Tarihin Piano

Piano sunan gama gari ne don kayan kirtani tare da aikin guduma. Ikon yin wasa da shi alama ce ta dandano mai kyau. Hoton mawaƙi mai ƙwazo, ƙwararren mawaƙi na ƙarni yana tare da kowane ɗan wasan pian. Ana iya cewa wannan kayan aiki ne ga fitattun mutane, ko da yake sarrafa wasan a kansa wani bangare ne na kowane ilimin kiɗa.

Nazarin tarihi yana taimakawa wajen fahimtar tsari da ƙayyadaddun ayyukan da suka gabata.

Tarihin piano

Tarihin piano ya wuce fiye da ƙarni biyu. A zahiri, an ƙirƙira piano na farko lokaci guda a Amurka (J. Hawkins a ƙarshen 1800) da Austria (M. Müller a farkon 1801). Bayan lokaci, kayan aiki masu tasowa sun sami fedals. Siffa ta gaske tare da firam ɗin simintin ƙarfe, igiyoyin giciye, da tsari masu yawa na dampers sun haɓaka a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19.

Mafi na kowa shine "pianos kujera". Suna da daidaitaccen girman jiki na 1400 × 1200 mm, kewayon octaves 7, injin feda wanda aka ɗora akan bene na ginshiƙi, na'urar wasan bidiyo na tsaye da aka haɗa da ƙafar piano da katako. Don haka, tarihin halittar piano kusan shekaru ɗari ya fi guntu lokacin ci gaban wannan nau'in kayan aiki.

Wanda ya fara yin piano shine monochord

Ana iya raba duk kayan kida zuwa rukuni uku dangane da hanyar samar da sauti. Waɗannan kayan kirtani ne, kayan aikin iska da kayan kaɗe-kaɗe. Kayan aiki irin su clavichord, harpsichord da dulcimer ana iya ɗaukarsu a matsayin farkon piano. Amma idan muka ci gaba da duba, za a fahimci cewa piano daga zuriyar monochord ne. A wasu kalmomi, dangane da tarihin asalin piano, ana iya danganta shi ga rukuni na kayan kida.

Asalin piano

Tsarin piano iri ɗaya ne da na dulcimer

Ana iya rarraba piano azaman kayan aiki mai zare, bisa gaskiyar cewa sautin yana fitowa daga girgizar igiyoyin. Amma kuma ana iya danganta shi da kayan kaɗe-kaɗe, saboda sautin yana fitowa ne saboda bugun guduma a kan igiyoyin. Wannan yana sanya piano mai alaƙa da dulcimer.

Dulcimer ya bayyana a Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma ya yadu a Turai a cikin karni na 11. Jiki ne mai zare daga sama. Kamar a cikin piano, ƙaramin guduma yana bugi igiyoyin. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ake ɗaukar dulcimer a matsayin magabacin piano kai tsaye.

Clavichord - babban mataki zuwa piano

Piano kuma na dangin kayan aikin madannai ne. Kayan aikin madannai sun wanzu tun tsakiyar zamanai. Suna fitowa ne daga sashin jiki wanda ake aika iska ta wasu bututu don samar da sauti. Masanan sun inganta sashin jiki kuma sun haɓaka kayan aiki wanda ya zama mataki daya kusa da piano - clavichord.

Clavichord ya fara bayyana a cikin karni na 14 kuma ya sami shahara a lokacin Renaissance. Lokacin da aka danna maɓalli, fil ɗin ƙarfe tare da kai mai lebur - tangent - ya bugi igiyar, yana haifar da girgiza. Don haka, yana yiwuwa a fitar da sauti a cikin kewayon daga octaves huɗu zuwa biyar.

Kamanceceniya tsakanin piano da harpsichord

An ƙirƙiri mawaƙa a Italiya a kusan 1500 kuma daga baya ya bazu zuwa Faransa, Jamus, Flanders da Burtaniya. Lokacin da aka danna maɓalli, sanda ta musamman (spiller) ta tashi zuwa igiyar, tana tura plectrum, wanda ya saita igiyoyin a motsi.

Tsarin igiyoyi da allon sauti, da kuma tsarin gaba ɗaya na wannan kayan aiki, yayi kama da tsarin piano na zamani.

Cristofori, mahaliccin piano na farko

Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655-1731) ne ya kirkiro piano a Italiya.

A cikin mawaƙa, Cristofori ba ya son gaskiyar cewa mawaƙa ba su da tasiri a kan ƙarar sautin. A cikin 1709, ya maye gurbin injin da aka tara tare da aikin guduma kuma ya ƙirƙiri piano na zamani.

An fara kiran kayan aikin “clavicembalo col piano e forte” (harpsichord mai taushi da ƙarar sauti). Daga baya, wannan sunan a cikin harsunan Turai da aka taqaice zuwa zamanin yau yarda "piano". A cikin Rashanci, sunan da ke kusa da asali an kiyaye shi - pianoforte.

Magabata na kayan aikin zamani

Mafi tsofaffin wakilan wannan aji sune clavichord da harpsichord. Wanene kuma a cikin wace shekara ya ƙirƙira ko ya ƙirƙira waɗannan kayan aikin da aka tsinke a madannai waɗanda suka gabaci piano ba a san su ba. An samo asali a kusan karni na 14, sun zama tartsatsi a Turai a cikin karni na 16-18th.

Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin maƙarƙashiya shine sautin bayyanawa. Ana samun godiya ga sanda tare da gashin tsuntsu a haɗe zuwa ƙarshen maɓalli. Wannan na'urar tana jan zaren, yana haifar da sauti. A peculiarity ne low melodiousness, wanda ba ya ƙyale don ci gaba da tsauri iri-iri, da bukatar na'urar na biyu keyboards, m da kuma shiru. Siffofin kayan ado na waje na harpsichord: ladabi da launi na asali na maɓalli. Babban madannai fari ne, na kasa baki ne.

Wani magabacin piano shine clavichord. Yana nufin kayan aikin nau'in ɗakin gida. Ana maye gurbin redu da faranti na ƙarfe waɗanda ba sa ja, amma suna taɓa igiyoyin. Wannan yana ƙayyade sauti mai ban sha'awa, yana ba da damar yin aiki mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi.

Ƙarfi da haske na sauti yana da ƙasa, don haka kayan aikin an fi amfani dashi wajen yin kiɗan gida, ba a wurin raye-raye ba.

Tarihin ƙirƙirar sabon kayan aiki da juyin halittar sa

A tsawon lokaci, fasahar kiɗan ta zama mai buƙata akan ingancin haɓaka. A hankali an sabunta tsoffin kayan aikin madannai. Haka aka haifi piano. Wanda ya kirkiro shi shine Florentine Bartalameo Cristofori. Kusan 1709, mai yin piano na Italiya ya sanya guduma a ƙarƙashin kirtani. An kira wannan ƙirar gravicembalo col piano e forte. A Faransa, J. Marius ya ɓullo da irin wannan bidi'a a cikin 1716, a Jamus KG Schroeter a 1717. Godiya ga Erar ya ƙirƙira na maimaitawa sau biyu, yana yiwuwa a sake zazzage makullin cikin sauri, yana fitar da sauti mai inganci da ƙarfi. . Daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18, da gaba gaɗi ya maye gurbin garaya da clavichords waɗanda aka saba da su a da. A lokaci guda, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan sun tashi, suna haɗa gabobin jiki, garaya da piano furs.nisms.

Bambanci tsakanin sabon kayan aiki shine kasancewar faranti na ƙarfe maimakon redu. Wannan ya shafi sautin, yana ba ku damar canza ƙarar. Haɗin sautin ƙara (forte) da shuru (piano) akan madannai ɗaya ya ba kayan sunanta. Masana'antar Piano a hankali sun tashi. Shahararrun kamfanoni sune Streicher da Stein.

A cikin daular Rasha Tischner da Wirta sun tsunduma cikin ci gabanta a cikin 1818-1820s.

Godiya ga samarwa na musamman, haɓaka kayan aikin ya fara, wanda ya ɗauki matsayi a cikin al'adun kiɗa na karni na sha tara. Tsarinsa ya canza sau da yawa. A cikin ƙarni, masu sana'a na Italiyanci, Jamusanci, Ingilishi sun inganta na'urar. Babban gudumawa shine aikin Silbermann, Zumpe, Schroeter da Stein. A halin yanzu, al'adu daban-daban na samar da piano sun haɓaka, sun bambanta a cikin injiniyoyi. Har ila yau, bisa ga kayan aikin gargajiya, sababbin sun bayyana: synthesizers , lantarki pianos.

Sakin kayan aiki a cikin USSR, duk da adadi mai yawa, ba shi da inganci. Masana'antu "Red Oktoba", "Zarya", "Accord", "Lira", "Kama", "Rostov-Don", "Nocturne", "Swallow" samar da m high quality-kayayyakin daga halitta kayan, kasa da Turai takwarorinsu. Bayan rushewar Tarayyar, samar da pianoforte a Rasha kusan bace.

Ƙimar kayan aiki a cikin tarihi

Ci gaban piano ya kasance sauyi a tarihin kiɗa. Godiya ga bayyanarsa, kide kide da wake-wake da ya dauki matsayi na jagoranci sun canza. Wannan ya ƙayyade saurin girma a cikin shahara a lokacin lokacin classicism da romanticism. Tarin taurarin mawaƙa sun taso waɗanda suka sadaukar da aikinsu ga wannan kayan aikin. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara ƙware shi ne WA Mozart, J. Haydn, L. Beethoven, R. Schumann, C. Gounod. An san ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun kiɗan piano. Ko da guntuwar da ba a yi niyya don piano suna jin daɗi sosai akan sa fiye da na sauran kayan kida.

Tarihin Piano a Bidiyo

Kammalawa

Bayyanar piano wani nau'i ne na amsawar fasaha ga buƙatar gaggawa a cikin al'adun kiɗa don sabon kayan aiki na maɓalli tare da sauti mai karfi da kuma nau'i mai yawa na inuwa mai ƙarfi. Kasancewa dacewa don kunna mafi kyawun waƙoƙin waƙa da sarƙaƙƙiya, ya zama sifa maras canzawa na kyawawan gidaje da gidaje na masu hankali na zamani. Kuma tarihin halittar piano wani tsari ne na nasara na kayan aikin da ya dace.