a kowane watanni shida.

Fitattun saxophonists

Kwararrun saxophonists sun rubuta sunayensu har abada a cikin tarihin kiɗa. Karni na XNUMX, lokacin bayyanar kayan aikin, ya ba duniya masu wasan kwaikwayo masu zuwa:

• Da Murmana;
• Edouard Lefebvre;
• Louis Maier.

Karni na XNUMX shine babban matsayi na biyu daga cikin mashahuran masu wasan kwaikwayo na kirki - Sigurd Rascher da Marcel Muhl.

Ana ɗaukar fitattun jazzmen na ƙarni na ƙarshe:

• Zuwa Lester Young;
• Charlie Parker;
• Colemana Hawkins;
• John Coltrane.